文化与翻译

SHYLOCK：To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies. And what's his reason? I am a Jew.
Lecture 27 culture ＆translation
Interpretation practice Cultural elements in translation
A movie clip.
Go to video program.
Shylock in Shakespeare's the Merchant of Venice
If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. 你们用刀剑刺我们，难道我们不会出血？你们 搔我们痒，难道我们不会发笑？你们用毒药谋 害我们，难道我们不会死？你们欺侮我们，难 道我们不会复仇？既然我们跟你们完全一样， 这一点也毫无例外。
著名翻译理论家尤金· 奈达对文化的分类值
得一提。他将语言文化特征分为五大类：
生态学(ecology)
物质文化(material culture)来自百度文库
社会文化(social culture)
夏洛克: 当鱼饵钓鱼。他的肉不中吃，至少能出我 这口恶气。他曾经羞辱我，夺走我几十万的生意， 我亏本，他讥笑，我盈余，他挖苦，他侮蔑我的民 族，破坏我的买卖，离间我的朋友，煽动我的仇敌； 他的理由是什么？因为我是个犹太人。
Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions, fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? 难道犹太人没有眼睛？难道犹太人没有五官 四肢？没有身体？没有感情？没有血气？难 道犹太人吃的不是同样的饭菜？难道同样的 武器不会伤害犹太人？难道同样的医药不能 治疗犹太人？难道犹太人冬天不会冷，夏天 不会热？难道犹太人跟基督徒不一样？
一、人类在社会历史发展过程中创造的 物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富， 如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。 二、考古学用语，指同一个历史时期不 依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。 同样的工具、用具，同样的制造技术等属同 一种文化的特征，如仰韶文化、龙山文化。 三、指运用文字的能力及一般知识，如 学习文化、文化水平。
It so happened that Antonio borrowed a lot of money for his friend from Shylock. The bond (agreement) was with funny terms: in case Antonio could not return the money in certain time limit, Shylock was to cut a pound of flesh from his chest as repayment. Unfortunately, Antonio could not return the money. And Shylock insisted on cutting off that pound of flesh from his chest. Antonio’s friends tried to persuade Shylock to change his mind, but….
If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute; and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
SHYLOCK：To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies. And what's his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions, fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me I will execute; and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
In the play, Shakespeare also provides him with many chances to express his grievance and to disclose the humiliation and oppression inflicted upon him by the Christians. When Antonio goes to borrow money from him, he says: “Fair, sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last; another time you call me a dog; and for these courtesies, I will lend you thus such money?” The bitter ironical tone suggests that he has been mistreated by Antonio for a long time, as all the Jews have been mistreated in history.
要是犹太人欺侮了基督徒，基督徒怎样发泄？ 报仇。要是基督徒欺侮了犹太人，犹太人仿效 基督徒的榜样，该怎样表现宽容？当然是报仇。 你们教会我邪恶手段，我一定遵照你们的教诲， 而且要变本加厉。
翻译中的文化因素
英语的culture一词原意是“耕种”、“栽培”， 引申为陶冶人的性情和培养人的品德，包含了物 质和精神两个方面。 欧洲经历过多次文化运动、海外探险和殖民 活动，刺激产生了文化学、社会学、文化人类学 等研究文化的学科，各学派为文化作了不同的定 义，古典进化论者、传播学派、历史地理学派、 文化形态史观派、功能学派、结构学派、符号— 文化学派等给文化作的定义多达百余种。
The Merchant of Venice is the most peculiar and controversial one among Shakespeare's comedies. Of all the characters in the play, Shylock is the most controversial and fascinating one. First of all, the image of Shylock is a typical miser possessed by the idea of getting and keeping money. Besides the possession of money, what Shylock is engaged in is to revenge. Shylock's hatred of the Christian world with Antonio as a representative is clearly shown at the very beginning of the play. The passionate and frenetic way he speaks and the malicious reiteration of “let him look to his bond” shows that possessed by the deep hatred, Shylock has become a twisted revenger.
(Let’s go to the movie clip with Shylock’s classical monologue.)
Now, let’s read the text of his monologue while listening to the sound talent by the actor.
英国文化学家泰勒在1871年出版的《原始文 化》一书为文化下的定义是：
“文化是一个复杂的整体，包括知识、 信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人作 为 一 个 社 会 成 员 所 获 得 的 一 切 能 力和 习 惯。”
泰勒对文化的这个定义已经成为经典，至今 仍具有相当影响。
《现代汉语词典》对文化一词有三层解释：