氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用与发展
氧化沟原理与用途

氧化沟原理与用途
氧化沟(Oxidation Ditch)是一种生物处理工艺,用于处理废
水中的有机物和氮、磷等污染物。
它采用搅拌、曝气和沉淀等方式,利用微生物生物降解有机物和氧化氮磷等污染物,达到去除废水中污染物的目的。
氧化沟原理主要包括以下几个步骤:
1. 污水进入氧化沟后,通过搅拌器保持废水中的有机物均匀分布,并防止沉积物的堆积。
2. 废水在氧化沟中进行曝气处理,通过向废水中通入空气或纯氧气,提供大量的氧气供微生物进行降解有机物。
曝气还可以增强废水中的氧化反应。
3. 废水中的有机物经微生物降解产生二氧化碳和水等无害物质,并被微生物吸附在生物膜上。
4. 沉淀池中的污泥通过废水曝气系统和搅拌系统回流到氧化沟,保持微生物种群的稳定。
5. 经过氧化沟处理的废水经过沉淀池沉淀,产生悬浮物和污泥分离。
6. 处理后的废水流入后继处理单元,如沉淀池,滤池等进一步去除悬浮物和污染物。
氧化沟的用途主要有以下几个方面:
1. 废水处理:氧化沟适用于城市污水处理厂、工业废水处理厂等场所,用于处理包括高浓度有机物、氮、磷等在内的复杂废水。
2. 农村生活污水处理:氧化沟可用于农村地区的生活污水处理,通过降解有机物和氮、磷等污染物,达到排放标准。
3. 污水回用:氧化沟可用于对污水进行处理后回用,如农田灌溉、景观水等用途。
4. 污泥处理:氧化沟产生的污泥可以通过厌氧消化等方式进行处理,用于产生沼气发电等目的。
总之,氧化沟作为一种高效的生物处理工艺,被广泛应用于各个场所的污水处理和资源回收中。
氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用

从理论上讲 ,氧化沟既具有推流反应的特征 ,又具有完全混合反应 的优势 ; 前者使其具有出水优 良的条件 , 后者使其具有抗冲击 负荷的能 力。正是因为有这个环流 ,且有能量分区的缘故 ,使它具有其它许多污 水生物处理技术所拥有的众多优势 ,其中最为显 著的优势是工作稳定可 靠。由于具有出水水质好 , 运行稳定 ,管理方便以及 区别于传统’ 浯眭污 泥法的一系列技术特征 ,氧化沟技 术在污水处理中得到广泛应用。据不 完全统计 ,目前,欧洲 已有 的氧化沟污水处理厂超过2 0 多座 ,北美超 00 过80 。氧 化沟的处理能力 由最初的服务人 口仅3 0 ,到如今 的50 0座 6人 0 万一 0 0 10 万人 口当量 。不仅氧化沟的数量 在增长 ,而且其处理规模也 在 不断扩大 ,处理对象也发展到既能处理城市污水又能处理石油废水 、化 工废水 、 造纸废水 、印染废水及食品加上废水等工业废水 。我国自2世 0 纪8 年代亦开始应用这项技术 ,随着污水处理事业的极大发展 ,全 国各 0 地先后建起了不 同规模 、不同型式的氧化沟 污水处理厂。 目前在我 国, 采用氧化沟处理城市污水和工业废水 的污水处理厂已有近百家 。
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0 引言 氧化沟污水处理工艺 自投入使用以来,由于其出水水质好 、运行稳 定 、管理方便等技术特点 ,已经在 国内外广泛的应用 于生活污水 和上业 污水的治理。氧化沟是一种简易的活性污泥系统 ,由活性污泥在闭合的 曝气渠道 中循环流动 ,通过衙 l污泥中的微生物对污水中的有机污染物 生 不断地进行降解和去除 ,达到净化污水的 目的。 1 氧 化沟 工艺在 污水 处理 中的应 用 氧化沟是 由荷兰卫生工程研究所在t世纪5 年代研 制开发的废水生 O 物处理技术 ,是活性污泥法的一种改型 ,属延时曝气的一种特殊形式 。 其基本特征是曝气池呈封闭 、 环状跑道式 , 池体狭长 , 池深较浅 , 在沟 槽 中设有表 面曝气装置 。废水和涪 陛污泥以及各种微生物混合在沟渠 中 作不停地循环流动 。完成对废水 的硝化与反硝化处理。生物氧化 沟兼有 完全混合式 、推流式和氧化塘的特点。在技术上具有净化程度 高、耐冲 击 、运行稳定可靠 、操作简单 、运行管理方便 、 维修简单 、 投资少、能 耗低等特点。氧化沟在空间上形成了好氧 区、缺氧 区和厌 氧区,具有良 好的脱氮功能。 最早的氧化沟为2世纪5年代开发的帕斯韦尔 ( ave )氧化沟, 0 0 Pser 在沟道转 弯处采用竖轴表面曝气器 ,在一侧沟道 上设有横轴转刷曝气 器 ,取得曝气与搅拌两个作 用,二沉池与之分建 16 年 ,一种结构更为 90 紧凑的奥 贝尔 ( ra)氧化沟在南非被开发和使用 ,后被E ve Ob 1 ni x收购 , r 成为美国U F t 公 司的一项专利 2世纪6 年代荷兰D V Si r l e O O H 公司开发 了使 用广泛的C r o e 氧化沟 ,除 了能获得较高的B D 去除效率 ,同时还 a usl r O5 能达到部分脱氮除磷的 目的8 年代初 ,美 国开发 了将二次沉淀池设置在 O 氧化沟中的合建式氧化沟一B T 型,并发展成现在所说 的一体化氧化沟 Ms 此外 ,还有 目前常用的多沟交替式氧化沟 ( 双沟D E、三沟T型 )等等 , 形成 了颇为庞大的氧化沟家族。 从氧化沟的运行方式看 ,分为连续运行 和交替运行,而在连续运行 方式 中, 氧化沟作 为曝气池使用 ,必须设二沉池 , 而又有分建 和合建 从 的区分帕斯韦尔 、卡鲁塞尔 、奥贝尔氧化沟均属连续运行方式。而多沟 方式 ,往往不设二沉池 ,氧化沟系统 的一部分可 以当作沉 淀池交替运
氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用研究进展

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《2024年氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用研究进展》范文

《氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用研究进展》篇一一、引言随着现代工业和城市化的飞速发展,污水的处理成为了一项迫切需要解决的问题。
污水处理的目的主要是降低废水中的污染物质,特别是对环境有害的有机物和重金属等,以保护生态环境和人类健康。
氧化沟工艺作为一种高效的污水处理技术,因其操作简便、处理效果好等优点,在污水处理领域得到了广泛的应用。
本文将就氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用研究进展进行详细阐述。
二、氧化沟工艺概述氧化沟工艺是一种利用微生物在沟内进行氧化反应,从而降低废水中的有机物浓度的污水处理技术。
其基本原理是通过在沟内设置曝气装置,使沟内保持一定的溶解氧浓度,同时通过微生物的生物降解作用,将废水中的有机物转化为无害的二氧化碳和水等物质。
三、氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用1. 生活污水处理氧化沟工艺在生活污水处理中应用广泛,能够有效地去除污水中的有机物、氮、磷等污染物质。
此外,由于氧化沟工艺的操作简便、占地面积小、处理效果好等优点,使其在农村和中小型城市的生活污水处理中具有很大的应用潜力。
2. 工业废水处理氧化沟工艺在工业废水处理中也有很好的应用效果。
对于一些有机物含量高、色度大的工业废水,如造纸、印染、化工等行业,氧化沟工艺能够有效地去除废水中的有机物和色度,降低废水的污染程度。
四、氧化沟工艺的研究进展1. 新型氧化沟工艺的开发随着科技的不断进步,新型的氧化沟工艺不断被开发出来。
例如,一些研究者通过改进曝气装置,提高了氧化沟内的氧气传递效率,从而提高了氧化沟的处理效果。
此外,还有一些研究者通过引入其他技术,如生物膜技术、光催化技术等,进一步提高了氧化沟的处理效果和效率。
2. 氧化沟工艺的优化研究除了新型氧化沟工艺的开发,对现有氧化沟工艺的优化研究也在不断进行。
例如,通过对氧化沟内的流态进行优化,可以使得废水在沟内停留时间更长,从而提高处理效果。
此外,通过优化氧化沟内的微生物群落结构,也可以进一步提高氧化沟的处理效果和稳定性。
关于污水处理中氧化沟工艺的应用分析

关于污水处理中氧化沟工艺的应用分析氧化沟工艺是污水处理中常用的一种生物处理工艺,它主要通过微生物的降解能力,将有机污染物降解为无机物,达到净化水质的目的。
该工艺具有投资少、运行成本低、处理效果好等优点,因此在城市污水处理厂和工业废水处理厂中得到广泛应用。
氧化沟工艺相对于传统的二沉池工艺在有机物降解效果上更好。
氧化沟是一种底部有氧条件、悬浮生物污泥活跃的水体,这种条件有利于微生物大量繁殖,从而提高了有机物的降解速度和降解率。
与传统的二沉池相比,氧化沟工艺的有机负荷可以更高,能够处理更多的污水,提高了处理效率。
氧化沟工艺在处理含有高浓度有机物的废水时表现出良好的适应性。
由于氧化沟工艺中微生物降解有机物的能力强,对于一些废水中含有高浓度难降解的有机物的处理效果也比较好。
这使得氧化沟工艺在处理工业废水中得到广泛应用,特别是一些有机化工、制药、食品等行业的废水处理中,可以有效地去除有机物。
氧化沟工艺还具有结构简单、运行稳定等优点。
氧化沟由一条或多条连续排列的通道组成,每个通道中都设有曝气装置,使底层微生物能够得到充分的氧气供应。
氧化沟的运行过程比较稳定,对操作人员要求相对较低。
相比于其他生物处理工艺,氧化沟工艺的维护和管理成本较低,降低了运营成本。
氧化沟工艺也存在一些不足之处。
氧化沟处理工艺对水质和温度的要求比较高,需要保持一定程度的氧气供应和适宜的温度,否则会影响微生物的生长和降解能力。
氧化沟处理工艺对固体颗粒的处理能力较弱,当有大量的悬浮固体存在时,易造成池体淤积和堵塞。
在实际应用中,需要进行适当的前处理和后处理,以确保氧化沟工艺的正常运行和处理效果。
卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺国内外技术对比

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺是一种常见的污水处理技术,广泛应用于国内外的污水处理厂。
本文将对卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺在国内外的应用情况进行比较分析。
一、卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺概述卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺是一种生化处理工艺,主要用于污水处理厂对污水进行处理和净化。
该工艺通过设备和设施,将污水中的有机物质和污染物进行分解和降解,最终实现对污水的净化处理。
二、国内卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺技术现状国内污水处理领域经过多年的发展,卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺在国内得到了广泛的应用。
主要表现在以下几个方面:1. 技术设备更新换代,提高了处理效率。
国内污水处理厂逐渐引进和更新了卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺的设备和设施,提高了处理效率和净化效果。
2. 运营管理水平提升,保障了工艺稳定运行。
国内污水处理厂运营管理水平不断提升,确保了卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺的稳定运行和效果保障。
3. 技术改进创新,满足了不同水质要求。
国内污水处理领域对卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺进行了技术改进和创新,以适应不同水质特点和处理要求。
三、国外卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺技术现状国外污水处理领域发达国家在卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺方面也取得了显著成就。
主要表现在以下几个方面:1. 技术装备更新换代,实现了智能化和自动化。
国外发达国家污水处理领域的企业逐渐引进并应用了智能化和自动化的卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺设备,提高了处理效率和净化效果。
2. 运营管理水平提升,保障了工艺稳定运行。
国外污水处理领域的运营管理水平也不断提升,保障了卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺的稳定运行和效果保障。
3. 技术改进创新,满足了不同水质要求。
国外污水处理领域也对卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺进行了技术改进和创新,以适应不同水质特点和处理要求。
四、国内外技术对比分析通过对国内外卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺技术现状的比较,可以得出以下结论:1. 国内外污水处理领域均注重了技术设备的更新换代和管理水平的提升,保障了卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺的稳定运行和处理效果。
2. 国内外污水处理领域对卡鲁塞尔氧化沟工艺均进行了技术改进和创新,以满足不同水质特点和处理要求。
污水处理氧化沟工艺

污水处理氧化沟工艺污水处理氧化沟工艺引言氧化沟工艺的原理氧化沟工艺是一种利用微生物对有机物进行降解和氧化的处理工艺。
其原理是通过将污水在氧化沟中流动,并通过添加适量的氧气或气体摄取,以促进微生物的活性和生长,从而实现有机物的分解和去除。
氧化沟工艺具有结构简单、运行稳定、能耗低以及对水质有较好的处理效果等优点。
氧化沟工艺主要由氧化沟池、进水管道、出水管道、曝气装置等组成。
进水管道将污水引入氧化沟池,曝气装置则通过供氧方式将氧气引入氧化沟池。
在氧化沟池中,微生物通过吸附、降解、氧化等方式将有机物分解成水和二氧化碳等无害物质。
最终,水经出水管道排出,实现了对污水的净化处理。
氧化沟工艺的设备1. 氧化沟池:氧化沟池是氧化沟工艺的核心设备,通常采用长方形或圆形的池体。
池体内部通常设置有隔板或竖桥等结构,以防止水流速度过快或死水区的产生。
2. 进水管道:进水管道的作用是将污水引入氧化沟池,通常设置在氧化沟池的一侧或多侧。
进水管道需要考虑污水的流量和浓度等因素,以保证处理效果和设备稳定运行。
3. 出水管道:出水管道将经过处理的水排出,通常设置在氧化沟池的一侧或多侧。
出水管道需要考虑对水质的监测和排放要求,以确保排放水达到环境标准。
4. 曝气装置:曝气装置通常采用气体摄取器或曝气风机等设备,将氧气引入氧化沟池,以供微生物进行代谢和降解有机物。
曝气装置需要根据氧化沟池的尺寸和需氧量等参数进行设计和选择。
氧化沟工艺的操作1. 污水进水:将污水通过进水管道引入氧化沟池。
需要注意污水的流量和浓度控制,以避免超负荷和设备堵塞等问题。
2. 曝气供氧:使用曝气装置将适量的氧气引入氧化沟池,以促进微生物的活性和生长。
曝气装置的运行需要根据氧化沟池的尺寸和需氧量等参数进行控制和调整。
3. 污泥处理:污泥是氧化沟工艺中产生的有机物降解后的残余物。
通常采用污泥回流或污泥脱水等方法进行处理,以保证污泥对整个工艺的稳定运行和减少对环境的影响。
英文文献-氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用与发展

Oxidize the ditch craft in dirty water handle of application and development Summary: This text expatiated primarily the Carrousel oxidizes the construction, craft mechanism of the ditch and circulate the problem exsited in the process with the homologous the method of solution.Finally, introduce the Carrousel oxidize the latest research progress of the ditch and pointed out the future and main research direction.Key phrase: The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphor takes off the nitrogen construction mechanism Application and Development of Carrousel Oxidation Ditch Process on Wastewater TreatmentAbstract: The structure and the techniques of carrousel oxidation ditch process on nitrogen and phosphor removal are introduced in this paper. The problems inrunning and their corresponding resolvent are also pointed. At last, The authorshowed the up to date research improvement and the mainly future research dire-ction.Key words: Carrousel; oxidation ditch; nitrogen and phosphor removal; structure;techniques1. ForewordOxidize the ditch( oxidation ditch) again a continuous circulation spirit pond( Continuous loop reactor), is a live and dirty mire method a kind of to transform.Oxidizing the dirty water in ditch handles the craft be researched to manufacture by the hygiene engineering graduate school of Holland in the 50's of 20 centuries success.Since in 1954 at Dutch throw in the usage for the very first time.Because its a water fluid matter good, circulate the stability and manage convenience etc. technique characteristics, already at domestic andinternational and extensive application in live the dirty water to is dirty to manage aqueously with the industry[1].Current application than oxidize extensively the ditch type include:The ( Pasveer) oxidizes the ditch, the ( Carrousel) oxidizes the ditch, ( Orbal) oxidizes the ditch, the type of T oxidizes the ditch( three ditch types oxidize the ditch), the type of DE oxidizes the ditch to turn to oxidize the ditch with the integral whole.These oxidize the ditch because of the difference of esse in construction with circulating, therefore each characteristics[2].This text will introduce construction, mechanism, existent problem and its latest developments that Carrousel oxidize ditches primarily.2. The Carrousel oxidizes the construction of the ditchThe Carrousel oxidize the ditch to be researched to manufacture by Dutch DHV company development in 1967.Oxidize the last the company of DHV in foundation of the ditch in the original Carrousel to permited specially the company EIMCO to invent again with its patent in the United States Carrousel 2000 system( see the figure ), realizes the living creature of the higher request takes off the nitrogen with divided by the function of .There has been in the world up to now more than 850 Carrousels oxidize the ditch with the Carrousel 2000 system are circulating[3].From diagram therefore, the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch the usage the spirit of that definite direction control with shake up the device, face to mix with the liquid deliver the level speed, from but make drive the liquid of admixture that shake up is in oxidize ditch shut match outlet circulate flow.Therefore oxidize the ditch have the special hydraulics flows the , current complete mix with the characteristics of the type reactor, have the characteristics that push the flow type reactor again, the ditch inside exsits obviously of deliquescence oxygen density steps degree.Oxidizing the ditch crosssection is rectangle or trapezoids, the flat surface shape is many for oval, the ditch internal water is deep general for 2.5 ~4.5 m, the breadth is deep compare for 2:1, also have the deep water amount to 7 ms of, ditch inside average speed in water current is 0.3 ms/ s.Oxidize ditch spirit admixture equipments contain surface spirit machine, the spirit of turn to brush or turn the dish and shoot to flow the spirit machine, pipe type spirit machine with promote take care of type spirit machine etc., match with in recent years usage still contain underwater push machine[4~6].图1 Carrousel 2000系统平面结构图3. The Carrousel oxidizes the mechanism of the ditch3.1 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch handles dirty and aqueous principleThe at the beginning common Carrousel oxidizes the dirty water in inside in craft of the ditch direct with dirty mire in reflux together enter oxidize the ditch system.The surface spirit machine makes fuse in the liquid of admixture the density of the oxygen DO increases about 2 the 3 mgs/ L.Under this kind of well the term of the oxygen , the microorganism gets the enough deliquescence oxygen comes and go to divided by the BOD;At the same time, the ammonia were too oxidized nitrate with second nitrate, this time, mix with the liquid be placed in the oxygen appearance.In the spirit machine downstream, after water current be become by the swift flow appearance of the spirit District of even flow the appearance, the water current maintains in the minimum current velocity, guaranteeing the live and dirty mire be placed in the floats the appearance.( average current velocity>0.3 ms/ s)Oxidize microbially the process consumed to fuse the oxygen in the water, until the value of DO declines for zero, mixing with the liquid report the anoxia appearance.Versa nitric that turn the function through anoxia area, mix with the liquid enter to have the oxygen area, completing once circulating.That system inside, the BOD declines the solution is a continuous process, the nitric turns the function to turn with the versa nitric the function take place in same pond.Because of structural restrict, this kind of oxidize the ditch although can then valid whereabouts BOD, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous ability limited[7].For the sake of the acquisition better divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous result, Carrousel 2000 systems increased a oxygen District before common Carrousel oxidize ditch with the unique oxygen area.( call again that the versa nitric in front turns thearea)The dirty mire in all refluxes enters the anaerobic District with 10-30% dirty water, can under the anoxia with 10-30% carbon source term complete remaining of dirty mire in reflux inside nitric acid nitrogen to versa nitric to turn, creates for the unique oxygen pond of hereafter unique oxygen term.At the same time, anaerobic District inside of concurrently the sex germs convert the dissolubility BOD VFA, the germ acquire the VFA its assimilation PHB, the energy source needed solves in the phosphoric water and cause phosphatic releasing.The anaerobic District a water enters the inner part installs the unique oxygen area that have the mixer, the so-called unique oxygen is a pond inside to mix with liquid since have no the numerator oxygen, also have no the compound oxygen( nitric acid root), the here unique oxygen environment is next,70-90% dirty water can provide the enough carbon source, can make the germ of released the phosphorus well.The unique oxygen area connects behind the common Carrousel oxidizes the ditch system, further completing to do away with the BOD and take off the nitrogen with divided by the phosphorus .Finally, mix with the liquid transfer the dirty mire inside in oxidize ditch enrich oxygen area eject, while enriching the oxygen environment germ surfeit, phosphorus from the water, ejecting the system with the dirty mire in surplus.Like this, in Carrousel 2000 systems, than completed to do away with the BOD, COD with take off at the same time goodly the nitrogen divided by the phosphorus .Synthesizing and dirty water in the river City , long sand City decontamination center[s of the dirty the factory of water in the first in Kunming of adoption that crafts handles the movement result of the factory therefore:Through Carrousel 2000 system after handling, the BOD, COD, SS does away with the rate to all come to a 90% above, the TN does away with the rate comes to a 80%, the TP does away with the rate to also come to a 90%.3.2 The Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphorus takes off the nitrogenous influence factor.Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch divideds by the phosphoric factor is dirty mire , nitrate density and quality densities primarily.The research expresses, being total and dirty mire as 11% that a hour biggest phosphorus 4% with deal is its fuck dirty mire deal within live and dirty mire, keep for the the germ physical endowment measures, but when dirty mire over 15 d hour dirty mire the inside is biggest to contain the obvious descent in deal in phosphorus , canning not reach the biggest divideding by the result of phosphorus on the contrary.Therefore, prolong persistently the dirty mire ( for example 20ds,25ds,30ds) is to have no necessary, proper choose to use within the scope of 8~15 d.At the same time, high nitrate density with low quality density disadvantage in divided by the process of phosphorus .Affecting the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch takes off the nitrogenous and main factor is DO, nitrate density and carbon source densities.The research expresses, oxidizing the ditch inside exsits deliquescence oxygen density steps degree namely the good oxygen area DO attains 3~3.5 mgs/ L, the anoxia area DO attains 0~0.5 mgs/ L is a prior condition to take place nitric turn reaction and versa nitrics turn the reaction.At the same time, ample carbon source and higher C/ the N ratio benefits to take off to complete nitrogenously[7].4. The Carrousel oxidizes problem and solution methods of the ditch esse.Though the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch has a water fluid matter good, the anti- pounds at the burthen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen efficiency. But, in physically of movement process, still exsits a series of problem.4.1 Dirty mire inflation problemWhen discard the aquatic carbohydrate more, the N, P contains the unbalance of deal, the pH value is low, oxidizing the dirty mire in inside in ditch carries high, fuse the oxygen density the shortage, line up the mire not etc. causes easily dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation;Not the dirty mire in germ in form in silk inflation takes place primarily at the waste water water temperature is lower but the dirty mire carries higher hour.The microbial burthen is high, the germs absorbed the large quantity nourishment material, is low because of the temperature, metabolism the speed is slower, accumulating the rises large quantity is high to glue sexual and many sugar materials, making the surface of the live and dirty mire adhere to the water to increase consumedly, SVI the value is very high, becoming the dirty mire inflation.Cause that aim at the dirty mire inflation, can adopt the different counterplan:From the anoxia, water temperature high result in of, can enlargement tolerance or lower into the water measures to alleviate burthen, or the adequacy lowers the MLSS( control dirty mire reflux measure), making need the oxygen measures decrease;If the dirty mire carries high, can increase MLSS, to adjust the burthen, necessity the hour can stop into the water, stuffy a period of time;Can pass the hurl add the nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fatty, adjust the admixture nourishment in the liquid material equilibrium( BOD5:N:P=100:5:1);The value of pH over low, can throw to add the lime regulate;Bleach the powder with the liquid chlorin( press to fuck 0.3% of the dirty mire~0.6% the hurl adds), can repress the silk form germ breed, controling the dirty mire in combinative water inflation[11].4.2 Foam problemBecause entering to take the grease of large quantity in the water, handling system can't completely and availably its obviation, parts ofgreases enriches to gather in in the dirty mire, through turn to brush the oxygen agitation, creation large quantity foam;The mire is partial to long, the dirty mire is aging, and also easy creation foam.Spray to pour the water or divided by with the surface the of do away with the foam, in common use divided by the an organism oil, kerosene, the oil of silicon, throw deal as 0.5~1.5 mgs/ L.Pass to increase dirty mire in pond in spirit in density or adequacies let up the tolerance of , also can control the foam creation effectively.When contain the live material in surface in the waste water more, separate with the foam easily and in advance method or other methods do away with.Also can consider to increase to establish a set of divideding by the oil device moreover.But enhance most importantly the headwaters manage, reducing to contain the oil over the high waste water and other poisonous waste water of into[12].4.3 Float the problem on the dirty mireWhen contain in the waste water the oil measures big, whole system mire quality become light, can't like to control very much in operate process its at two sink the pond stop over time, resulting in the anoxia easily, producing the corrupt and dirty mire ascend to float;When spirit time over long, take place in pond the high degree nitric turn the function, making nitrate density high, at two sink the versa nitric in easy occurrence in pond turn the function, creation nitrogen spirit, make dirty mire ascend float;Moreover, contain the oil in the waste water?Take place the dirty mire ascend after floating should pause enter water, broke off or dirty mire in clearance, judge the clear reason, adjust the operation.The dirty mire sinks to decline the sex bad, can throw to add of oagulate or sloth materials, the improvement precipitates the sex;Such as enter the water carries big let up into the water measures or the enlargement reflux measures;Such as thedirty mire grain small lower the spirit machine turn soon;If discovers versa nitric turning, should let up the tolerance , enlarge the reflux or row the mire measures;If discover the dirty mire is corrupt, should enlargement tolerance, the clearance accumulates the mire, and try the ameliorative pond internal water dint term[12].4.4 Current velocity is not all and the dirty mire sinks to accumulate the problemIn Carrousel oxidize ditch, for acquiring its special admixture with handles result, mix with liquid must with certain current velocity is in ditch circulate flow.Think generally, the lowest current velocity should should attain for an average current velocity for, doing not take place sinking accumulating 0.3~0.5 ms/ s.The spirit equipments that oxidize the ditch is general to turn to brush for the spirit of to turn the dish with the spirit of , turning to brush of immerse to have no depth for 250~300 mms, turn the dish immerse to have no depth for 480~530 mms.With oxidize the ditch water the deep(3.0~3.6 ms) comparing, turn to brush occupied the deep 1/10~ in water 1/12, turned the dish to also occupy the 1/6~ only 1/7, therefore result in to oxidize the ditch upper part current velocity bigger( roughly 0.8~1.2 ms, even larger), but the bottom current velocity is very small( especially at the water is deep 2/3 or 3/4 below, mix with the liquid has no current velocity almost), causing ditch bottom large quantity accumulate the mire( sometimes accumulate the mire thickness amount to a 1.0 ms), the valid capacity that reduced to oxidize the ditch consumedly, lowered to handle result, affected a water fluid matter.Adding the top, downstream leads to flow the plank is a valid method that ameliorative current velocity distribute, increases the oxygen ability with the most convenient measure.The upper stream leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn the 4.0places( upper stream) :dish( turn to brush) axis, lead to flow plank high degree as the deep 1/5~ in water 1/6, combine the perpendicularity install in the surface;The downstream leads to flow the plank installs at be apart from to turn dish( turn to brush) axis 3.0 ms.Leading to flow knothole material can use metals or glass steels, but regard glass steel as good.Lead to flow the plank compares with other ameliorative measure, can't not only increase the motive consumes with revolves cost, but also can still than significantly exaltation 充oxygen ability with theories motive efficiency[13].Moreover, pass in the spirit on board swim to establish the underwater push machine can also turn to the spirit of the liquid of admixture that brush the bottom low speed area circulates to flow to rise positive push function, from but the solution oxidizes the problem that low and dirty mire in current velocity in bottom in ditch sink accumulates.Establish the underwater push machine useds for exclusively the push mixs with the liquid can make movement method that oxidize the ditch much more vivid, this for economy energy, lift the high-efficiency having the very important meaning[14].5. The Carrousel oxidizes the development of the ditchBecause the dirty water handles standard inside to divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogenous request more and more strict, the development that Carrousel further oxidized the ditch to also get.Current, the research and application includes morely below two category type:Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems, Carrousel 3000 system.5.1 Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systemTiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 tiny bore in adoption in system spirit( provide oxygen equipments as the drum breeze machine), the tiny bore spirit machine can produce the diameter of large quantity as a surface for or so and small spirit steeping, thisconsumedly increases spirit bubble accumulates, undering the certain circumstance in capacity in pond make the oxygen transfer the gross measures aggrandizement.( if deep increment in pond, its spread the quality efficiency will be higher)Produce the technique ability of the factory house according to the current drum breeze machine, the valid water of the pond is deep biggest amounting to a 8 ms, therefore can select by examinations according to the different craft request the fit water is deep.The tradition oxidizes the ditch pushes to flow is to make use of to turn to brush, turn a disc or pour the umbrella type form machine realizes of, its equipments utilization is low, the motive consumes big.Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems then adopted the underwater pushes the way that flow, rises to dive the propeller the leaf the motivation that round creation the direct function namely in the of water, at push to flow the function to can keep dirty mire from sinking to decline effectively again at the same time.As a result, the adoption dives the propeller since lower the motive consume, making mire water got again to mixs with adequately.Seeing from water power characteristic, tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 systems are wreaths form the fold flows the pond type, concurrently pushing the flow type with complete mix with the type flows .In regard to whole oxidize ditch, can think that oxidize the ditch is a complete mix with spirit pond, its density variety coefficient smallest even can neglect to do not account, enter the water will get the dilution quickly, therefore it have the very strong anti- pounds at the burthen ability.But have oxidize ditch inside of a certain very much the some pushing the characteristic of the flow type, in the nearby district in downstream in machine in spirit inDO density higher, but along with increase with spirit machine distance continuously then the density of DO lowers continuously.( appear the anoxia area)This kindof structure method makes friendly oxygen in area in anoxia area exsited to build the thing inside , making use of its water power characteristic well, coming to an efficiently the living creature takes off the nitrogenous purpose.Tiny bore spirit type Carrousel 2000 system though have the oxygen ability strong, divided by the phosphorus take off the nitrogen effective, cover the area little with can consume low etc. advantage, it also exsits at the same time the problem that tiny bore spirit equipments maintain.Current, the service life of the local and tiny bore spirit machine is 5 years in 4~, can amount to 10 years in 8~ goodly, but with import the tiny bore spirit machine compare to still have the certain margin.The spirit machine maintains unlike the form equipments is so convenient, it need to fuck the pond talent fixs, and also is to say once the tiny bore spirit machine appears the problem to need the adoption parallel two inconvenience for or third sets to solving problem, or adopting promoting device waiting to resolving, this too will giving production with managing bringing biggest[15 16].5.2 Carrousel 3000 systemCarrousel 3000 systems are in the Carrousel 2000 systems are ex- to plus a living creature the choice the area.That living creature choice area is a craft to make use of high organism carries to sieve germ grow, repress silk form germ increase, increase each pollutant do away with the rate, afterward principle together Carrousel 2000 system.Carrousel 3000 system of bigger increases to express at:An is to increased the pond deep, can amount to 7.5~8 ms, united at heart circle type, the pond wall uses totally, reducing to cover the area, lowering to build the price to increases to bear the low temperature ability at the same time;( can amount to 7 ℃ )Two is the liquid ofadmixture that spirit equipments that skillful design, the form machine descends to install to lead to flow , the anoxia of take out , adopt the underwater propeller solution current velocity problem;Three is to used the advanced spirit controller QUTE.( it adopt the much aer kind of changing the deal control mode)Four is to adopt the integral whole turn the design, starting from the center, including below wreath form consecution craft unit:Enter the well of water with the cent water machine that used for the live and dirty mire in reflux;Difference from four-part the choice pond that cent constitute with 厌oxygen pond.This outside is a Carrousel to have three spirit machine with a prepare versa nitric turn the pond 2000 system.( such as figure 2 show)Five is tube line that the design that the circular integral whole turn to make oxidize the ditch do not need additionally, can immediately realize dirty mire in reflux allotment in different craft unit[17].6. ConclusionThe Carrousel oxidizes the ditch because of having the good a phosphorus takes off the nitrogen ability, anti- pounds at the burthen ability with circulate to manage the convenience etc. the advantage, having got the extensive application.But because of technological development with social advance, that craft is necessarily will exaltation getting further.The author thinks:The Carrousel oxidizes the future research direction of the ditch will now of main below several aspects.1 Combination living creature method, research with develop the living creature model Carrousel oxidize the ditch.Like this can not only increases the microorganism gross of the unit reactor measures, from but increases the organism carries, but also living creature oneself the inside that have places the A/ the system of O enhances to take off the nitrogen result[18].2 Increases continuously the Carrousel oxidize the microbial activity in inside in ditch.For example throw to add the EM in oxidize ditch with single mind the germ grow, throws in that the salt of iron make the microorganism tame the live char in iron, devotion in living creature to become the formation to strengthen the germ gum regiment and increases to bear the toxicity pound at etc..3 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch equipments function with supervise and control the technique.Function that increases form machine, underwater propeller, reduce to maintain the workload;Making use of DO, etc. of ORP many targets supervises and control the technique and changes the technique of is from now on the Carrousel oxidizes ditch science circulate necessarily from it road.4 Increasing the Carrousel oxidizes the ditch resistant to cold and bear toxicity can, reduce to cover the area to build the price with the engineering.Theoretical application, deep pond in water power term with the research of the craft function is to lowers the engineering builds the price and increases resistant to cold bear the toxicity can wait to provide the possible direction.。
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氧化沟工艺在污水处理中的应用与发展摘要:本文主要阐述了Carrousel氧化沟的结构、工艺机理、运行过程中存在的问题和相应的解决方法。
最后,介绍了Carrousel氧化沟的最新的研究进展并指出了未来的主要研究方向。
关键词:Carrousel 氧化沟除磷脱氮结构机理1. 前言氧化沟(oxidation ditch)又名连续循环曝气池(Continuous loop reactor),是活性污泥法的一种变形。
氧化沟污水处理工艺是在20世纪50年代由荷兰卫生工程研究所研制成功的。
自从1954年在荷兰的首次投入使用以来。
由于其出水水质好、运行稳定、管理方便等技术特点,已经在国内外广泛的应用于生活污水和工业污水的治理[1]。
目前应用较为广泛的氧化沟类型包括:帕斯韦尔(Pasveer)氧化沟、卡鲁塞尔(Carr ousel)氧化沟、奥尔伯(Orbal)氧化沟、T型氧化沟(三沟式氧化沟)、DE型氧化沟和一体化氧化沟。
这些氧化沟由于在结构和运行上存在差异,因此各具特点[2]。
本文将主要介绍Carrousel氧化沟的结构、机理、存在的问题及其最新发展。
2. Carrousel氧化沟的结构Carrousel氧化沟是1967年由荷兰的DHV公司开发研制。
在原Carrousel氧化沟的基础上DHV公司和其在美国的专利特许公司EIMCO又发明了Carrousel 2000系统(见图1),实现了更高要求的生物脱氮和除磷功能。
至今世界上已有850多座Carrousel氧化沟和Car rousel 2000系统正在运行[3]。
由图可见,Carrousel氧化沟使用定向控制的曝气和搅动装置,向混合液传递水平速度,从而使被搅动的混合液在氧化沟闭合渠道内循环流动。
因此氧化沟具有特殊的水力学流态,既有完全混合式反应器的特点,又有推流式反应器的特点,沟内存在明显的溶解氧浓度梯度。
氧化沟断面为矩形或梯形,平面形状多为椭圆形,沟内水深一般为2.5~4.5m,宽深比为2: 1,亦有水深达7m的,沟中水流平均速度为0.3m/s。
氧化沟曝气混合设备有表面曝气机、曝气转刷或转盘、射流曝气器、导管式曝气器和提升管式曝气机等,近年来配合使用的还有水下推动器[4~6]。
图1 Carrousel 2000系统平面结构图3. Carrousel氧化沟的机理3.1 Carrousel氧化沟处理污水的原理最初的普通Carrousel氧化沟的工艺中污水直接与回流污泥一起进入氧化沟系统。
表面曝气机使混合液中溶解氧DO的浓度增加到大约2~3mg/L。
在这种充分掺氧的条件下,微生物得到足够的溶解氧来去除BOD;同时,氨也被氧化成硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,此时,混合液处于有氧状态。
在曝气机下游,水流由曝气区的湍流状态变成之后的平流状态,水流维持在最小流速,保证活性污泥处于悬浮状态(平均流速>0.3m/s)。
微生物的氧化过程消耗了水中溶解氧,直到DO值降为零,混合液呈缺氧状态。
经过缺氧区的反硝化作用,混合液进入有氧区,完成一次循环。
该系统中,BOD降解是一个连续过程,硝化作用和反硝化作用发生在同一池中。
由于结构的限制,这种氧化沟虽然可以有效的去处BOD,但除磷脱氮的能力有限[7]。
为了取得更好的除磷脱氮的效果,Carrousel 2000系统在普通Carrousel氧化沟前增加了一个厌氧区和绝氧区(又称前反硝化区)。
全部回流污泥和10-30%的污水进入厌氧区,可将回流污泥中的残留硝酸氮在缺氧和10-30%碳源条件下完成反硝化,为以后的绝氧池创造绝氧条件。
同时,厌氧区中的兼性细菌将可溶性BOD转化成VFA,聚磷菌获得VFA将其同化成PHB,所需能量来源于聚磷的水解并导致磷酸盐的释放。
厌氧区出水进入内部安装有搅拌器的绝氧区,所谓绝氧就是池内混合液既无分子氧,也无化合物氧(硝酸根),在此绝氧环境下,70-90%的污水可提供足够的碳源,使聚磷菌能充分释磷。
绝氧区后接普通Carro usel氧化沟系统,进一步完成去除BOD、脱氮和除磷。
最后,混合液在氧化沟富氧区排出,在富氧环境下聚磷菌过量吸磷,将磷从水中转移到污泥中,随剩余污泥排出系统。
这样,在Carrousel 2000系统内,较好的同时完成了去除BOD、COD和脱氮除磷[8]。
综合采用该工艺的昆明第一污水厂[9]、长沙市第二污水净化中心[10]及漯河市污水处理厂的运行效果可见:经过Carrousel 2000系统处理后,BOD、COD、SS的去除率均达到了90%以上,TN的去除率达到了80%,TP的去除率也达到了90%。
3.2 Carrousel氧化沟除磷脱氮的影响因素影响Carrousel氧化沟除磷的因素主要是污泥龄、硝酸盐浓度及基质浓度。
研究表明,当总污泥龄为8~10d时活性污泥中的最大磷含量为其干污泥量的4%,为异养菌体质量的11%,但当污泥龄超过15d时污泥中最大含磷量明显下降,反而达不到最大除磷效果。
因此,一味延长污泥龄(例如20d、25d、30d)是没有必要的,宜在8~15d范围内选用。
同时,高硝酸盐浓度和低基质浓度不利于除磷过程。
影响Carrousel氧化沟脱氮的主要因素是DO、硝酸盐浓度及碳源浓度。
研究表明,氧化沟内存在溶解氧浓度梯度即好氧区DO达到3~3.5mg/L,缺氧区DO达到0~0.5mg/L是发生硝化反应及反硝化反应的前提条件。
同时,充足的碳源及较高的C/N比有利于脱氮的完成[7]。
4. Carrousel氧化沟存在的问题及解决方法尽管Carrousel氧化沟具有出水水质好、抗冲击负荷能力强、除磷脱氮效率高、污泥易稳定、能耗省、便于自动化控制等优点。
但是,在实际的运行过程中,仍存在一系列的问题。
4.1 污泥膨胀问题当废水中的碳水化合物较多,N、P含量不平衡,pH值偏低,氧化沟中污泥负荷过高,溶解氧浓度不足,排泥不畅等易引发丝状菌性污泥膨胀;非丝状菌性污泥膨胀主要发生在废水水温较低而污泥负荷较高时。
微生物的负荷高,细菌吸取了大量营养物质,由于温度低,代谢速度较慢,积贮起大量高粘性的多糖类物质,使活性污泥的表面附着水大大增加,SVI 值很高,形成污泥膨胀。
针对污泥膨胀的起因,可采取不同对策:由缺氧、水温高造成的,可加大曝气量或降低进水量以减轻负荷,或适当降低MLSS(控制污泥回流量),使需氧量减少;如污泥负荷过高,可提高MLSS,以调整负荷,必要时可停止进水,闷曝一段时间;可通过投加氮肥、磷肥,调整混合液中的营养物质平衡(BOD5:N:P=100:5:1);pH值过低,可投加石灰调节;漂白粉和液氯(按干污泥的0.3%~0.6%投加),能抑制丝状菌繁殖,控制结合水性污泥膨胀[11]。
4.2 泡沫问题由于进水中带有大量油脂,处理系统不能完全有效地将其除去,部分油脂富集于污泥中,经转刷充氧搅拌,产生大量泡沫;泥龄偏长,污泥老化,也易产生泡沫。
用表面喷淋水或除沫剂去除泡沫,常用除沫剂有机油、煤油、硅油,投量为0.5~1.5mg/L。
通过增加曝气池污泥浓度或适当减小曝气量,也能有效控制泡沫产生。
当废水中含表面活性物质较多时,易预先用泡沫分离法或其他方法去除。
另外也可考虑增设一套除油装置。
但最重要的是要加强水源管理,减少含油过高废水及其它有毒废水的进入[12]。
4.3 污泥上浮问题当废水中含油量过大,整个系统泥质变轻,在操作过程中不能很好控制其在二沉池的停留时间,易造成缺氧,产生腐化污泥上浮;当曝气时间过长,在池中发生高度硝化作用,使硝酸盐浓度高,在二沉池易发生反硝化作用,产生氮气,使污泥上浮;另外,废水中含油量过大,污泥可能挟油上浮。
发生污泥上浮后应暂停进水,打碎或清除污泥,判明原因,调整操作。
污泥沉降性差,可投加混凝剂或惰性物质,改善沉淀性;如进水负荷大应减小进水量或加大回流量;如污泥颗粒细小可降低曝气机转速;如发现反硝化,应减小曝气量,增大回流或排泥量;如发现污泥腐化,应加大曝气量,清除积泥,并设法改善池内水力条件[12]。
4.4 流速不均及污泥沉积问题在Carrousel氧化沟中,为了获得其独特的混合和处理效果,混合液必须以一定的流速在沟内循环流动。
一般认为,最低流速应为0.15m/s,不发生沉积的平均流速应达到0.3~0. 5m/s。
氧化沟的曝气设备一般为曝气转刷和曝气转盘,转刷的浸没深度为250~300mm,转盘的浸没深度为480~ 530mm。
与氧化沟水深(3.0~3.6m)相比,转刷只占了水深的1/10~1/1 2,转盘也只占了1/6~1/7,因此造成氧化沟上部流速较大(约为0.8~1.2m,甚至更大),而底部流速很小(特别是在水深的2/3或3/4以下,混合液几乎没有流速),致使沟底大量积泥(有时积泥厚度达1.0m),大大减少了氧化沟的有效容积,降低了处理效果,影响了出水水质。
加装上、下游导流板是改善流速分布、提高充氧能力的有效方法和最方便的措施。
上游导流板安装在距转盘(转刷)轴心4.0处(上游),导流板高度为水深的1/5~1/6,并垂直于水面安装;下游导流板安装在距转盘(转刷)轴心3.0m处。
导流板的材料可以用金属或玻璃钢,但以玻璃钢为佳。
导流板与其他改善措施相比,不仅不会增加动力消耗和运转成本,而且还能够较大幅度地提高充氧能力和理论动力效率[13]。
另外,通过在曝气机上游设置水下推动器也可以对曝气转刷底部低速区的混合液循环流动起到积极推动作用,从而解决氧化沟底部流速低、污泥沉积的问题。
设置水下推动器专门用于推动混合液可以使氧化沟的运行方式更加灵活,这对于节约能源、提高效率具有十分重要的意义[14]。
5. Carrousel氧化沟的发展由于污水处理标准中对除磷脱氮的要求越来越严格,Carrousel氧化沟也得到了进一步的发展。
目前,研究及应用较多的包括以下两种类型:微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统、C arrousel 3000系统。
5.1 微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统采用微孔曝气(供氧设备为鼓风机),微孔曝气器可产生大量直径为1mm左右的微小气泡,这大大提高了气泡的表面积,使得在池容积一定的情况下氧转移总量增大(如池深增加则其传质效率将更高)。
根据目前鼓风机生产厂家的技术能力,池的有效水深最大可达8m,因此可根据不同的工艺要求选取合适的水深。
传统氧化沟的推流是利用转刷、转碟或倒伞型表曝机实现的,其设备利用率低、动力消耗大。
微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统则采用了水下推流的方式,即把潜水推进器叶轮产生的推动力直接作用于水体,在起推流作用的同时又可有效防止污泥的沉降。
因而,采用潜水推进器既降低了动力消耗,又使泥水得到了充分地混合。
从水力特性来看,微孔曝气型Carrousel 2000系统为环状折流池型,兼有推流式和完全混合式的流态。