定语从句中的特殊用法
定语从句特殊用法
ask you some questions.
3.In their class there are 15 students who
can speak English very well.
In their class there are 15 students，
who can speak English very well.
5. The man ____gave us a talk on A science yesterday is a famous scientist. A, who B, whose C, which D, whom
6, ----Do you know the man ____is running along the street? A ----Yes. He is our English teacher.
中考聚焦：
1.-----Have you found the information about famous people ___you can use A for the report?
-----Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet.
A, which
wonderful.
6. Do you have any money that used to ____is
build the factory?
which 7. Tom has a toy, _____ was given by his
father.
that 8. This is the second watch ____ my father bought for me.
定语从句
定语从句中引导词的特殊用法
一先行词指物的特殊情况：一．必须用that的情况：1. 先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时，eg. This is the first job that I have taken up.This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.2. 先行词是不定代词,something somebody nothing anything 等或是all little much 时，eg. There is something that I want to tell you.3. 先行词被all/ any/ every/ each/ few /little/ no/ some/ much/ only/ none/ both/ either/ neither 等修饰时，eg. I have read all the books that you lent me.4. 先行词被the only, the last, the very…修饰时,eg. This is the only method we can use.5. 先行词又有人又有物时，eg. They talked about things and persons that they know in the school.6. 主句以who 或which开头时，eg. Who is the old man that speak to you just now ?二、修饰物时只用which不用that的情况1，引导非限制性定语从句时。
例如：Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。
2，当关系词前有介词时。
例如：This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。
定语从句关系词特殊情况
定语从句关系词一、先行词指物，只用that不用whi ch的特殊情况：1、先行词是不定代词all, little, few, someth ing等或被不定代词any, each, every, much, (a) little, (a) few等修饰时。
Eg. Do you have anythi ng that I can do for you? / Thereis much (work) that he can do here.2、先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级所修饰时。
Eg. This is the most intere sting storythat I have heard.3、先行词是序数词（以及last）或被序数词所修饰时。
Eg. This is the firstcity that I visite d in China.4、先行词前有t he very, the only, the just等修饰时。
Eg. This is the very pen that I lost yester day.5、一个句子带有两个定语从句，一个已用wh ich, 为避免重复，另一个只能用that。
Eg. They builtup a factor y whichproduc ed things that sold well.6、先行词既有人又有物时。
Eg. Do you rememb er the things and person s that we oftentalked aboutin our childh ood?7、主句是以wh o或whi ch开头的特殊疑问句时。
Eg. Who is the girl that is standi ng there? / Whichis the car that you bought last night?注：当先行词指人时，除了第6、7条以及有t he same修饰不能用wh o之外，其他情况既能用that又能用wh o/ whom引导。
定语从句中关系代词的特殊用法
定语从句中关系代词的特殊用法定语从句是英语中常见的一个句法结构，用来修饰名词或代词，进一步描述或限定其意义。
在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句和从句的作用。
除了常见的用法外，关系代词还有一些特殊的用法。
本文将对关系代词在定语从句中的这些特殊用法进行详细介绍。
1. 关系代词 "that" 的特殊用法关系代词 "that" 在定语从句中有一些特殊的用法。
首先，当先行词是不定代词，如 "everything"、"something"、"nothing" 等，或者是序数词、最高级形容词时，我们可以使用 "that" 来引导定语从句。
例如：- Is there anything that I can do for you?- This is the best gift that I have ever received.另外，当先行词被 "all", "any", "much", "little", "no" 等词修饰时，我们也可以使用 "that" 来引导定语从句。
例如：- He ate all the cakes that were on the table.- Do you have any books that I can borrow?2. 关系代词 "which" 和 "whom" 的特殊用法关系代词 "which" 和 "whom" 在定语从句中也有一些特殊的用法。
首先，当先行词是表示人的名词，并在定语从句中作宾语时，我们可以使用 "whom" 来引导定语从句。
定语从句的特殊用法
定语从句的特殊用法定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why等。
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.2、当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have seen.4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same, the last ,any, little等修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。
定语从句的特殊情况
定语从句中的一些特殊情况。
1）where的一种特殊用法。
回顾：Where are you from?e g. His head was stuck out of the second story window , from where he could pick the appleson the tree.In the restaurant ,he sat at a table near the window , from where he could see what was happening in the street.2）当先行词为point,situation,position,case,stage时，定语从句不缺成分，常理解为抽象的地点where; 当先行词为occasion时，定语从句不缺成分, 常理解为when.We have reached a point where a change is needed.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job.Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.3)定语从句的特殊形式“介词+关系代词+不定式”。
The farmer uses wood to build a house in which he can store grain.(=in which to store grain.)He borrowed 20 yuan from her with which he can buy a pen .(=with which to buy a pen)。
定语从句中特殊关系代词的用法
特殊关系代词的用法：关系词通常是用来引导定语从句的,但as,than和but这三个词却与which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的关系词不同。
三者本身具有常见的字面意义,前面有名词作先行词,但后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。
这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,我们就姑且称它们为准关系词。
一、as作为准关系代词出现在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等结构中。
这时, as前面通常要有名词;as后面的从句意义上不像是通常的定语从句;as需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. the same ... as1) as在从句中作主语She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天来这儿的那个人。
2) as在从句中作宾语This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 这块表跟我三个月前在上海观光时丢失的那块一样。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语China is not the same country as it used to be. 中国已今非昔比。
4) as在从句中作行为方式状语You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你应该学会像你母亲那样做家务活。
2. such ... as1) as在从句中作主语Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 让孩子看那些容易让他们变得更好更聪明的书。
2) as在从句中作宾语This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 这不是你们刚才谈到的那种有趣的书。
定语从句特殊引导词as,but,than
定语从句特殊引导词as,but,thanAs、but和than引导定语从句As、but和than通常都是以介词、连词等⾝份被⼤家所熟知，⽽它们居然可以摇⾝⼀变成为关系代词，在定语从句中做主语和宾语。
1. As As最基本的⽤法是做连词“与……⼀样”表⽰同级的⽐较，介词“作为”。
下⾯是它特殊的⽤法：例句：1. He does not possess such qualifications as are necessary to be an actor. 他并不具备⼀名演员应有的资格。
2. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last week so I need to talk to her about it so we don't wear them the same at the same time. 她买的那条裙⼦和我上周买的⼀模⼀样，我要和她商量⼀下，免得“撞衫”。
上⾯两个例句中定语从句都使⽤了as作为关系代词，我们可以发现例句1中含有“such…as…”，例句2中含有“the same…as…”，由此可见，我们到底要不要使⽤as来做关系代词，可以根据句中是否出现了与as搭配的短语进⾏判断。
3. The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police, as was expected. 如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数⼈的杀⼈犯终于被警⽅逮捕。
该句中并未出现与as搭配的短语，此处的⽤法是as做关系代词指代前⾯整个句⼦，在定语从句中做主语。
2. But⼤家熟悉的but基本都是以转折连词的⾝份出现，但是它还兼职在做定语从句中的关系代词。
例句：There is no man but errs. 没有任何⼈能够不犯错误。
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定语从句中的特殊用法定语从句是起定语作用的,修饰,说明名词,代词或句子内容的从句,被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。
引导定语从句，并在句中担任成分的词叫做关系代词或关系副词。
定语从句是高考常考内容之一，使用时要尤其注意以下十种特殊用法。
一、只用that不用which的情况1、当先行词是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
如：Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。
I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞会上跟我说的话全都告诉他。
2、当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。
例如：The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们能做的只是等待。
That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我们能做的事。
3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
例如：The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。
4、被修饰词为数词时。
例如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。
你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。
5、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。
例句：There’s still a room that is free.还有一个空房间。
6、先行词中同时包括人和物时。
例如：We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我们谈论了我们记得的人和村子。
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他问起他去过的这几家工厂和工人的情况。
7、当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who,which…which等重叠，定语从句要用that引导。
例如：Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门边的那个男人是谁？Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你养的那两头奶牛中哪一个产奶多？8、人或物在定语从句中表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常也可以省略。
例如：He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是过去的他。
二、修饰物时只用which不用that的情况1、引导非限制性定语从句时。
例如：Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。
2、当关系词前有介词时。
例如：This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。
3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。
例如：Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。
4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。
例如：Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。
5、先行词为that时。
例如：The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。
三、修饰人时只用who不用that的情况1、先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。
如：The person I want to learn from is one who studieshard and works well.我最羡慕的是学习勤奋，工作出色的人。
2、在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用who关系代词指代人。
例如：There’s a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想见你。
3、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
例如：I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公园里遇到一位中文讲得非常好的外国人。
4、一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who以避免重复。
The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works ve ry hard.受到校长表扬的学生是位谦虚好学的班长。
注意：当关系代词前面有介词时，只能用whom。
例如：The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.这封信的收信人三年前就去世了。
四、way在定语从句作先行词的用法当先行词为way时，定语从句的引导词可用in which, that或省略引导词。
例如：I don’t like the way （that /in which）he looks at me. 我不喜欢他那种样子看着我。
五、在定语从句中作状语的关系副词when, where, why的用法1、先行词表示时间时，定语从句中的谓语动词如果是不及物动词，用关系副词when或介词+ which; 如果是及物动词，用which或that都行。
例如：I still remember the days when（=on which）we lived together.我仍然记得我们在一起的时光。
2、先行词表示地点时，如果定语从句中谓语动词是不及物动词，用关系副词where或介词+which; 如果是及物动词时，用which或that都可以。
例如：This is the small village where (=in which) Chairman Mao ever lived. 这就是毛主席曾经居住过的小村庄。
3、表示原因时，why前的先行词是表示原因的名词reason。
例如：Can you tell me the reason why (=for which) you didn’t finish your homework? 你能告诉我你没有完成作业的原因吗？六、whose引导的定语从句Whose引导定语从句时，其先行词可以指人，也可以指物，当先行词指物时，可以用the+名词+of which的结构。
例如：He studies in a school whose buildings(=the build ings of which) are built on top of a hill.他就读的学校其房子都建在山顶上。
七、as作关系代词引导的定语从句1、引导限制性定语从句。
在主句中常有the same, so或such与as相呼应, as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、主语补足语等。
as引出的定语从句带有比较意义，从句常常只写出比较部分，但as本身不可省略。
例如：He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 他使用在课文中可以找到的那些词语。
They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.他们在他们曾租用过的同一房间过夜。
注意：在the same…后也可用that引导定语从句，但含义有所不同。
that引出的从句，指的是与先行词同一的事物，而as引导的从句指的是与先行词同类的事物。
例如：This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的。
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。
2、引导非限制性定语从句。
带主句的全部或部分内容。
常译为“正如-------”“就像------”等，定语从句可以置于主句句首、句中或句末。
as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等动词的主、被动语态。
例如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.正如大家所知道的那样，月球每月绕着地球转一圈。
He wasn’t unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以看出来。
注意：as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1）、都可以代整个主句，相当于and this或and that.2）、as可放在句首，而which不能。
3）、as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；如果为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which. 例如：It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天下大雨，这使得我不能去公园。
八、of短语作为定语从句的先行词的情况one of the +复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词，通常用复数形式，与定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。