关于员工敬业度的文献综述
2、文献研究综述2.1 敬业度概念

2、文献研究综述2.1敬业度概念敬业度是一个多维的概念,不同的学者从各自的研究角度给敬业度做出了不同的定义,同时给出了相应的结构维度。
但经过20多年的研究,至今仍没有形成一个能得到普遍认可的观点,比较有代表性的观点主要有:表1 国内外学者和研究机构关于“敬业度概念”归纳表Kahn(1990)[2] 是指组织成员以自我投入到工作角色中,在体力上、情感上以及认知上完成自己的工作并在其中表现自我,是一种积极的、追求最佳角色表现的状态。
翰威特咨询公司(1995) [3] 员工敬业度(work engagement)是衡量员工乐意留在公司和努力为公司服务的程度Maslach(1997)[4] 工作敬业与工作倦怠(Job burnout)是一个三维连续体的两个极端,是一种感觉充满精力,并能有效地进入到工作状态并与他人和谐相处的状态。
盖洛普咨询公司(2001) [5] 员工敬业度(work engagement)是指在给员工创造良好的环境,发挥他的优势的基础上,使每个员工作为自己所在单位的一分子,产生一种归属感,产生主人翁责任感。
韬睿咨询公司(2000)[6]员工敬业度定义为员工帮助企业成功的意愿和能力的强弱程度。
Schaufefietal(2002) [7]员工敬业度是一种与工作相关的积极的令人愉快的心理状态。
曾晖等(2005)[8] 对待工作的一种持久积极的情绪和动机唤醒状态.随时可以全身心地投入到工作中,并在工作过程中伴随有愉悦、自豪、鼓舞的体验:工作时感觉时间过得很快,不容易疲倦;面对困难及压力,有很高的承受力,一旦进入工作角色,就不愿意从工作中脱离出来并愿意在工作中付出额外的努力。
Christopherrace (2006)[9] 员工敬业度是员工受内,情感的驱动,因公司成就的需要而不断奋斗的衡量尺度。
查淞城(2007) [10] 员工敬业度指的是员工在工作中积极投入,以及伴随着工作投入而产生的完满的生理、认知和情绪的状态。
Y公司员工敬业度研究毕业论文

Y公司员工敬业度研究毕业论文( 2011 届)本科毕业论文(设计)题目 Y公司员工敬业度研究学院商学院专业人力资源管理班级学号姓名指导教师诚信声明我声明,所呈交的论文(设计)是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
据我查证,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文(设计)中不包含其他已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
我承诺,论文(设计)中的所有内容均真实、可信。
论文(设计)作者签名: 签名日期:年月日授权声明学校有权保留送交论文(设计)的原件,允许论文(设计)被查阅和借阅,学校可以公布论文(设计)的全部或部分内容,可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文(设计),学校必须严格按照授权对论文(设计)进行处理不得超越授权对论文(设计)进行任意处置。
论文(设计)作者签名:签名日期:年月日摘要:本文在实地研究的基础上通过问卷调查法和实地访谈法,调查分析了Y企业员工敬业度现状及其原因,结果表明Y企业员工敬业度低普遍偏低, 其原因是:企业文化尚未贯彻到位;员工休息时间很少,工作负荷量过大,心理压力过重;公司内部各部门之间不协调,企业缺少凝聚力;薪资结构设计不公平;员工对企业归属感不强。
针对原因,提出的解决对策是:加大企业文化的培训力度, 完善企业文化;合理安排工作时间,引导员工健康生活;做好团队建设,培养团队意识;完善薪酬体系,实现薪酬的激励性和公平性;培养员工使命感,提高员工的归属感。
关键词:企业员工敬业度;提升路径Abstract: In this paper, on the basis of field study byquestionnaire and on-the-spot interview method, investigated and analyzed Y enterprise employee engagement degrees, the results showedthat the present situation and reasons for low degree of enterprise employee engagement Y, its reason is generally very low: corporateculture has not implement in place; Staff time to rest, work too few psychological pressure load, overweight; Various departments,enterprises lack of coordination between the cohesion; Salary structure design is not fair; Employee to enterprise belonging not strong. According to the reasons and puts forward the countermeasures are: increase enterprise culture training dynamics,the consummation enterprise culture; Arrange work time, guide employee health life; Completes the team construction, training team consciousness;Perfect salary and compensation system, realize the incentive and equity; Staff training mission, improve employees' belonging.Keywords: enterprise employee engagement degree; Path of ascension 目录一、引言 1二员工敬业度相关理论综述 2(一)企业员工敬业度定义研究 2(二)员工敬业度高低和企业绩效的关系研究 2(三)影响员工敬业度高低的因素研究 3(四)员工敬业度的衡量标准研究 4三、Y企业员工敬业度现状分析 4(一)Y企业概况 4(二)Y企业目前的敬业度现状分析 6四、导致Y企业员工敬业度低的原因分析 8(一)企业文化尚未贯彻到位 8(二)员工休息时间很少,工作负荷量过大,心理压力过重 9(三)公司内部各部门之间不协调,企业缺少凝聚力 10(四)薪资结构设计不公平 10(五)员工对企业归属感不强 11五、Y企业员工提升敬业度的对策 11(一)加大企业文化的培训力度,完善企业文化 12(二)合理安排工作时间,引导员工健康生活 12(三)做好团队建设,培养团队意识 12(四)完善薪酬体系,实现薪酬的激励性和公平性 12(五)培养员工使命感,提高员工的归属感 13五、结论 13参考文献 14致谢 16附录:调查问卷 17一、引言员工敬业度是在员工满意度之上的概念,员工满意度指员工接受企业的实际感受与其期望值比较的程度。
员工敬业度影响因素的因子分析研究

员工敬业度影响因素的因子分析研究一、研究背景与意义当今这个快节奏的社会里,企业想要站稳脚跟,员工那股子敬业劲儿太关键啦!这直接关系到公司能不能稳步发展,还影响员工自个儿的职业成长和生活满足感。
所以啊,搞清楚啥东西影响员工的敬业度,就显得特别重要了。
咱们这次研究,就是想用因子分析的方法,把这些影响因素给剖析剖析,好让管理者心里更有数,知道怎么激励团队,提升大家的工作热情。
二、文献综述2.1 员工敬业度的定义与测量敬业度嘛,简单来说,就是员工对自己工作投入不投入、认不认真、有没有成就感的那么一种状态。
学者们研究久了,给它下了定义,还整出了量表来测,像UWES (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale)就是挺常用的。
2.2 影响因素的研究现状影响敬业度的因素可多了,工作环境啊、个人特质啊、领导方式啊,还有同事间的关系等等。
以往的研究多是分散着看,咱们这次打算来个系统的,用因子分析串一串这些因素。
三、理论框架与假设提出3.1 理论框架构建我们参考了一堆文献,结合实际情况,觉得可以从工作特征、组织支持、个人成长这三个大方面来构建理论框架。
每个大方面下又细分了几个小点,比如工作特征可以包括工作的意义性、自主性和反馈;组织支持包括领导风格、同事关系和资源充足程度;个人成长则关注职业发展机会、技能培训和个人成就感等。
这样建的理论框架,既全面又具体,方便我们深入探究影响员工敬业度的各个因素。
3.2 研究假设根据上面搭建的理论框架,我们提出了几个猜想:工作越有意义、自主性越强、反馈越及时,员工的敬业度就越高。
组织给予的支持越多,比如领导关心下属、同事间关系融洽、资源充足,员工的敬业度也会随之提高。
个人成长的机会越多,比如职业发展路径清晰、技能培训完善、个人成就感强,员工自然更愿意投入工作,敬业度也就更高。
四、研究方法4.1 样本选择与数据收集我们挑选了不同行业、不同规模企业的全职员工作为研究对象,确保数据的广泛性和代表性。
员工敬业度影响因素的回归分析研究

员工敬业度影响因素的回归分析研究一、研究背景与意义在当今竞争激烈的商业环境中,企业要想保持持续的竞争优势,关键在于其人力资源的有效管理和利用。
员工作为企业最宝贵的资产,其敬业度直接影响到企业的生产效率、创新能力和市场竞争力。
因此,深入探讨影响员工敬业度的因素,对于提升员工的工作积极性和忠诚度,进而推动企业的可持续发展具有重要意义。
本文旨在通过回归分析方法,研究影响员工敬业度的关键因素,为企业制定有效的人力资源管理策略提供理论依据。
二、理论基础与文献综述2.1 敬业度的定义与测量敬业度是指员工对工作的热情、投入和承诺程度,它体现了员工在情感上认同工作并在行动上为工作付出努力的程度。
关于敬业度的测量,学者们提出了多种量表,如Utrecht工作敬业度量表(UWES),该量表从活力、奉献和专注三个维度对敬业度进行评估。
2.2 影响因素的研究现状现有研究表明,影响员工敬业度的因素多种多样,包括个人因素(如年龄、性别、性格等)、工作因素(如工作满意度、工作挑战性等)以及组织因素(如组织文化、领导风格等)。
这些研究往往侧重于单一因素的分析,缺乏对多因素综合影响的探讨。
2.3 回归分析在敬业度研究中的应用回归分析作为一种统计方法,能够探究一个或多个自变量对因变量的影响程度和方向。
在员工敬业度研究中,回归分析可以帮助我们识别出哪些因素对敬业度有显著影响,并量化这些因素的影响大小。
三、研究方法与数据来源3.1 研究设计本研究采用问卷调查的方式收集数据,问卷包含敬业度量表以及可能影响敬业度的多个因素的测量题目。
样本选择上,我们选取了不同行业、不同规模企业的员工作为调查对象,以确保研究结果的普遍性。
3.2 数据分析方法收集到的数据将使用SPSS等统计软件进行处理和分析。
首先进行描述性统计分析,了解各变量的基本情况;接着进行相关性分析,探讨各因素之间以及与敬业度之间的关系;最后运用多元回归分析方法,建立敬业度与影响因素之间的回归模型。
关于员工敬业度的文献综述

摘要:员工敬业度越来越受到企业管理者的重视,国内外对该问题的研究也越来越多。
本文通过整理、分析、述评近年来国内外学者对员工敬业度的研究成果,介绍我国的敬业度现状,对未来的研究具有启示作用。
关键词:员工敬业度相关概念影响因素敬业度现状一、前言员工敬业度是继员工满意度之后,又一研究绩效影响因素的热点话题。
盖洛普全球数据库表明,员工敬业度调查得分最高的25%的团队与得分最低的25%的团队相比,生产效率提升38%,利润率提升27%,客户满意度提升56%。
可见,员工敬业度对企业绩效的影响是至关重要的,如果企业能让员工保持较高的敬业度,那么,企业的员工流失率将会大大减少,企业的价值将会更大。
所以开发适合的测量工具,研究员工敬业度的影响因素和驱动因素,寻求提高员工敬业度的方法具有重大意义。
本文将选取敬业度的概念、相关概念、影响因素和我国的现状四个方面,通过对近年来国内外学者对员工敬业度的研究进行述评,以便对未来研究方向有个完整的理论基础结构。
二、员工敬业度的概念目前学术界普遍认为最早提出敬业度概念的学者是Kahn,Kahn(1990)[1]在工作卷入、组织承诺及内在动机等概念的基础上首次提出了敬业度(engagement),即组织成员在工作角色中对其生理、认知和情感三方面的投入并真实地表达自我。
员工敬业度不仅影响个人的工作绩效和组织的绩效,同时敬业的员工可以更好地发挥个人潜能,有强烈的自我实现需求并获得愉快、幸福感的体验。
Schaufeli(2004) [2]将敬业度定义为一种与工作相关的、积极的、充实的精神状态,这种状态具有持久性的特点,而不是针对某一特定的目标、事件或情境。
Maslach[3]将敬业度和工作倦怠联系起来进行研究,他认为工作倦怠( job burnout)和工作敬业是与工作相关的健康状态连续体的两端,二者的内在纬度是一致的,倦怠是员工在工作的过程中逐渐侵蚀和消耗的结果,精力由旺盛变为衰竭,对工作的态度由投入变得冷漠,职业效能由高变低。
企业员工敬业度问题研究综述[文献综述]
![企业员工敬业度问题研究综述[文献综述]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6cb40b9a5022aaea998f0f4f.png)
题目企业员工敬业度问题研究综述前言部分面对日益激烈的商业竞争环境,已有越来越多的管理者认识到:企业只有拥有敬业度高的员工,才会有高生产率,才可以带来忠诚的顾客,从而实现企业的持续健康发展。
“任何一家想竞争取胜的公司,必须设法使每个员工敬业。
”这是被誉为“世界第一CEO”的杰克·韦尔奇发出的管理感言。
因此,如何吸引,发展和保留一支拥有高敬业度的员工队伍对于企业管理者来说就非常重要了。
激励并使员工敬业,也逐渐成为成功企业与普通企业的显著区别之一。
员工敬业度是当前企业所共同关注的重点,是企业获得成功的核心要素.敬业度与绩效的关系非常密切,它有助于提升组织生产力、提高利润和顾客满意度并减少员工流失和事故的发生。
现代商业竞争实质上是人力资源的竞争,提高员工敬业度,充分发挥员工的潜在能力,是现代企业取得成功的法宝。
所以我们就对何谓真正的员工敬业度,员工的敬业度提升之后会给企业带来什么作出研究,进行概述。
主体部分(一)敬业度的概念学者罗江萍说员工敬业度是指组织成员以自我投入到组织的角色中,在情感上,认知上以及身体力行地完成自己的工作并在其中表现自我的程度。
[1] 盖洛普咨询有限公司通过对健康企业成功要素的相互关系进行的近40年潜心研究,给出了他们的定义,建立了“盖洛普路径”的模型,描述员工个人表现与公司最终经营业绩、公司整体增值之间的路径。
[2]“盖洛普路径”可以表述为:企业实际利润增长推动股票的增长——可持续发展驱动实际利润增长——忠实客户驱动可持续发展——在优秀经理领导下发挥员工所长驱动员工敬业度。
[3]他们认为员工敬业度是在给员工创造良好的环境,发挥他的优势的基础上,使每个员工产生一种归属感,产生“主人翁责任感”。
[4]翰威特咨询有限公司,对1500家企业进行的研究,涉及从翰威特全球“敬业度”咨询项目的客户和最佳雇主的调研数据,披露了敬业度和绩效之间有着密切的关系。
翰威特认为员工敬业度衡量的是员工乐意留在公司和努力为公司服务的程度。
员工敬业度的英文文献综述

Annotated BibliographyAbraham, S. (2012). Job Satisfaction as an Antecedent to Employee Engagement. SIES Journal of Management, 8(2), pp. 27-36.Abraham (2012) focused on examining the relationship between job satisfaction and employee engagement. In order to test the relationship between the variables, questionnaire survey was hired as the tool to gain primary data from 30 workers. In this academic research, systematic sampling technique was hired as the method to select research samples for data collection. Techniques of statistical analysis including correlation analysis, regression analysis and t-test analysis were employed to analyze the gained primary data from research samples. Based on the analysis results, Abraham (2012) found that job satisfaction as an antecedent that will significantly impact on the increase of employee engagement. Additionally, the results of regression analysis shows that employee engagement will be affected and driven by all kinds of factors, including the nature of job, the recognition of superiors to followers’ work, comparative benefits, teamwork spirit, cross-department cooperation, as well as proper and equal policy of company.This article has higher practical value as this research proves that employee engagement can be increased by improving employee satisfaction. Such finding provides approach to increase the level of employee engagement in organization. However, limitations of this article are also witnessed. Key limitation is use of small scope of research sample to answer research theme. In this research, only 30 workers were used to study for finding out the relationship between employee satisfaction and employee engagement. To some extent, the use of small-scope samples will lower down the convincing and reliability of the research results.The research findings of this research are useful for the current research project because Abraham (2012) proves that employee satisfaction is a key antecedent affecting the level of employee engagement. This could be used to explain key driver and antecedent of employee engagement. Additionally, the findings also dominatesome key factors that will influence the level of employee engagement. Thus, the findings could provide implications for developing employee engagement.Eldor, L., & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2016). The nature of employee engagement: Rethinking the employee–organization relationship.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp1- 27.Eldor and Vigoda-Gadot (2016) has rethought the relationship between employee and organization in order to hence theoretical basis of employee engagement. In this academic article, Eldor and Vigoda-Gadot (2016) have compared and contrasted the conception of employee engagement to other similar conceptions such as psychological contract and psychological empowerment based on theoretical analysis, and have examined whether the contributions of employee empowerment work centrality over psychological contract and psychological empowerment. In order to realize research objectives, questionnaire survey has been adopted as the instrument to gain primary data from 593 workers who were selected from public and private organizations located in Israel. The gained data were analyzed by using statistical analysis technique. Based on the data analysis results, Eldor and Vigoda-Gadot (2016) have found that employee engagement differs from both psychological contract and psychological empowerment. The results suggest that employee engagement shows a higher level of employee activation and mutual exchange simultaneously, which is significant different from psychological contract and psychological empowerment. In addition, the results have also proved that employee engagement will produce significant effect on work centrality.This academic article has provided could provide theoretical foundation for studying employee engagement. In the academic article, the findings are drawn from empirical investigation. Therefore, the research findings of this academic article are convincing as the results are based on objective analysis of statistical data. However, it should be noticed that this academic article has also some limitations. The first limitation is that research samples are limited in organizations located in Israel. Thus, the research findings would be more suitable for explaining the relationship betweenemployee engagement and work centrality in organizations in Israeli. Another limitation is that the article is based on cross-sectional research instead of longitudinal research, which will hamper to examine the cause direction and stable relationship between employee engagement and work centrality.The findings of this academic article will be useful for my research because the findings not only outline the concept of employee engagement, but also prove the importance of employee engagement to organization. For this, the findings of this article can be cited as important evidence to justify why employee engagement is so important to contemporary organizations.Jha, B., & Kumar, A. (2016). Employee Engagement: A Strategic Tool to Enhance Performance. DAWN: Journal For Contemporary Research in Management, 3(2), pp.21- 29.Jha and Kumar (2016) have studied the benefits of employee engagement based on primary and second research. Secondary research was used to collect second information data from various journals, articles, reports, as well as websites to demonstrate knowledge about employee engagement. In terms of primary research, questionnaire survey was employed to gain information data from 100 people in New Delhi area. The questionnaire survey will be conducted through direct approach, mail, and phone. The research results show that employee engagement helps to develop employees’positive attitudes and behaviors, which in turn motivate employee’s working efficiency and performance, resulting in the improvement of organizational effectiveness and performance.The results of this academic research are credible as the research results are generated based on primary and secondary research. To ensure the objectivity of research results, statistical analysis is used to process and analyze the gained primary data. The data analysis results have been represented in graphic form, which visual shows the final conclusion of the academic research. In a sense, this academic article provides theoretical and practical rationale to explain the importance ofemployee engagement to both employees and organization. However, it should be noticed that there are also some limitations in this academic research. One the one hand, this research only select small-scale sample as the research samples to study the importance of employee engagement. In this research, only 100 samples were selected as the research samples for this research. On the other hand, this research was conducted in New Delhi area. This may cut down the reliability of the research findings.In general, these research findings are useful for my research project as Jha and Kumar (2016) clearly state employee engagement plays an important role in improving the efficiency and performance of both employees and organization. The findings provide empirical evidence to support the notion that employee engagement is very important to organization in today’s business world. Therefore, the usefulness of this academic research to my research project is obvious.Kumar, R., & Sia, S. K. (2012). Employee engagement: Explicating the contribution of work environment. Management and Labour Studies,37(1), pp.31- 43.Kumar and Sia (2012) study the contribution of eight work environment dimensions including supervisor support, co-worker cohesion, work pressure, task orientation, autonomy, physical comfort, control and clarity to three dimensions of employee engagement including cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, and physical engagement has been examined. To understand the relationship between work environment and employee engagement, questionnaire survey is hired as the tool to gain primary data from 100 workers from two food processing enterprises in Patiala, Punjab, India. To ensure the representation of research samples, simple random sampling technique is used in this research. The findings show that two work environment dimensions including autonomy and work pressure will significantly contribute to the improvement of emotional and cognitive engagement, and that co-cohesion has positive impacts on physical engagement.To some extent, the research results found by Kumar and Sia (2012) could provide positive implications for Indian organization as the results could help Indian organization to improve employee engagement by improving work environment factors. The results are supported by empirical investigation and statistical analysis so that it is believed that the research results are credible. But, on the other hand, it should also be noticed that there are some limitations that cannot be ignored. The first limitation is that the sample size for this research is quite small. This will negatively lower down the convincing of the research results. On the one other, the representation of research sample is not high. In this research, the total research sample is consisted of 9 female workers and 92 male workers. Uneven gender distribution will cut down the effectiveness of research results to explain the relationship between work environment and employee engagement because different gender employees will have different views. Therefore, the research results may be biased in explaining the impact of work environment variables on employee engagement variables.Generally speaking, the research results found by Kumar and Sia (2012) are useful for the current research project because Kumar and Sia (2012) clearly state some key work environment factors that will influence the level of employee engagement in organization. Therefore, the research results can be used as the evidence to support the notion that the antecedents and drivers of employee engagement within organizations.Megha, S. (2016). A brief review of employee engagement: definition, antecedents and approaches. Clear International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7(6), pp79 – 88.Megha (2016) demonstrates employee engagement based on the review of previous literature. To conduct systematic research, an integrated literature review is hired as the method to gain data from previous academic articles. The articles related to the present research theme will be categorized according to themes. By conducting systematic review of previous articles, findings were presented. In terms of definitionof engagement, various scholars have defined employee engagement under different protocols. Reviewing various definition of employee engagement, a common idea is that employee engagement is desired condition, and is directly related to work involvement, work enthusiasm and passion, work commitment, and personal effort and energy in workplace. Additionally, the research results also shows different drivers and antecedents of employee engagement, including personal personality and perception, employee emotional experiences and wellbeing, work-life balance, interpersonal relationship within workplace, management style, employee voice, job design, two-way communication, commitment to employee well-being, high-efficient internal cooperation, a focus on development, good quality line management, managers’ visible commitment, as well as human resource policies. Regarding with the approaches for promoting employee engagement, the research results show that previous scholars have proved theoretical framework for organizations to approach employee engagement, including need-satisfying approach proposed by Kahn (1990), burnout-antithesis approach proposed by Maslach et al (2001), work engagement approach proposed by Schaufeli et al (2002), satisfaction-engagement approach proposed by Harter et al (2002), and multidimensional approach proposed by Saks (2006).This research has conducted a systematic and comprehensive review of engagement literature. By conducting systematic review, the results could provide positive theoretical and practical implications for organizations to improve the level of employee engagement in workplace. But, this article has its limitations. a key limitation is that this research searched for employee engagement literature through entering keywords. Consequently, some important employee engagement research will not be included.The findings are useful for my current research as Megha (2016) demonstrate the definition of employee engagement, antecedents and drivers of employee engagement and specific approaches to increase employee engagement. Therefore, the findings can be used to support my research project.Shuck, B., Reio. T.G., & Rocco, T.S. (2011). Employee engagement: an examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Human Resource Development International. 14(4), pp. 427-445.This article investigates the impact of job fit, psychological climate, affective commitment on employee engagement, and in the meantime discuss the positive implications of employee engagement. This research hired an internet-based self-report survey to gain data from 283 heterogeneous research samples. After the data were collected, SPSS statistics tool was used to process the data for testing the relationship between research variables. The results show that job fit, psychological climate, and affective commitment are three key antecedences of increasing employee engagement. In addition, the results also demonstrate the improvement of employee engagement helps to reduce employees’ turnover intention.The findings of this article are persuasive because the findings were generated through empirical investigation. In this article, the conclusion is distilled from the analysis of objectively quantitative data. But, limitations of this article also exist. This research selected heterogeneous research samples from all kinds of organizations that are attached to a certain association. This limits the general applicability of the research findings in different associations. Additionally, the findings of this research were generated from self-report survey. Under this condition, the researcher failed in controlling the authenticity of sampling data, which may result in biased results. Generally speaking, this academic article is useful source to support my research project. This research has conducted empirical investigation and has proved that significant impact of job fit, psychological climate, affective commitment on employee engagement. Therefore, the findings can be used to illustrate some drivers and antecedents of increasing the level of employee engagement within organizations. Additionally, the findings also prove that employee engagement helps to increase discretionary effort, and to reduce employees’turnover intention. Therefore, the findings can be used to prove the importance of employee engagement to organizations.。
员工敬业度的研究综述

员工敬业度的研究综述摘要:通过对员工敬业度的研究背景、概念界定、理论框架和影响因素等方面进行探讨,归纳和梳理员工敬业度的研究成果。
关键词:员工敬业度;文献综述;人力资源管理一、研究背景现代企业管理的主导思想已经由早期科学管理向人本管理转变,人的作用在企业发展中更加不可忽视。
管理学大师德鲁克曾说:“人是我们最大的资产,要是员工有成就,管理人员就要把劳动力看作是一种核心资源,管理人员承担的就是使人发挥效用的责任”。
而员工敬业度不仅是组织行为学中的一个新概念,也因它涉及到员工对工作的投入及其对组织的反馈,即发挥员工作用,因此也成为人力资源管理的研究领域。
二、概念界定目前的组织行为学中,关于员工敬业度概念通常集中在自我与角色的关系上,强调组织在一般状态下,员工有一定程度的工作投入、组织承诺、工作倦怠、内在激励等,它们可以揭示出组织成员保守承诺、投入或疏离的基本状态,即可以在一定时间内保守承诺和投入的平均水平。
例如麦克?沙恩将员工敬业度定义为:“员工情绪和认知上的激励,对能否完成工作的自我效能,对组织愿景以及自己在其中作用的清晰感知,并且认为自己有资源完成工作的信心”[1]。
Kahn(1990)认为员工敬业度不同于上述角色概念,需要从体力、认知、情感这三个维度去理解[2]。
当员工从组织中获得资源时,他们感到有义务把自我更深入地投入到角色表现中,以作为回报[3]。
员工在工作角色的表现中,分别在生理、认知和情感三个不同层次上进行自我表达。
即员工在完成工作任务时能保持保持高度的生理投入及其相应的行为表现;在认知上能够意识到自己的使命与角色,并保持高度的活跃及唤醒状态;在情感上使自己与同事间保持有意义的联系,并对他人情感变化具有敏感性[4]。
Maslach(2001)根据工作倦怠理论,提出敬业度是与工作倦怠相反的另一个极端。
工作倦怠(job burnout)可以从三个维度来加以定义,即耗竭(exhaustion)、疏离(cynicism)和无效能感(inefficacy)。
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摘要:员工敬业度越来越受到企业管理者的重视,国内外对该问题的研究也越来越多。
本文通过整理、分析、述评近年来国内外学者对员工敬业度的研究成果,介绍我国的敬业度现状,对未来的研究具有启示作用。
关键词:员工敬业度相关概念影响因素敬业度现状一、前言员工敬业度是继员工满意度之后,又一研究绩效影响因素的热点话题。
盖洛普全球数据库表明,员工敬业度调查得分最高的25%的团队与得分最低的25%的团队相比,生产效率提升38%,利润率提升27%,客户满意度提升56%。
可见,员工敬业度对企业绩效的影响是至关重要的,如果企业能让员工保持较高的敬业度,那么,企业的员工流失率将会大大减少,企业的价值将会更大。
所以开发适合的测量工具,研究员工敬业度的影响因素和驱动因素,寻求提高员工敬业度的方法具有重大意义。
本文将选取敬业度的概念、相关概念、影响因素和我国的现状四个方面,通过对近年来国内外学者对员工敬业度的研究进行述评,以便对未来研究方向有个完整的理论基础结构。
二、员工敬业度的概念目前学术界普遍认为最早提出敬业度概念的学者是Kahn,Kahn(1990)[1]在工作卷入、组织承诺及内在动机等概念的基础上首次提出了敬业度(engagement),即组织成员在工作角色中对其生理、认知和情感三方面的投入并真实地表达自我。
员工敬业度不仅影响个人的工作绩效和组织的绩效,同时敬业的员工可以更好地发挥个人潜能,有强烈的自我实现需求并获得愉快、幸福感的体验。
Schaufeli(2004) [2]将敬业度定义为一种与工作相关的、积极的、充实的精神状态,这种状态具有持久性的特点,而不是针对某一特定的目标、事件或情境。
Maslach[3]将敬业度和工作倦怠联系起来进行研究,他认为工作倦怠( job burnout)和工作敬业是与工作相关的健康状态连续体的两端,二者的内在纬度是一致的,倦怠是员工在工作的过程中逐渐侵蚀和消耗的结果,精力由旺盛变为衰竭,对工作的态度由投入变得冷漠,职业效能由高变低。
因此提出敬业度的反面是工作倦怠。
而按照《伦理学大辞典》的定义,敬业就是对职业本身的专注和追求卓越的精神,表现为在工作中忠于职守、勤奋刻苦、忘我投入[4]。
另外,国内学者宋晓梅[5]等认为,员工的敬业度是个人和工作环境相互作用的结果,特别是自我概念-工作契合度在很大程度上影响着员工的态度和行为,会激发员工高度敬业,在更深的层次影响着员工敬业度。
从动态的角度阐释了个人与组织环境的的契合度对员工敬业度的影响。
同时在前人的基础上提出薪资,福利,工作稳定性与工作环境是影响员工敬业度的影响因素,但不是驱动因素,驱动因素才是激励员工,使员工产生敬业感的主要原因。
也有研究者认为,敬业,就是重视自己的工作机会、责任和价值,用心投入,积极地为个人、团体和社会创造出良好的效益和价值[6]。
从国内外学者对员工敬业度的定义中可以看出,大家都普遍强调个体主动对工作的投入及对实现自身价值追求,这也符合了马斯洛需求层次理论的最高需求:自我实现的需要。
可见,员工的敬业度只有在实现了较高的需要后才会出现,它不仅是员工对企业的忠诚、满意,还有信任、归属。
所以敬业的员工有更多的积极组织行为,愿意付出更多,Sonnentag[7]在以荷兰员工为研究对象的研究中验证了这点,比起不敬业的员工,敬业的员工加班更多。
三、敬业度与相关概念的关系由于敬业度是积极组织行为学领域一个新兴的热点词汇,其在定义和内涵的界定等各方面还未形成统一的看法[8]。
因此许多学者都将员工敬业度与其他影响个人和组织绩效的因素进行对比,探讨它们的不同之处。
(一)员工敬业度和工作卷入(Employee engagement & Work involvement) 敬业度的英文表达为“Engagement”,而工作卷入为“Work involvement”,两者是意思相近但又有所区别。
工作卷入指的是员工在心理上投入其工作的程度或工作在个人自我印象中的重要程度,其源自于员工个体的显著需求(包括内在需求和外在需求)和个人知觉到的工作中能满足其需求的资源或机会。
它是指员工个体认知上的判断和心理上对工作的认同,而敬业度不仅包含这两方面,还包括生理上的主动投入,自我激励,范围更加广泛。
(二)员工敬业度和员工满意度满意度是员工对企业内部各项制度规章、工作环境和条件的满意程度;敬业度体现了员工在认知上、情感上、行动上对工作和企业的认同和投入程度[9]。
罗宾斯(1997)[10]认为,员工满意度是员工对他所从事工作的一般态度,员工满意度水平高,对工作就可能持积极的态度;对工作不满意的人就可能对工作持消极的态度。
满意度涉及到的是一种情感的表达,员工并不一定将这种情感投入到工作中,相反,可能会因为对工作的满意而产生偷懒的行为,从而降低工作绩效,而敬业度对组织绩效、顾客满意度等变量有积极的预测作用(Harter等, 2002)[11]。
敬业度对工作绩效的影响程度远远大于满意度,这也提醒我们,应该转向对敬业度的研究,才能更有效地提高企业的绩效。
(三)员工敬业度与组织承诺组织承诺通常是指员工认同组织的目标和价值观,愿意为组织付出努力并希望继续留在组织中。
组织承诺中的情感承诺与员工敬业度的情感层面有相似之处,但组织承诺更多地强调个体与组织的情感依附关系,员工敬业度强调的是个体心理与工作和组织情境的关系[12]。
组织承诺有助于员工理解与企业之间的关系,但与员工在特定工作任务中的表现和体验有所不同。
强调的是一种情感状态,但敬业度不仅强调情感体验,还强调行为、投入、激励等对绩效影响更大的因素。
(四)敬业度、工作卷入、员工满意度和组织承若Kahn[1]认为工作卷入和组织承诺反映的是员工的一般平均水平,而敬业度反映的是隐藏在这些平均水平背后的变量,不管员工的工作卷入和组织承诺的程度如何,员工依然能够体验到敬业或者不敬业。
Hallberg(2006)[13]等人的研究表明,员工敬业度、工作投入、组织承诺三者间的相关位于0.35~0.46之间,验证性因素分析表明,三因素模型明显优于单因素模型。
员工敬业度与健康状况、生理疾病都存在显著负相关,组织承诺与健康状况存在显著相关,与生理疾病没有显著相关,工作投入与健康状况、生理疾病都没有显著相关。
另外,Hater et al[14]研究结果表明,员工敬业度与员工流动率的相关性是-0.30,与客户满意度的相关性是0.33,与利润的相关性是0.17。
总之,敬业的员工对工作的态度更加积极、健康状况更好、工作表现更加出色[15]。
与不敬业的员工相比,敬业的员工从工作中获得更多的满足感、组织承诺更高、离开组织的意愿更低[16]。
敬业的员工有更强的学习动机[17]和积极行为[18]。
四、不同学者对不同影响因素的研究不同学者根据不同的量表,结合实际情况进行修订,根据敬业度的不同维度,对影响员工敬业度的因素进行了一系列的研究。
(一)国内学者的研究马明等(2005)[19]通过对饭店员工的实证研究发现,员工满意度和员工敬业度的影响因素并不相同,影响满意度的因素工作本身和职业发展同时对敬业度也有较多的影响,但是薪酬福利、人际关系和工作环境等对敬业度的影响并不明显。
另外企业的内部管理体制对敬业度有较大的影响,不同的管理体制,员工的满意度和敬业度有明显的差异,二者并不是同步变化的。
曾晖、赵黎明(2009)[20]通过企业员工综合敬业度问卷(MEEI),对6家企业的员工进行测试,得出企业员工的敬业度是六因素结构,包括任务聚焦、活力、主动参与、价值内化、效能感和积极坚持。
不足之处是所选的公司太少,收回的有效问卷只有193分,样本的说服力不够强。
南京大学的黄盼盼(2010)[21]根据Hewitt公司发展的员工高度投入模型,经过一些专家和高级职业经理人的确认,归纳出影响员工敬业度的因素为工作本身、薪酬奖励、所在团队、心理认同、行为投入、学习成长。
同时结合组织氛围理论,分析得出高结构、高支持、强承诺、高标准和高责任、高责任和高支持的组织氛围加强了六个敬业度因素从而增强员工的敬业度。
暨南大学的温碧燕(2011)[22]通过探讨员工敬业度对工作满意度和顾客满意度之间关系的影响,提出员工敬业度的3个独立的维度:精力充沛、奉献精神和专心致志。
研究指出,高敬业度会带来高的工作满意度和高顾客满意度,但是对于低敬业度人员,即使有高工作满意度,也不一定会带来高顾客满意度。
孙利平等(2010)[23]通过研究提出德行领导在一定程度上通过下属的公平感间接影响下属的敬业度。
因为领导的德行表现为尊重下属,客观公正地对待下属,营造公平氛围,能够对下属的公平感产生显著的正向影响,而下属的公平感又影响到下属对工作、对组织的积极态度和行为。
吴威(2009)[24]通过对陕西一家国有企业的实证研究发现,员工心理资本及其各个维度都对员工敬业度有显著的影响。
员工心理资本水平越高,员工敬业度就越高,通过提高员工的心理资本,可以提高员工的敬业水平。
(二)国外学者的研究May等[25]的员工敬业度模型包括了影响员工敬业度的大量因素,如个体因素、人际关系因素、团队因素、团队间因素和组织因素。
这些因素的共同作用以及个体对这些因素的感知程度决定了员工敬业的水平。
美国学者Kristof(1996)强调组织和工作与个体特征之间复杂的交互契合作用才是个体态度和行为的深层次影响因素。
Robinson(2004)[26]认为影响员工敬业度最大的因素包含参与决策、让员工感到他们可以表达自己的看法、经理层则倾听这些看法、重视员工的贡献、员工有发展自身工作的机会、组织关心员工的健康和福利。
五、我国员工敬业度现状每年许多研究机构都会对员工的敬业度进行调查,在这方面比较权威的有盖洛普咨询公司、翰威特咨询公司、韬睿咨询公司。
近几年,对我国的员工敬业度调查的机构也比较多,主要有盖洛普咨询公司、上海中智库玛市场研究有限公司、太和顾问、中国人力资源开发网。
(一)调查结果2007年底到2008年初,盖洛普[27]在全球范围内进行了一次“员工敬业度和工作环境研究”,在中国通过电话采访的形式,对中国十个重要城市的两千多名企业员工进行采访。
调查结果显示中国的员工敬业度指数大大低于英美等发达国家。
同时分析得出中国员工敬业度低的原因。
首先是产业结构,中国以第二产业为主,而第二产业的员工敬业度普遍较低。
第三产业的员工敬业度相对较高,但所占的比重的较小。
这也说明了产业转型对促进我国经济发展的必要性。
其次是中国传统的管理模式重视流程与等级,缺乏对个人因素的重视。
最后一个原因是员工教育程度。
调查显示员工的受教育程度与员工的敬业度呈正相关关系。
上海中智库玛公司[28]2008年对中国企业员工敬业度的在线问卷调查则显示,员工敬业度主要受员工满意度和工作推进这两个因素的影响,从责任心、服务意识、工作效率的角度分洗得出不同性质的企业,不同行业,不同部门,不同职位层级的员工,敬业度的高低不同,满意度对他们的影响程度也不尽相同。