波特假说

新进行弥补、 而且还有净利润产生，那么企业完全没有必要 放弃实现利润最大化的机会，而非得借助政府的规制措施。 Simpson and Bradford (1996)提出疑问，如果必须由环境管制 来刺激创新，再通过创新的补偿效应来抵偿投入成本增加的
损失，企业为何不直接去从事产品生产与生产工艺过程的研
发活动，而非得通过如此耗费成本的环境规制措施?
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1. An Overview of the Porter Hypothesis Porter(1991): 适当的环境规制可以促使企业进行更多的 创新活动，而这些创新将提高企业的生产力，从而抵消 由环境保护带来的成本并且提升企业在市场上的盈利能 力。 Poter(1991):The conflict between environmental protection between economic competitiveness is a false dichotomy. It seems from a narrow view of the sources of prosperity and a static view of competition. Strict environment regulation do not inevitably hinder competitive advantage against foreign rivals; indeed, they often enhance it. Though standers trigger innovation and upgrading.
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3. The Theory Underlying the Porter Hypothesis
Behavioral Arguments： Ambec and Barla (2006)：The manager has present-b cause her or him to put off investment in
and potential technological improvements.
② Regulation focused on information gathering can achieve major benefits by raising corporate awareness.
③ Regulation reduces the uncertainty that investments to address the
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2. Causal Links in the Porter Hypothesis
Jaffe and Plamer(1997) 将波特假设区分为强“波特假 设”、弱“波特假设”和狭义“波特假设”。
Weak：it does not indicate whether that innovation is good or bad for firms。
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1. An Overview of the Porter Hypothesis
波特假说的前提条件
① 从静态模型到动态模型
• 在静态假设下，企业已做出了成本最小化的资源配置，环 境规制的引入在短期内难以避免地会相对提高企业的成本， 削弱其竞争力。 ② 恰当设计环境规制(特征) • 管制目标应可通过灵活的方式实现； • 管制应能促进连续创新，而不是锁定于某种特定技术上； • 管制过程应分阶段实施，同时应以管制者和企业之间合作 的方式来实施。
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3. The Theory Underlying the Porter Hypothesis Organizational Failure
Ambec and Barla( 2002) ：If managers have private information about the real costs of new technologies that enhances both productivity and environmental performance, they may use the information opportunistically by exaggerating these costs, thereby extracting some rent from the firm. In this situation, if the government imposes an environmental regulation, the rent that managers extract is lowered, thus benefiting the firm.
波特假说 Porter Hypothesis
Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation and Commpetitiveness
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Contents
01 02 03 04 05 An Overview of the Porter Hypothesis
Causal Links in the Porter Hypothesis
The Theory Underlying the Porter Hypothesis
Empirical Evidence for the Porter Hypothesis Future research prospects
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2. Causal Links in the Porter Hypothesis
Strict but Flexible Environmental Regulations
weake narrow Innovation eg：R&D Strong
Environmental Performance
Business Performance (some times)
The causality chain of porter hypothesis
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3. The Theory Underlying the Porter Hypothesis
质疑“波特假说” 的适用性 质疑“波特假说” 的核心思想: 天下是否有免费的午餐? 新凯恩斯主义者则从“行为学说”、“市场失灵”、“组 织失灵” 等方面进一步发展了“波 特 假 说 ”的 理 论 基 础。
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3. The Theory Underlying the Porter Hypothesis 质疑“波特假说” 的核心思想: 天下是否有免费的午餐?
Jaffe et al .,(1995) 、Palmer et al .,(1995) ：如果“波特假说”
成立，即企业从事工业污染的治理成本不仅可以通过技术创
environment will be valuable. ④ Regulation creates pressure that motivates innovation and progress. ⑤ Regulation levels the transitional playing field.
过程中可能会发现全新的产品生产方法或工艺流程 。
② 国际市场的先动优势
当竞争企业所属国同时对相关领域污染进行管制时， 母国市场环 境标准相对严格的企业就会通过率先采取创新行动而保持一定阶段 的竞争优势
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2. Causal Links in the Porter Hypothesis
Porter and van der Linde (1995a, 99–100) go on to explain that there are at least five reasons why properly crafted regulations may lead to these outcomes: ① Regulation signals companies about likely resource inefficiencies
profitable but costly opportunities (“low-hanging fruits”).
企业经理的现期偏好(present-biased)将会使其延迟企业的创新投
资，因为创新投资虽然能够增加企业的未来收益，但却不能增加企
业的当期收益。此时，环境规制将有助于克服企业经理的“自我控 制”(self-control) 问题，激励企业经理进行创新投资。因此，
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1. An Overview of the Porter Hypothesis Poter and Linde (1995) In this static world, where firms have already made their cost-minimizing choices, environmental regulation inevitably raises costs and will trend to reduce the market share of domestic companies on global markets. In this paper, we will argue that properly designed environmental standers can trigger innovation that may partially or more than fully offset the costs of complying with them.
Strong：in many cases this innovation more than offsets any additional regulatory costs—in other words, environmental regulation can lead to an increase in firm competitiveness. Narrow：it is argued that flexible regulatory policies give firms greater incentives to innovate and thus are better than prescriptive forms of regulation