英语成语典故

英语成语典故
英语成语典故

英语成语典故

源自希腊罗马神话传说的

1.An Apple of Discord争斗之源;不和之因;祸根

An Apple of Discord直译为“纠纷的苹果”,出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事

传说希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis)在珀利翁山举行婚礼,大摆宴席。他们邀请了奥林匹斯上(Olympus)的诸神参加喜筵,不知是有意还是无心,惟独没有邀请掌管争执的女神厄里斯(Eris)。这位女神恼羞成怒,决定在这次喜筵上制造不和。于是,她不请自来,并悄悄在筵席上放了一个金苹果,上面镌刻着“属于最美者”几个字。天后赫拉(Hera),智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite),都自以为最美,应得金苹果,获得“最美者”称号。她们争执不下,闹到众神之父宙斯(Zeus)那里,但宙斯碍于难言之隐,不愿偏袒任何一方,就要她们去找特洛伊的王子帕里斯(Paris)评判。三位女神为了获得金苹果,都各自私许帕里斯以某种好处:赫拉许给他以广袤国土和掌握富饶财宝的权利,雅典娜许以文武全才和胜利的荣誉,阿芙罗狄蒂则许他成为世界上最美艳女子的丈夫。年青的帕里斯在富贵、荣誉和美女之间选择了后者,便把金苹果判给爱与美之神。为此,赫拉和雅典娜怀恨帕里斯,连带也憎恨整个特洛伊人。后来阿芙罗狄蒂为了履行诺言,帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯的王后---绝世美女海伦(Helen),从而引起了历时10年的特洛伊战争。不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果,不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源,而且也成为了人间2个民族之间战争的起因。因此,在英语中产生了an apple of discord这个成语,常用来比喻any subject of disagreement and contention;the root of the trouble;dispute等意义

这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克·朱里·尤斯丁(Marcus Juninus Justinus)所使用,后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去,成为了一个国际性成语。

eg: He throwing us an apple of discord,we soon quarrelled again.

The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them.

This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet union and the USA.

2.The Heel of Achilles 亦作The Achilles' Heel唯一弱点;薄弱环节;要害

The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。它源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。

阿基里斯是希腊联军里最英勇善战的骁将,也是荷马史诗Iliad里的主要人物之一。传说他是希腊密耳弥多涅斯人的国王珀琉斯和海神的女儿西蒂斯所生的儿子。阿基里斯瓜瓜坠地以后,母亲想使儿子健壮永生,把他放在火里锻炼,又捏着他的脚踵倒浸在冥河(Styx)圣水里浸泡。因此阿基里斯浑身象钢筋铁骨,刀枪不入,只有脚踵部位被母亲的手捏住,没有沾到冥河圣水,成为他的唯一要害。在特洛伊战争中,阿基里斯骁勇无敌,所向披靡,杀死了特洛伊主将,著名英雄赫克托耳(Hector),而特洛伊的任何武器都无法伤害他的身躯。后来,太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)把阿基里斯的弱点告诉了特洛伊王子帕里斯,阿基里斯终于被帕里斯诱到城门口,用暗箭射中他的脚踵,负伤而死。

因此,the heel of Achilles,也称the Achilles' heel,常用以表示a weak point in something that is otherwise without fault;the weakest spot等意思。

eg:The shortage of fortitude is his heel of Achilles.

His Achilles' heel was his pride--he would get very angry if anyone criticized his work.

3.Helen of Troy

Helen of Troy 直译"特洛伊的海伦",源自源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。

Helen是希腊的绝世佳人,美艳无比,嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯(Menelaus)为妻。后来,特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊,在斯巴达国王那里做客,他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下,趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际,诱走海伦,还带走了很多财宝

此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤,墨涅俄斯发誓说,宁死也要夺回海轮,报仇雪恨。为此,在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下,调集十万大军和1180条战船,组成了希腊联军,公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅,浩浩荡荡,跨海东征,攻打特洛伊城,企图用武力夺回海轮。双方大战10年,死伤无数,许多英雄战死在沙场。甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营,有些支持希腊人,有些帮助特洛伊人,,彼此展开了一场持久的恶斗。最后希腊联军采用足智多谋的奥德修斯(Odusseus)的“木马计”,里应外合才攻陷了特洛伊。希腊人进城后,大肆杀戮,帕里斯王子也被杀死,特洛伊的妇女、儿童全部沦为奴隶。特洛伊城被掠夺一空,烧成了一片灰烬。战争结实后,希腊将士带着大量战利品回到希腊,墨涅俄斯抢回了美貌的海轮重返故土。这就是特洛伊战争的起因和结局。正是由于海轮,使特洛伊遭到毁灭的悲剧,真所谓“倾国倾城”,由此产生了Helen of Troy这个成语。

特洛伊战争的真实性,已为19世纪德国考古学家谢里曼在迈锡尼发掘和考证古代特洛伊古城废墟所证实。至于特洛伊城被毁的真正原因,虽然众说纷纭,但肯定决不是为了一个美女而爆发这场战争的,与其说是为了争夺海轮而打了起来,毋宁说是为了争夺该地区的商业霸权和抢劫财宝而引起战争的。所谓“特洛伊的海伦”,实质上是财富和商业霸权的化身。中国历史上也有过“妲己亡商”,“西施沼吴”等传说,以及唐明皇因宠杨贵妃而招致“安史之乱”,吴三桂“冲冠一怒为红颜”等说法。汉语中有个“倾国倾城”的成语(语出《汉书·外戚传》:‘一顾倾人城,再顾倾人国’。)这里的“倾”字一语双光,既可指美艳非凡,令人倾倒;也可纸倾覆邦国。其含义与Helen of troy十分近似。

在现代英语中,Helen of Troy这个成语,除了表示a beautiful girl or woman;a beauty who ruins her country等意义外,还可以用来表示a terrible disaster brought by sb or sth you like best的意思。

eg:It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.

She didn't think of the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family.Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.

4.The Trojan Horse木马计;暗藏的危险;奸细

The Trojan Horse直译"特洛伊木马",是个国际性成语,在世界各主要语言中都有。来自拉丁语equns Trojanus.这个成语甚至还进入到汉语词汇中,毛泽东同志在《矛盾论》中,谈到《水浒传》中宋江三打祝家庄时,就用了“木马计”这个典故。

这个成语出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》。希腊人和特洛伊人交战10年之久,胜负未决。最后,希腊著名的英雄奥德修斯(Odusseus)想出了一个木马计,用木头做了一匹巨马,放在特洛伊城外。全体希腊将士伪装撤退,乘船隐藏在附近的海湾里,而奥德修斯率领20名勇士事先藏进妈肚。特洛伊人误认为希腊人已经败退,大开城门,看到城外的巨大木马,以为这是希腊人敬神的礼物,就把它当作战利品拖进城来,大摆宴席,欢庆胜利。到了半夜,特洛伊人好梦正在酣,毫无戒备的时候,藏在木马里的希腊英雄们都爬了出来,打开城门,发出信号,与附近海湾里返回的希腊大军里应外合,一举摧毁了特洛伊城。

因此,The Trojan Horse经过不断引用而成为一个广泛流传的成语,常用来比喻the hidden danger;the covert wreckers(内奸);to engage in underhand activities等的意义。eg:The superpowers are always sending the Trojan horses to many countries in the world. They are defeated only because of the Trojan horse in their country.

5.Greek Gift(s)阴谋害人的礼物;黄鼠狼拜年,不安好心

Greek Gift(s)直译是“希腊人的礼物”,出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》以及古罗马杰出诗人维吉尔(Publius Virgilius Maro,公元前70-前19年)的史诗《伊尼特》(Aeneis)中关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙

述。

据《奥德赛》卷8记述:许多特洛伊人对如何处置希腊人留下的大木马展开了辩论,“他们有三种主张:有的主张用无情的铜矛刺透中空的木马;有的主张把它仍到岩石上;有的主张让它留在那里作为京观,来使天神喜悦”。结果是后一说占优势,把那匹木马拖进城里来,终于遭到了亡国之灾。

维吉尔的史诗《伊尼特》,写的是特洛伊被希腊攻陷后,王子伊尼斯从混乱中携家属出走,经由西西里、迦太基到达意大利,在各地漂泊流亡的情况。史诗第2卷便是伊尼斯关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙述,其中情节除了模拟荷马史诗的描述外,还做了更详细的补充。当特洛伊人要把大木马拖进城的时候,祭司拉奥孔(Laocoon)劝说不要接受希腊人留下的东西。他说:“我怕希腊人,即使他们来送礼”这句话后来成了一句拉丁谚语:“Timeo Danaos,et dona ferenteso."(原文的达奈人Danaos,即泛指希腊各部族人)译成英语就是:I fear the Greeks ,even when bringing gifts.其简化形式就是Greek Gifts.可惜特洛伊人不听拉奥孔的警告,把木马作为战利品拖进城里。木马里藏着希腊的精锐部队,给特洛伊人带来了屠杀和灭亡。由此,Greek gift成为一个成语,表示a gift with some sinister purposes of the enemy;one given with intent to harm;a gift sent i norder to murder sb等意思,按其形象意义,这个成语相当与英语的俚谚:When the fox preaches,take care of your geese;也与汉语“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年--不安好心”十分类似

eg:He is always buying you expensive clothes,I'm afraid they are Greek gifts for you.

Comrades,be on guard against the Greek gifts!

6.A Penelope's Web亦作The Web of Penelope故意拖延的策略;永远做不完的工作

A Penelope's Web或The Web of Penelope,直译为“珀涅罗珀的织物”,典故出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》卷2。

这部史诗的主人公奥德修斯是希腊半岛西南边伊大卡岛(Ithaca)的国王,他有个美丽而忠诚的旗子,名叫珀涅罗珀。奥德修斯随希腊联军远征特洛伊,十年苦战结束后,希腊将士纷纷凯旋归国。惟独奥德修斯命运坎坷,归途中又在海上漂泊了10年,历尽无数艰险,并盛传他已葬身鱼腹,或者客死异域。正当他在外流浪的最后三年间,有一百多个来自各地的王孙公子,聚集在他家里,向他的妻子求婚。坚贞不渝的珀涅罗珀为了摆脱求婚者的纠缠,想出个缓宾之策,她宣称等她为公公织完一匹做寿衣的布料后,就改嫁给他们中的一个。于是,她白天织这匹布,夜晚又在火炬光下把它拆掉。就这样织了又拆,拆了又织,没完没了,拖延时间,等待丈夫归来。后来,奥德修斯终于回转家园,夫妻儿子合力把那些在他家里宴饮作乐,胡作非为的求婚者一个个杀死,终于夫妻团圆了。

由于这个故事,英语中的Penelope一词成了a chaste woman(贞妇)的同义词,并产生了with a penelope faith(坚贞不渝)这个短语。而 A Penelope's Web这个成语比喻the tactics of delaying sth on purposel;the task that can never be finished的意思

eg:Mr Jones made a long speech at the meeting.Everyone else thought it a Penelope's we b.

My work is something like the Penelope's web,never done,but ever in hand.

7.Swan Song最后杰作;绝笔

Swan Song字面译做“天鹅之歌”,源于希腊成语Kykneion asma.

天鹅,我国古代叫鹄,是一种形状似鹅而体形较大的稀有珍禽,栖息于海滨湖畔,能游善飞,全身白色。因此,英语成语black swan,用以比喻稀有罕见的人或物,类似汉语成语“凤毛麟角”之意。

在古希腊神话中,阿波罗(Apollo)是太阳神、光明之神,由于他多才多艺,又是诗歌与音乐之神,后世奉他为文艺的保护神。天鹅是阿波罗的神鸟,故常用来比喻文艺。传说天鹅平素不唱歌,而在它死前,必引颈长鸣,高歌一曲,其歌声哀婉动听,感人肺腑。这是它一生中唯一的,也是最后的一次唱歌。因此,

西方各国就用这个典故来比喻某诗人,作家,作曲家临终前的一部杰作,或者是某个演员,歌唱家的最后一次表演。即a last or farewell appearance;the last work before death之意;偶尔也可指某中最后残余的东西。

Swan Song是个古老的成语,源远流长。早在公元前6世纪的古希腊寓言作家伊索(Aisopos)的寓言故事中,就有“天鹅临死才唱歌”的说法。古罗马政治家、作家西塞罗(Cicero,公元前106-前43)在其《德斯肯伦别墅哲学谈》等论文中,就使用了“天鹅之歌”来比喻临死哀歌。在英国,乔叟,莎士比亚等伟大诗人、剧作家,都使用过这个成语典故。如:莎翁的著名悲剧《奥噻罗》(othello)中塑造的爱米莉霞的形象,她在生死关头勇敢得站出来揭穿其丈夫的罪行。她临死时把自己比做天鹅,一生只唱最后一次歌。

eg:All the tickets have been sold for the singer's performance in London this week--the public clearly believes that this will be her swan song

The Tempest was W.Shakespeare's swan song in 1612

8.Win/Gain Laurels获得荣誉;赢得声望

Look to One's Laurels爱惜名声;保持记录

Rest on One's Laurels坐享清福;光吃老本

Laurel(月桂树)是一种可供观赏的常绿乔木,树叶互生,披针形或者长椭圆形,光滑发亮;花带黄色,伞形花序.laurels指用月桂树叶编成的"桂冠".古代希腊人和罗马人用月桂树的树叶编成冠冕,献给杰出的诗人或体育竞技的优胜者,作为奖赏,以表尊崇.这种风尚渐渐传遍整个欧洲,于是laurels代表victory,success和distincion.

欧洲人这种习俗源远流长,可上朔到古希腊神话.相传河神珀纳斯(Peneus)的女儿达佛涅(Daphne)长的风姿卓约,艳丽非凡.太阳神阿波罗为她的美所倾倒,热烈追求她,但达佛涅自有所爱,总是逃避权利很大的太阳神的追求.一天,他俩在河边相遇,达佛涅一见阿波罗,拔腿就跑,阿波罗在后边穷追不舍,达佛涅跑得疲乏不堪,情急之下只好请她父亲把她变成一株月桂树.阿波罗非常感伤,无限深情地表示:"愿你的枝叶四季长青,装饰我的头,装饰我的琴,让你成为最高荣誉的象征".他小心得将这株月桂树移植到自己神庙旁边,朝夕相处,并取其枝叶遍成花冠戴在头上,以表示对达佛涅的倾慕和怀念.

因此,古希腊人把月桂树看做是阿波罗的神木,称为"阿波罗的月桂树"(The Laurel of Apollo).起先,他们用月桂枝叶编成冠冕,授予在祭祀太阳神的节目赛跑中的优胜者.后来在奥林匹亚(Olympia)举行的体育竞技中,他们用桂冠赠给竞技的优胜者.从此世代相传,后世欧洲人以"桂冠"作为光荣的称号.

由于阿波罗是主管光明.青春.音乐和诗歌之神,欧洲人又把源自"阿波罗的月桂树"的桂冠,献给最有才华的诗人,称"桂冠诗人".第一位著名的"桂冠诗人"就是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义的先驱者.意大利诗人彼特拉克(Francesco Petrarch,1304-1374).他的代表作<抒情诗集>,全部为14行诗体,系诗人献给他心中的女神劳拉的情诗(彼特拉克喜欢了劳拉一辈子,但是劳拉从来都不知道),抒发他对恋人的爱情,描写大自然的景色,渴望祖国的统一.这部被称为西方"诗三百'的诗集,虽不能与我国古代<诗经>相提并论,但不失为世界文学的瑰宝.

中古时代英国的大学,也曾授予过"桂冠诗人"的称好,但是这只是一种荣誉称号,而非目前含义的类似职务,学衔的专用名称.

作为专名的"桂冠诗人"(The Poet Laureate,也称The Laureate),系英国王室赐予御用诗人的专用称号,从17世纪英皇詹姆士一世(James I,1566-1625)开始,延续到现在,已历三个世纪了.凡获得"桂冠诗人"称号者,可领取宫廷津贴,每遇到王室喜庆或官方盛典时,都要写作应景诗以点缀和宣扬喜庆事件,歌功颂德,粉饰升平.17世纪,在英国被封为第一位"桂冠诗人"的是约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden,1631-1700),他一生为贵族写作,美化君主制度,不过他创造的"英语偶句诗体",成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一.从1670到1972这三百年间,英国王室相继封了17位"桂冠诗人"年限最长的是19实际的浪漫诗人阿弗里德·丁尼生(Alfred Tennyson,1809-1892),他从1850年获得这个称号一直到逝世,长达42年,算是"终身桂冠诗人"了.英国最近的"桂冠诗人"是约翰·本杰明(John Benjamin).其实,所谓"桂冠诗人"大部分是徒具虚名

的,在英国文学史上享有盛名者极少;就象中国封建时代的"钦点状元",从公元960到1904(清关绪30年最后一届科举止)近1000年,历代状元341名,在中国文学史上著名的寥寥无几.

eg:Shakespeare won laurels in the dramatic world.

The student gained laurels on the football field,as well as in his studies.

Tom won the broad jump,but he had to look to his laurels Getting an A in chemistry almosst cause Mike to rest on his laurels

9.Under the Rose秘密地;私下得;暗中

Under the rose直译"在玫瑰花底下",而实际上却表示in secret; privately confidentially的意义,语言外壳与内涵,似乎风马牛不相及.它源自古罗马的神话故事和欧洲的风尚.

罗马神话中的小爱神丘比特(Cupid),也称希腊神话里的厄洛斯(Eros),在文艺作品中以背上长着双翼的小男孩的形象出现,常携带弓箭在天空中遨游,谁中了他的金箭就会产生爱情.丘比特是战神玛斯(Mars)和爱与美之神维纳斯(venus)所生的儿子.维纳斯,也就是希腊神话里的阿芙罗狄蒂(Aphrodite),传说她是从大海的泡沫里生出来,以美丽著称,从宙斯到奥林匹帕斯的诸神都为起美貌姿容所倾倒.有关她的恋爱传说很多,欧洲很多文艺作品常用维纳斯做题材.小爱神丘比特为了维护其母的声誉,给沉默之神哈伯克拉底(Harpocrates)送了一束玫瑰花,请他守口如瓶不要把维纳斯的风流韵事传播出去.哈伯克拉底受了玫瑰花就缄默不语了,成为名副其实的"沉默之神"

古罗马人对维纳斯非常尊崇,不仅奉为掌管人类的爱情.婚姻.生育的爱与美的神,而且尊为丰收女神.园艺女神.罗马的统治者恺撒大帝甚至追搠维纳斯是罗马人的祖先.由于上述神话传说,古罗马人把玫瑰花当作沉没或严守秘密的象征,并在日常生活中相尚成风.人们去串门做客,当看到主人家的桌子上方画有玫瑰,客人就了解在这桌上所谈的一切行为均不应外传.于是在语言中产生了Sub rosa在玫瑰花底下这个拉丁成语. 据<牛津英语词典>解释,英语under the rose系源自德语unter der Rosen. 古代德国的宴会厅.会议室以及旅店的餐室,在天花板上常画有或雕刻着玫瑰花,用来提醒在场者要守口如瓶,严守秘密,不要把玫瑰花底下的言行透露出去.这个流行于15至17世纪的德语成语反映了这种习俗.

罗马帝国全盛时,其势力几乎席卷了整个欧洲,罗马某些文化风尚也随着他的军事力量渗透到欧洲各国.因此,以玫瑰花象征沉默的习俗,并不限于德国..

under the rose 是个状语性成语,在句中修饰动词,其含义因所修饰的动词的不同而略有不同.如:born under the rose"私生的""非婚生的";do under the rose"暗中进行"

eg:The senator told me under the rose that there is to be a chance in the cabinet.

The matter was finally settled under the rose.

Do what you like undeer the rose,but don't give a sign of what you're about...

10.The Augean Stable(s)肮脏的地方;藏垢纳秽之所;积弊

The Augean Stable(s)直译"奥吉亚斯的牛圈",源自古希腊神话中关于赫拉克勒斯的英雄传说.

奥吉亚斯(Augeas)是古希腊西部厄利斯(Elis)的国王。他有一个极大的牛圈,里面养了2000头年(一说3000匹马),30年来未清扫过,粪秽堆积如山,十分肮脏。因此,the Augean stable=very dirty place. 古希腊神话中的英雄赫拉克勒斯(Heracles),亦称海格立斯(Hercules),是宙斯同底比斯国王之女阿尔克墨涅所生的儿子,自幼在名师的传授下,学会了各种武艺和技能,神勇无敌,成为遐迩闻名的大力士。他因受到心胸狭窄的天后赫拉的迫害,不得不替迈锡尼国王欧律斯透斯服役十几年。赫拉克勒斯拒绝了“恶德”女神要他走享乐道路的诱惑,而听从了“美德”女神的忠告,决心在逆境中不畏艰险,为民除害造福。他在十二年中完成了12项英勇业绩,其中之一就是在一天之内将奥吉亚斯的牛圈打扫干净。赫拉克勒斯先在牛圈的一端挖了深沟,引来附近的阿尔裴斯河和珀涅俄斯河的喝水灌入牛圈,而在另一端开一出口,使喝水流经牛圈,借用水利冲洗积粪。这样,他在一夜之间将30年没有打扫过的肮脏不堪的牛圈,打扫的干干净净。奥吉亚斯曾许诺事成之后把牛群的十分之一给赫拉克勒斯,作为劳动报酬,后来当他获悉赫

拉克勒斯是奉欧律斯透斯之命来完成这项任务的,竟自食其果,于是被赫拉克勒斯杀死

这个神话传说反映了古代人民苦干加巧干的精神,体现了人类征服自然的力量和智慧。伟大的革命导师马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林在他们的著作中,多次引用够这个典故。在马列主义经典中,这个成语有时译为“肮脏的马厩”,有时译为"奥吉亚斯的牛圈"。在这里,stable除了泛指地点外,还可代表某些不良的制度,下流的习俗和恶劣的作风等等。由此,人们用the Augean stable这个成语来比喻非常的地方或长期形成的积弊。它常比to clean,to cleanse,to reform等动词连用,表示to bring about a drastic reform in some public evil的意思

eg:how to clean the Augean stables of this city remains a critical problem.

Although they know it is not easy to reform the Augean stables of ths sociey,they are still trying to do it.

11.A Procrustean Bed

A Procrustean Bed直译是“普洛克路斯贰斯的床”,源自古希腊神话的典故。

在雅典国家奠基者(Theseus)的传说中,从墨加拉到雅典途中有个非常残暴的强盗,叫达玛斯贰斯,绰号普洛克路斯贰斯。希腊问Procrustes的意思是“拉长者”、“暴虐者”。据公元前1世纪古希腊历史学家狄奥多(Diodoros,约公元前80-前29年)所编《历史丛书》记述:普洛克路斯贰斯开设黑店,拦截过路行人。他特意设置了2张铁床,一长一短,强迫旅店躺在铁床上,身矮者睡长床,强拉其躯体使与床齐;身高者睡短床,他用利斧把旅客伸出来的腿脚截短。由于他这种特殊的残暴方式,人称之为“铁床匪”。后来,希腊著名英雄提修斯在前往雅典寻父途中,遇上了“铁床匪”,击败了这个拦路大盗。提修斯以其人之道还治其人之身,强令身体魁梧的普洛克路斯贰斯躺在短床上,一刀砍掉“铁床匪”伸出床外的下半肢,除了这一祸害。

由此,在英语中遗留下来 a Procrustean bed这个成语,亦做the Procrustes' bed或the bed of Procrustes,常用以表示an arrangement or plan that produces uniformity by violent and arbitrary measures之意。按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“削足适履”、“截趾穿鞋”颇相同;也类似俗语“使穿小鞋”、“强求一律”的说法

eg:I didn't put forth the plan as a Procrustean bed,to which exact conformity is to be indi spensable.

Don't stretch the facts to fit the Procrustean bed.

12.A Gordian Knot难解的结;难题;难点

A Gordian Knot直译“戈耳迪之结”。

戈耳迪(Gordius)是小亚细亚佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王,传说他原先是个贫苦的农民。一天,他在耕地的时候,有只神鹰从天而且降,落在他马车的轭上,久不飞走。戈耳迪就赶着马车进城去请求神示。其时,佛律基亚的老王突然去世,一国无主,上下动乱不安,于是人们请求神示由谁来做国王。神示说:“在通向宙斯神庙的大陆上,你们遇到的第一个乘马车者就是新王。”恰好这时戈耳迪正乘着牛车前往宙斯的神庙,人们看见巍然屹立在车轭上的神鹰,认为这是掌握政权的象征,就一致拥戴戈耳迪为国王。戈耳迪当了国王后,就把那辆象征命运的马车献给宙斯,放置在婶庙中。他用绳索打了个非常复杂的死结,把车轭牢牢得系在车辕上,谁也无法解开。

由此,人们常用 a Gordian knot比喻a knot difficult or impossibe to unite;the difficult problem or task.

eg:We must try to solve the problem even if it is really a Gordian knot.

The knot which you thought a Gordian one will untie it before you.

13.Cut the Gordian Knot

Cut the Gordian Knot直译“斩断戈耳迪之结”,源自上篇的同一典故。

佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王戈耳迪,用乱结把轭系在他原来使用过的马车的辕上,其结牢固难解,神谕凡能解开此结者,便是亚洲之君主。好几个世纪过去了,没有人能解开这个结。公元前3世纪时,古希腊罗马的马其顿国王亚历山大大帝(Alexander the Great,公元前356-323),在成为希腊各城邦的霸主后,大举远征东方。公元前334年,他率领进入小亚细亚,经过佛律基亚时,看到这辆马车。有人把往年的神谕告诉他,他也无法解开这个结。为了鼓舞士气,亚历山大拔出利剑一挥,斩断了这个复杂的乱结,并说:“我就是这样解开的”因此,to cut the Gordian knot 就是意味着to solve a complicated difficulty by quick and drastic action;to end a difficulty by using a vi gorous or violent method;to solve a problem by force.按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“快刀斩乱麻”,“大刀阔斧,果断处置”十分相似。

eg:They have decided to cut the Gordian knot to wipe out the enemy at a blow.

Jean is afraid of everything,How can she cut the Gordian knot in her work?

源自圣经文学的成语典故

14.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh

Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直译"骨中之骨,肉中之肉",出自<圣经>中关于上帝造人的神话.

据<旧约·创世纪>第2章叙述:太初之际,混沌未开,耶和华上帝开天辟地.第一天耶和华创造了白天和夜晚;第二天创造了天空和风云;第三天创造了高山峻岭.平原河流,以及富饶的土地和芳香的花果;第四天他又创造了太阳.月亮和星辰,确定年岁.季节.月份和日期;第五天他创造了各种形状和大小的鱼类和飞禽;第六

天他才创造了各种陆上动物,然后他按照自己的形象用地上的尘土造出一个男人,名叫亚当(Adam),这就是神话中人类的始祖.后来,耶和华见押当独居无伴侣帮助他,于是,趁亚当沉睡的时候,从他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一个女人叫夏娃(Eve),领到他面前,亚当说:"This is bone of my bone and flesh of my fles h"(这是我骨中之骨,肉中之肉)。从此两人结为夫妻

Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh常用来比喻血缘上的亲属关系或思想上的团结一致,即a s close as flesh and blood;to be inseperately linked to each other等的意思。

eg:Our army is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the people.

The I.W.W was bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the floating workers.(W.Fost er:Pages from a Worker's Life.)

15.Adam's Apple喉结

亚当是圣经中人类的始祖,而苹果的历史比人类的历史还悠久。在世界各文明古国的民间故事和神话传说中,苹果都是受人喜爱的一种果实。英语中有个谚语:An apple a day keeps the doctor away.但据圣经故事上说,苹果也给人类带来了麻烦,男人的喉结就是因吃苹果引起的。

《旧约.创世纪》第3章讲到人类的起源,传说上帝创造人类的始祖亚当和夏娃,在东方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一个园子给他们居住。伊甸园里生长着悦人眼目的各种树木,树上长着各种各样的果实。上帝吩咐亚当说:你可以随意吃园中的各种果子,只是不能吃那棵分别善恶树上的果实,吃了必定要死。这种“禁果”就是apple。后来,亚当的配偶夏娃听信蛇的诱惑,不顾神谕,吃了善恶树上的禁果,还把这果子给它丈夫吃。亚当因心怀恐惧,吃时仓促,有一片果肉哽在吼中,不上不下,留下个结块,就叫“亚当的苹果”两人吃了这果子就心明眼亮,能知善恶美丑。但是由于他们违背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸园。从此,亚当就永远在脖子前端留下“喉结”,作为偷吃禁果的“罪证”。上帝还惩罚亚当,“必汗流满面才能糊口”不过也说一说是正当亚当吃的时候,上帝来了,所以亚当急忙吞下去,不料哽在喉咙间了。

eg:Your Adam's apple isn't apparent.

Adam's apple can be more clearly seen on men than women's throats.

16.Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages因小失大;见利弃义

Sell One's Birthright for a Mess of Pottages直译是:“为了一碗红豆汤而出卖了长子继承权”。《旧约.创世纪》第25章记述了这样一个故事传说:犹太族长以撒的妻子利百加怀孕期间,感觉到2个胎儿在她腹内互相踢打,就去问耶和华,耶和华对她说:“两国在你腹内,两族要从你身上出来,这族必强于那族,将来大的要服小的。”

后来,利百加果然生下一对孪生兄弟,哥哥叫以扫,弟弟叫雅各。两兄弟长大后,以扫好动,常外出打猎;雅各则常在家里帮助料理家务。有一天,以扫打猎回来,又饥又渴,看见弟弟雅各在熬豆汤,就对他说:“我饿极了,给我喝点红豆汤吧!”雅各说:“你要喝汤,就把你的长子权卖给我。”以扫说:“你都要饿死了,要这长子权有什么用呢?”于是,他便按雅各的要求,对天起誓,把长子权卖给雅各,换来饼和红豆汤。以扫吃饱喝足后,起身走了。他哪里想到,为了这碗红豆汤,他的后裔便注定要服事雅各的后裔。

由此,人们用to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage短语,来比喻to exchange something of lasting value for something that is of value for a short time only; to suffer a big loss for a little gain.这个成语常缩略为for a mess of pottage的形式。有时也可用to sell one's birthrights.

eg:It was argued that joining the Common Market...would be giving away her national ri ghts and advantages for a mess of pottage.

There are many,many people who are willing to prostitute their intelligence for a mess of pottage.

17.The Apple of Ones' Eye

The Apple of Ones' Eye的字面意思是“某人眼里的苹果”,在这里,apple指的是the pupil(瞳孔,眼珠),大概因眼珠圆的象苹果之故。瞳孔是眼睛最重要的部分,失去瞳孔,光线就无法通过虹膜中心的圆孔进入眼内而变成了瞎子。所以,这个成语常用来比喻象爱护眼珠一样爱护某个最心爱的人或珍贵的东西,即表示a cherished person or object;sth extrmely precious to one; sb dearly loved等意

这个成语来字《旧约。申命记》(Deuteronomy)第32章“耶和华遇见他在旷野荒凉、野兽吼叫之地,就环绕他,看顾他,保护他如同保护眼里的瞳人。”在圣经其他地方也有类似的话。英文版《旧约。诗篇》(Psalm)第17章有这样的句子:"Keep me as the apple of the eye,hide me under the shadow of the wings"

成语the apple of one's eye是固定结构,不得写成the apple of the eye of…的形式;在搭配上,它常与动词be,keep,care for等连用。按其想象意义,它与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似,但其比喻的对象较汉语“掌珠”更广,因“掌珠”通常指心爱的女儿,而不能用与其他场合。

eg:Little Mary is the apple of her father's eye

Mind the reputation of your school as you care for the apple of your eye.

18.The writing/Finger on the Wall不详之兆;大祸临头

这个成语的字面意思是“墙上的文字(或手指)”,而实际含义是a sign or warning of impending disaster(迫在眉睫的凶兆);

a sign that sth bad will happen; a feeling that ones number is up;等等。其语言外壳与内涵是怎样联系起来的呢?还是出自《圣经》

据《旧约。但以理书》(Daniel)第5章记述:有一次古巴比伦(Babylonian)的国王伯沙撒(Belshazar)正在宫殿里设宴纵饮时,突然,不知从哪里出现了一个神秘的手指,当者国王的面,在王宫与灯台相对的

粉墙上写西了四个奇怪的单词:MENE(弥尼)、MENE(弥尼)、TEKEL(提客勒)、UPHARSING(乌法珥新)。国王张皇失措,惊恐万分,谁也不懂墙上所写的字是什么意思。后来叫来了被虏的犹太预言家但以理,才明白了这几个字的意思就是大难临头。他说:“弥尼就是上帝已经数算你国的年日到此为完毕;提客勒就是你被称在天平里显出你的亏欠;乌法珥新就是你的国分裂,归与玛代人和波斯人。”果然,当夜伯沙撒被杀,又62岁的玛代人大利乌取而代之。

依次,“墙上的文字(或手指)”就表示身死国亡的凶兆。英语中这个成语有几种表达方式:the writing/handwriting on the wall或a finger on the wall,通常与be,like等系动词连用;有时写成see/read the writing on he wall的句型,表示提出警告,such as :Don't you see the writing on the wall, 有时候也可省略on the wall,只说Don't you see the writing?意思也是一样的。

eg:This inexplicable incident seemed,like the Babylonian finger on the wall,to be spelling o ut the letter of my judgement...

In this house of his there was writing on every wall.His business-like temperament prote sted against a mysterious warning that she was not made for him.

John's emplyer had less and less work for him;John could read the writing on the wall. The writing on the wall is clear:if man behaves like an animal and allow hs population to increase while each nation steadily increases he coplexity and range of its environment,nat ure will take her course and the law of the Jungle will prevail.

When Bill's team lost four games in a row,he saw the handwriting on the wall.

19.The Salt of the Earth社会中坚;民族精华;优秀份子

The Salt of the Earth这个成语,字面意思“世上的盐”

盐是饮食中不可缺少的调味品,人体若缺盐,健康就会受到影响,出现种种疾病。盐还有杀菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多种功用,它既是“百药之王”,又是工业之母,确是值得珍视的东西。在许多民族的习俗汇总,盐被当作敬客的高贵礼品。

The Salt of the Earth一词出自《圣经》,据《新约。马太福音》(Matthew)第5长记载:耶稣对他的门徒说:"Ye are the salt of the earth:but if the salt have lost his savor,wherewith shall it be salte d? " 在这里,salt用于转义,表示flavor;of the earth即of the world。这是耶稣登山垂训论"福",所讲福音结尾的话,他把门徒比做“世上的盐”,这是极高的称赞。这句话在后世不断引用变成了一个典故性成语,转义为the most valuable members of sociey;the finest type of humanity;a person or a group of p eople having the best character 之意

eg: He does a lot of good jobs and is considered to be the salt of the world.

You all are the salt of the earth.Our hope is placed on you.

20.Not an iota of没有一点点,丝毫也不

iota是希腊字母表中第9个字母“I”的名称。not an iota of 出自《新约。马太福音》第5章:“律法的一点一画都不能废去,都要成全。”因为iota是希腊字母表中最小的一个字母,它有时可以写作一短横置于其他字母之上;遗漏这一点点对发音并无什么影响,只按规则不能减少而已。《福音书》所说的律法,系指“摩西律”,意即无论何人都不允许随便废去这戒律哪怕是最小的一条,甚至其中的一个字母,一个小小短横也不得更动或遗漏。

由此,在语言中遗留下来这个成语,转义表示not a bit of ;not one jot or little;not at all等意思。

iota在这里,相当于汉语“小不点儿”的意思。

Eg:Science deals with things in a practical way.Science means honest,solid knowledge,all owing not an iota of falsehood,and it involves herculean efforts and gruelling toil.

There is not an iota of truth in the story.

21.Cast pearls before swine对牛弹琴;白费好意

To Cast pearls before swine的意思是“珍珠头在猪猡前面”。swine是个旧词,书面词,即今为pigs,不过swine单复同行,本句为复数。

这个成语源自《新约。马太福音》第7章:“Give not that which is holy unto the dogs,neither cast ye your pearls before swine,lest th ey trample them under their feet,and turn again and rend you”.由于to cast pearls efore swine,比喻确切,在后世不断引用中而成为一个国际性成语,常用来表示to offer sth valuable or beautiful to those who can't appreciate it;to give what is precious t o those who are unable to understand its value等意思,含有轻蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意义,这个成语与汉语成语“明珠按投”相似,但是寓意不同,基本上不对应;按一比喻意义,它相当于“对牛弹琴”,“向驴说经”“一番好意给狗吃”“狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心”等。

She read them Shakespeare,but it was casting pearls before swine

I won't waste good advice on John any more because he never listens to it.I won't cast p earls before swine.

...and when I let the upper floor to Cap'en Cuttle,oh i do a thankless thing,and cast pearl s before swine

22.a wolf in sheep's clothing批着羊皮的狼;貌善心恶的人

耶稣在加利利一带传道布教,收了很多信徒。有一天,他对门徒说:"Beware of false prophets,which c ome to you in sheep's clothing,but inwardly they are ravening wolves"

eg:Mrs.Martin trusted the lawyer until she realized that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing One who teaches morality and practises immorality is a wolf in lamb's skine

23.separate the sheep from the goats区别好坏,分清良莠

《新约。马太福音》记述:“And before him shall be gathered all nations:and he shall separa te them one from another,as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats”

由于《圣经》的影响,sheep和goat在英语中的形象截然不同,前者比喻好人,后者比喻坏人。英语中有关goat的成语,大多贬义。如:to play the goat=play the fool(瞎胡闹);to get sb's goat (触动肝火);等等。《圣经》说牧羊人要分辨绵羊和山羊,“把绵羊安置右边,山羊左边”。据说野山羊常混进羊群里,引诱绵羊,故牧养人必须把它们区分开来,以免混淆。

由此,人们用to separate the sheep from the goats这个成语,来比喻to separate the good fr om the wicked; to divide good or useful people from bad or useless

eg:We'll go through the list of members,and separate the sheep from the goats

Have faith in me,please.I can separate the sheep from the goats

源自欧洲寓言名著的

24.a dog in the manger占着茅坑不拉屎的人

出自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables),有一篇狗站马槽的故事,说的是一头狗躺在堆满稻草的马槽里,狗是不吃草的动物,而当马或牛一走进稻草时,这头狗却朝着马,牛狂哮,不准食草动物享用。因此,“狗站马槽”就成了一个家喻户晓的成语而进入英语中,常用来比喻a person who prevents others from e njoying sth that is useless to himself; a churlish fellow who will neither use a thing himsel

f nor let others use it,讽刺那些占据说职位或某些物质却不做事的人。

a dog in the manger是个名词性短语,常与系动词连用,充当表语(主语补足语)

eg:He borrowed a lot of books from the library,but he didn't read a book.He was reall

y a dog in the manger.

There are some officials who are only the dogs in the manger.

Smith was a dog in the manger over that roll of wire;it was no use whatever to him,bu

t he wouldn't let us have it.

25.bell the cat自告奋勇去冒险;老虎头上拍苍蝇

bell the cat系成语to hang the bell about the cat's neck的简略,愿意是“给猫的脖子上挂铃”。它来自《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables)中的《老鼠会议》(The Mice in Council)

这篇寓言讲的是:一群老鼠在鼠洞里举行会议,讨论如何对付凶狠的猫。白胡须老鼠提出:“我有个方法,在猫的脖子上挂一个铃。这样,猫一走动铃就响,我们就可以闻铃声而逃避了”,群鼠一致同意这个建议,欢呼:“That's a capital idea.We will bell the cat!No more fear of the cat!”但是,谁去给猫挂铃铛呢?没有一只老鼠敢去,一个个都溜掉了。老鼠会议豪无结果,它们不安全的境况当然也无法改善。

寓言所寄托的意思很明白:遇到困难的问题时候,既需要有出谋献策的人,更需要有挺身而出的实干家。 bell the cat常用来比喻to do sth dangerous in order to save others;to step forwar bravely to face the danger;to ta ke a risk for the good of others.

eg:Everybody made suggestion,but no one actually offered to bell the cat.

We didn't know who would put him this delicate question when my friend offered to bell the cat.

26.cry wolf虚发警报;慌报险情;危言耸听

cry wolf来自《伊索寓言》:《牧童和狼》(The Shepherdboy and the wolf)

有个牧童在离村子不远的山坡上放羊,有一次,他为了开心作乐,突然大喊:“Help!Help!The wolf!”全村的人都闻声跑来援助他时,才知道这只是开玩笑。如此恶作剧搞了两三次。后来,狼真的来了,那个牧童再呼号求救时,谁也不理会他了。于是,狼把他的羊吃了。

这篇寓言的意义很清楚:爱说谎话的人,即或在他说真话时,也没人相信他。由此,人们用to cry wolf 来概括这篇寓言的基本情节及其教诫意义,用以比喻to give false alarms;to warn of danger where there is none之意。按其比喻意义,这个成语相当与汉语中出自《东周列国志》的典故:烽火戏诸侯。周幽王为博得宠妃褒泥一笑,竟然把军国大事当儿戏,烽火报警戏诸侯,使各路诸侯仓促发兵,驰援京师,结果收到嘲笑。后来犬戎进犯,幽王再举烽火调兵,谁也不来了,结果周幽王遭到杀身亡国之祸。这2个典故的情节虽不同,寓意却完全不一致,都是表示“一朝说假话,一世无人信”

eg:Nobody will believe he is in trouble because he has cried wolf so many times.

Is she really sick of is she just crying wolf?

The newspaper placards that had cried "wolf" so often,cried "wolf" now in vain.

27.Fish in Troubled Waters浑水摸鱼;趁火打劫;陷于混乱

Fish in Troubled Waters直译是:“浑水里捕鱼”,出自《伊索寓言·渔夫》

这篇寓言江的是:有个渔夫在河里张网捕鱼,他把鱼网横栏在河道里,然后拿了一条缚着石块的绳子,不停的拍击河水,使泥沙泛起,河水浑浊,鱼儿在慌乱中纷纷自投罗网,渔夫用这个方法捕得了好多鱼。但住在附近的人指责渔夫说:“我们饮水全靠这条河,你把水搞得这么浑,叫我们到哪里去找清水饮用呢?”渔夫回答说:“可是,我若不把水搞浑,那就非饿死不可了”

因此,人们常用to fish in trouble waters 比喻to try to win advantages for oneself from a disturbed state of affairs; to make use of sb's misfortune to serve one's own ends.并因此产生了谚语it’s good fishing in troubled waters(混水好摸鱼)。

在英语中,to fish in troubled waters 也可写成to fish in the muddy waters,而且water必须做waters。

eg:The man who interferes in South American politics is fishing in troubled waters

I refused to let them come here because i knew they only wanted to fish in troubled w aters

Those who made large profits out of illegally selling rationed goods during World War I I were fishing in troubled waters.

28.cat's paw 被他人利用的人;受人愚弄者

cat's paw 也坐cat's-paw或catspaw,字面意思“猫爪子”,出典17世纪法国著名的寓言作家拉·封丹的《猴子与猫》。讲的是狡猾的猴子哄骗头脑简单的猫儿,替它从炉火中取出烤熟的栗子来。猫儿应命去做,结果猫爪子被火烧伤了,而取出的栗子却被猴子吃光了。

追根嗍源,远在公元前3世纪的《伊索寓言》中就有这个故事,不过没有题目。

cat's paw常用来比喻a person used as a tool by another;one who is used merely for the convenience of a clever er or stronger person之意。按其内涵,这个成语与汉语成语“为虎作伥”所比喻的意义相似,仅是动物的形象不同

cat's paw除了单独做复合名词使用外,还构成to make a cat's paw of sb(利用某人做为工具或爪牙)

eg:It is easy for him to be used as a cat's paw of evil-doing.

I am afraid that he is making a cat's paw of you.

29.Pull the chestnuts out of the fire火中取栗;替别人冒险

Pull the chestnuts out of the fire来自法国著名的寓言作家拉·封丹的《猴子与猫》。

cat's paw与Pull the chestnuts out of the fire是同源成语,但两个成语无论在结构上或意义上都不相同,前者比喻充当别人的工具或爪牙,后者常用来表示to do sth dangerous for others的意思。

这个成语也作to pull sb's chestnuts,或者to put the chestnuts for sb.

eg:I had pulled the chestnuts out of the fire for him on several occasions and was unwillin g to do it again.

They are pulling chestnuts out of the fire for the imperialists without knowing it

You can't make me your catspaw to pull your chestnuts out of the fire...

30. attic salt优雅的俏皮话;妙语

attic salt的字面意思是“阿提卡的盐”。阿提卡洲(attica)是希腊东南部的一个州,其首府是雅典。阿提卡州是个半岛,工商业发达,特别盛产海盐,相传,阿提卡州的盐比希腊其他地方出产的盐精细有味,深受欢迎。阿提卡人机智风趣,善于说俏皮话,以幽雅的诙谐著称于世。

这个成语出自古罗马著名的作家和演说家西塞罗(Marcus Tullius Cicero,公元前106-前43)。他的论文和演讲词,都是文体和标准拉丁语的典范,在其作品中论述了古希腊人精心研究的雄辩术理论,特别提到以口齿锋利著称的阿提卡人。公元前55年,西塞罗以文艺对话形式写的主要著作《辩论》(De oratore),探讨了演讲艺术中的诙谐问题。他说,妙语应当含有“盐味”,象“阿提卡的盐”那样有味。

在现在英语中,salt一词含有“风趣”,“兴味”等转义。成语attic salt常用来表示poignant delicate wit;wit of a refined quality。因此也可写attic wit.

eg: Yesterday Mrs Williams gave a talk to the Women's Institute on her travels in Asia.It was full of Attic Salt.

A talk full of attic salt is worth listening to.

They are in the habit of speaking with attic wit.

32.one's pound of flesh残酷榨取;割肉还债

相信大家都看过莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》。这里就不加以介绍。one's pound of flesh比喻to insist c ruelly on repayment of what was borrowed,常用在have,demand,exact,want,ask for 等之后。 eg:If you borrow from the scoundredl,you may be sure he'll demand hhis pound of flesh. Their boss pays the highest wages,but he wants his pound of flesh in return and make s them work very hard.

33.john bull(s)约翰牛;英国佬

“约翰牛”是英国人的绰号,意义是english nation,the typical englishmen.这个雅号是英国人自己取的,出自16世纪英国著名作家兼宫廷御医约翰·阿布斯诺特(John Arbuthnot,1667--1735)的政治讽刺作品。

阿布斯诺特在1712年写了一本讽刺小说,名叫《约翰牛的生平》(The History of John Bull),该书的主人公约翰牛就是英国的人格化、形象化。

作者笔下的约翰牛,是个英国“自由民”,为人粗暴冷酷,桀骜不逊,颇有些牛劲。他盛气凌人、欺辱弱者,如果谁流露出对他稍微表示不满的反抗情绪,他立即摆出一副格斗的架势。作者通过这个赳赳武夫的形象,暗喻当年英国的专横跋扈,抨击“民权党”(英国自由党的前身)的好战策略。显然,这个绰号最初含贬斥色彩。

这个形象的出现,绝非作者凭空捏造,而是与当时英国的社会经济状况紧密相连。在英国资产阶级革命胜利后的17世纪,英国毛纺工业迅速发展,资本的原始积累不断扩大,资产阶级政权对内实行“圈地运动“,对外实行殖民地的掠夺政策,以便积累大量的工业资本。“约翰牛”的形象正是这个时期英国的体现这。

John Bull这个颇古的典故成语,19世纪的著名作家狄更斯(Charles Dickens,1812--1870)就曾引用过。随着时间的推移,“约翰牛”的形象发生了耐人寻味的变化,由最初那个身强力壮、满脸横肉的中年船长想象,变成了一个年过半百、五短身材的矮胖子。于是漫画上出现的”约翰牛“,是个头戴宽边礼帽,足蹬翻口皮鞋,身穿茄克衫的绅士摸样。当年那种杀气滕滕的气概收敛不少,其原来的贬义似乎变成了褒义。”约翰牛“逐渐变成了一位饱经事故的实干家形象,他的行为成了英国的人的标准行为。这样一来,john bull这个成语就成了英国人或者英国的代名词了;而与之相关的john bullism 就指”英国精神“”英国习气“或”英国的典型性格“,john bullist则常指”英国迷“

eg:By some he is called..."a thoroughbred englishman",by some,"a genuine john bull"... John bulls belong to the white race.

34.Grin like a cheshire cat咧嘴傻笑;露齿嬉笑

Grin like a cheshire cat字面意思是“象柴郡猫那样咧开嘴笑”,这个成语也可写成to wear/have a grin like a Cheshire cat,或to smile like a Cheshire cat。关于这个成语有2种说法Cheshire是英格兰西部的一郡,当地出产一种颇有特色的干酪,叫“柴郡干酪”(Cheshire cheese),曾经一度作成象笑脸猫的形状。另一种说法是:柴郡有位画家,他给当地旅馆绘画的招牌上,都画了一只咧着嘴笑的狮子。

艾里克·帕特里奇先生(Mr. Eric Partridge)认为,这个成语大约从1770年开始就作为贬义词使用。英国《朗曼英国成语词典》等辞书,认为这个成语源自维多利亚女王时代(1835--1901),英国数学家和童话作家刘易斯·卡洛尔(Lewis Carroll,1832--1898)在他所写的童话《阿丽思漫游奇境记》(Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)中详细的描述了公爵夫人家中的一只柴郡猫。《阿丽思漫游奇境记》第6章有段这样的对话:

"Please,would you tell me,"said Alice a little limidly..."why your cat grins like that?"

"It's a Cheshire cat,"said the Duchess,"and that's why."

卡洛尔的童话,通过虚幻离奇的情节,嘲讽了19世纪后半期英国的社会现象。《阿丽思漫游奇境记》在1865年7月问世后,轰动了全英国。作者由此一举成名。“柴郡猫”的生动想象,是否他所创造,有待于进一步考证,但to grin like a Cheshire cat是随着该书的风行而被广泛使用,应无疑义。根据书中的描述,这个成语常用来表示to grin broadly,showing great amusement; to laugh at nothing that is amusing;to smile widely,in such a way that on shows all one's teeth.

eg:Poor little Hans only grinned like a Cheshire cat when he was scolded.

Mamma is smiling with all her might.In fact Mr. Newcome says..."that woman grins like a Cheshire cat."Who was the naturalist of the cats in Cheshire?

It is no good smiling at me like a Cheshire cat,Mr.Lubin.

35.A storm in a Teacup杯水风波;小题大做;大惊小怪

A storm in a Teacup字面意思“茶杯里的风暴”;美国英语为“a tempest in a teapot/barrel”,也作tea-pot tempest.

A storm in a Teacup出自法国著名作家巴尔扎克(Honore de Balzac,1799-1850)记述,这句话出自18世纪法国哲学家和思想家孟德斯鸠的名言。有一次,他听说圣马力诺发生了政治动乱,就用“茶杯里的风暴”来评论。因为圣马力诺是欧洲最小的共和国,只有一万人口,孟德斯鸠认为那里的动乱对整个欧洲局势无足轻重。

探源搠流,远在公元前古希腊了罗马的名人著作中就有过类似的形象比喻。如古罗马著名作家和演说家西塞罗(Cicero)在其著作《论法律》中就有这样的话:excitare fluctus in simpulo,意即to stir up waves in a ladle。此外,还有a storm in a cream-bowl;a storm in a wash-hand basin 等说法。尽管它们比喻的形象不同,但都是用来表示much excitement about something trivial;a lot of fuss about a trifle之意。按其比喻意义,相当与“小题大做”大惊小怪。

The people next door are continually quarreling ,but it is usually a storm in a teacup.

What is it all about?Nothing serious,just a tempest in a teapot.

36. a tower of ivory 或an ivory tower象牙之塔;世外桃源

a tower of ivory常用来比喻一种与世隔绝的梦幻境地,即the place of seclusion or retreat from realisties of life.

She lives in a tower of ivory apart from her friends.

They view college as an ivory tower.

37.have an axe to grind别有用心;另有企图;怀有私心

have an axe to grind是个源自美国的成语,字面意思是“让斧头磨一磨”,寓意是to have private interests to serve;to have sth to gain for oneself;to have a selfish reason等之意。

据英国《朗曼英国成语词典》等记述。这个成语出自美国著名的政治家、科学家本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin,1706--1790)所写的一则故事。富兰克林幼年时,在院子里遇到一个带有斧头的陌生人,那人称赞院子里那个磨石(grindstone)很好,想看看它好不好使,便花言巧语的让他转动磨石,而那人就在上面磨利自己的斧头。

据“美国之音”英语广播节目《词汇掌故》说,这个成语出自1810年美国宾夕法尼亚(Pennsylvania)一家报纸上首次刊登的一则故事。故事说的是有个陌生人手持一把斧头,想找磨石来磨利他的斧头。他在街上遇到一个男孩,就问道:“好孩子,你爸爸有磨石吗?”那男孩就带他到家里来,帮他转动磨石磨斧头。这对一个孩子来说是件艰苦的活,男孩把手都磨破了,累个半死才把斧头磨得闪闪发光。那个人见目的达到,不仅没向小孩道谢,反而教训孩子快点去上学,以免迟到.

2个出典实质上讲的是同一件事。富兰克林作为一位杰出的资产阶级革命家,担任的最后一项公职就是宾夕法尼亚州废奴委员会会长,为废除奴隶制而奔忙,直到生命的最后一息。宾夕法尼亚州一家报纸在富兰克林逝世20周年发表那篇小故事,应该就是他生前所讲的故事。这个故事的寓意很清楚:“持斧待磨者”用恭维的话来达到个人目的,人们不要上当受骗。

He may offer you a post in his firm,but he has an axe to grind, he wants to stand well with your father.

His interest in our venture cannot be sincere,because i knew he has an axe to grind.

In the first place,let me assure you,gentlemen,that i have not an axe to grind

出师表

两汉:诸葛亮

先帝创业未半而中道崩殂,今天下三分,益州疲弊,此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内,忠志之士忘身于外者,盖追先帝之殊遇,欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听,以光先帝遗德,恢弘志士之气,不宜妄自菲薄,引喻失义,以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中,俱为一体;陟罚臧否,不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者,宜付有司论其刑赏,以昭陛下平明之理;不宜偏私,使内外异法也。

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等,此皆良实,志虑忠纯,是以先帝简拔以遗陛下:愚以为宫中之事,事无大小,悉以咨之,然后施行,必能裨补阙漏,有所广益。

将军向宠,性行淑均,晓畅军事,试用于昔日,先帝称之曰“能”,是以众议举宠为督:愚以为营中之事,悉以咨之,必能使行阵和睦,优劣得所。

亲贤臣,远小人,此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人,远贤臣,此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时,每与臣论此事,未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军,此悉贞良死节之臣,愿陛下亲之、信之,则汉室之隆,可计日而待也。

臣本布衣,躬耕于南阳,苟全性命于乱世,不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈,三顾臣于草庐之中,咨臣以当世之事,由是感激,遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆,受任于败军之际,奉命于危难之间,尔来二十有一年矣。

先帝知臣谨慎,故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来,夙夜忧叹,恐托付不效,以伤先帝之明;故五月渡泸,深入不毛。今南方已定,兵甲已足,当奖率三军,北定中原,庶竭驽钝,攘除奸凶,兴复汉室,还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益,进尽忠言,则攸之、祎、允之任也。

愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效,不效,则治臣之罪,以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言,则责攸之、祎、允等之慢,以彰其咎;陛下亦宜自谋,以咨诹善道,察纳雅言,深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。

今当远离,临表涕零,不知所言。

用英语讲成语故事

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嗟来之食-中国成语故事英语版中英对照

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分发挥自己的有利条件;如果方向错了,那么有利条件只会起到相反的作用。 南辕北辙成语故事(英文版)Once a man wanted to go to the south, but his carriage was heading north. A passer-by asked him:"If you are going to south, why is your chariot heading north?" The ma answered, "My horse is good at running, My driver is highly skilled at driving a carriage, ad I have enough money."The man didint consider that the direction might be wrong; the better his conditions were, ther further he was away from his destination. The idiom derived froim this story indicates that one's action was the opposite effect to one's intention. 【拓展延伸】 【原文】 魏王欲攻邯郸。季梁闻之,中道而返。衣焦不申,头尘不去,往见王曰:今者臣来,见人于太行,方北面而持其驾,告臣曰:我欲之楚。臣曰:君之楚将奚为北面?曰:吾马良!臣曰:马虽良,此非楚之路也。曰:吾用多!臣曰:用虽多,此非楚之路也。曰:吾御者善!此数者愈善,而离楚愈远耳。今王动欲成霸王,举欲伸于天下。恃王国之大,兵之精锐,而攻邯郸以广地尊名。王之动愈数,而离王愈远耳。犹至楚而北行也! 【字释】 魏──战国时代国名,疆域在现今河南省北部、山西省西南部一

优秀经典英语成语故事带翻译

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英语经典成语故事带翻译

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简短英语成语故事带翻译

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