大学英语六级真题、译文及详细解析(仔细阅读卷二)
卓顶精文2019年6月大学英语六级真题、译文及详细解析(仔细阅读卷二).doc
2019年6月大学英语六级考试仔细阅读真题解析（卷二）SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbys omequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesma rkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondi ngletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Economicallyspeaking,arewebetteroffthanweweretenyearsago?Twentyyea rsago?Intheirthirstforevidenceonthisissue,commentatorsseizedontherecentr eportbytheCensusBureau,whichfoundthataveragehouseholdincomeroseby5.2% in2019.Unfortunately,thatconclusionputstoomuchweightonauseful,butflaw edandincomplete,statistic.AmongthemoresignificantproblemswiththeCensu s’smeasurearethat:1)itexcludestaxes,transfers,andcompensationlikeempl oyer-providedhealthinsurance;and2)itisbasedonsurveysratherthandata.Ev enifpreciselymeasured,incomedataexcludeimportantdeterminantsofeconomi cwell-being,suchasthehoursofworkneededtoearnthatincome.Whilethinkingaboutthequestion,wecameacrossarecentlypublishedarticl ebyCharlesJonesandPeterKlenow,whichproposesaninterestingnewmeasureofe conomicwelfare.Whilebynomeansperfect,itisconsiderablymorecomprehensiv ethanaverageincome,takingintoaccountnotonlygrowthinconsumptionperpers onbutalsochangesinworkingtime,lifeexpectancy,andinequality.Moreover,i tcanbeusedtoassesseconomicperformancebothacrosscountriesandovertime.TheJones-Klenowmethodcanbeillustratedbyacross-countryexample.Suppo sewewanttocomparetheeconomicwelfareofcitizensoftheU.S.andFrancein2019 .In2019,astheauthorsobserve,realconsumptionperpersoninFrancewasonly 60%ashighastheU.S.,makingitappearthatAmericanswereeconomicallymuchbet teroffthantheFrenchonaverage.However,thatcomparisonomitsotherrelevant factors:leisuretime,lifeexpectancy,andeconomicinequality.TheFrenchtak elongervacationsandretireearlier,sotypicallyworkfewerhours;theyenjoya higherlifeexpectancy,presumablyreflectingadvantageswithrespecttohealt hcare,diet,lifestyle,andthelike;andincomeandconsumptionaresomewhatmor eequallydistributedtherethanintheU.S.Becauseofthesedifferences,compar ingFrance’sconsumptionwiththeU.S.’soverstatesthegapineconomicwelfare.SimilarcalculationscanbeusedtocomparetheU.S.andothercountries.Fore xample,thiscalculationputseconomicwelfareintheUnitedKingdomat97%ofU.S .levels,butestimatesMexicanwell-beingat22%.TheJones-Klenowmeasurecanalsoassessaneconomy’sperformanceovertime. Accordingtothismeasure,asoftheearly-to-mid-2019s,theU.S.hadthehighest economicwelfareofanylargecountry.Since2019,economicwelfareintheU.S.ha scontinuedtoimprove.However,thepaceofimprovementhasslowedmarkedly.Methodologically,thelessonfromtheJones-Klenowresearchisthateconomicwelfareismulti-dimensional.Theirapproachisflexibleenoughthatinprinci pleotherimportantquality-oflifechangescouldbeincorporated—forexample ,decreasesintotalemissionsofpollutantsanddeclinesincrimerates.全文翻译及命题分析从经济上讲，我们的生活比十年前或二十年前更好吗？评论员从美国人口普查局最新的一份报告着手，渴望在这个问题上找到证据。
六级仔细阅读第二套
六级仔细阅读第二套
第二套六级仔细阅读题目是一个需要我们认真思考和分析的任务。
该套题共包
括多篇文章，每篇文章都涉及不同的主题和观点。
其中一篇文章可能是关于环境保护的。
它可能描述了当前全球环境面临的问题，例如气候变化、空气和水污染、物种灭绝等。
文章可能会探讨环境保护的重要性，并讨论各国政府和公民应采取的措施来应对这些问题。
作为读者，我们需要理解和分析文章中的论点和观点，并探讨自己对环境保护的态度和看法。
另一篇文章可能是关于教育的。
它可能描述了教育体系的不足和问题，如教育
资源分配不公、教育质量差异、学校与社会脱节等。
文章可能会呼吁改革教育制度，提高教育质量，并探讨如何培养具有创造力和批判性思维能力的学生。
我们需要仔细阅读并理解作者的观点、主张和解决方案，并思考我们自己对教育改革的看法。
另外的一篇文章可能是关于科技发展的。
它可能描述了科技在现代社会的迅猛
发展和广泛应用，如人工智能、大数据、互联网等。
文章可能会探讨科技发展给人们的生活带来的便利和挑战，并讨论如何平衡科技发展与社会发展的关系。
我们需要仔细阅读文章并理解其中的观点、论证和探讨，同时思考科技对于我们个人和社会的影响。
通过仔细阅读并思考这些文章，我们能够提高我们的理解能力和分析能力，并
培养我们的批判性思维。
这些技能对于我们的学习和工作都非常重要，因为它们使我们能够更好地理解和应对各种问题和挑战。
所以，让我们投入时间和精力来充分理解这些文章，并形成自己的观点和思考。
2018年12月大学英语六级真题解析(仔细阅读卷二)
2018年12月份大学英语六级仔细阅读译文及详细解析（卷二）Section CPassage One全文翻译及命题分析也许是时候让农场主们歇歇脚了，因为机器人正被用来监测庄稼生长、拔除杂草，甚至放牧。
商业种植面积及其广袤，需要数千工时来耕作。
澳大利亚最偏远的苏坡杰克·唐斯（Suplejack Downs）牛场就是一个典型的例子。
它位于北部地区，绵延4000平方公里，距离最近的主要城市艾丽丝泉（Alice Springs）逾13个小时车程。
这些大规模农场极度偏远，往往无人照料，每年只能监测一两次，这意味着如果牲畜生病或需要援助，农场主可能需要很长时间才能发现。
然而，机器人正前来救援。
机器人目前正在威尔士进行为期两年的试验，该试验将训练“农场机器人”放牧，监测牲畜的健康，并确保有足够的牧场供它们放牧。
这些机器人配备了许多传感器来识别环境、牛群以及食物的状况，使用热传感器和视觉传感器来探测体温的变化。
悉尼大学的萨拉·苏卡黎(Salah Sukarieh)将在新南威尔士州中部的几个农场进行试验，他说：“你还可以用颜色、质地和形状传感器检测地面上的牧草质量。
”在试验期间，将对机器人的算法和技术性细节进行微调，使其更适合生病的牲畜，并确保它能够安全地绕过树木、淤泥、沼泽和丘陵等潜在障碍区。
苏卡黎说:“我们希望改善牲畜的健康品质，并让农场主更容易维护牲畜在广阔的草场上信步由缰的壮观景象。
”机器人并不局限于放牧和监控牲畜，他们还被用来统计单果数量，检查农作物，甚至拔除杂草。
许多机器人配备有高科技传感器和复杂的学习算法，以避免它们在与人类并肩工作时伤害人类。
机器人还知晓最高效、最安全的通行方式，使工程师和农场主能够分析和更好地优化机器人的属性和任务，并提供现场直播，实时反馈农场上正在发生的事情。
当然，农业工人担心其岗位被取代。
然而，由于劳动力空缺的不断加剧，大规模生产难以维持，正是农场主们在力推技术进步。
大学英语六级第2套真题及答案解析
2021 年6 月大学英语六级考试真题〔第二套〕特别说明：2021 年 6 月大学英语六级试卷的三套试题有重叠局部，本试卷〔第二套〕只列出与第一、第三套不重复的试题。
具体重叠局部：本卷全部听力题与第一套试卷有重复，本试卷不再列出。
Part I Writing (30 minutes)For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Directions:Part III Reading comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26 : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27 of computational power and engineering advances will 28 enable lower-cost in- home care for the disabled, 29 use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.But there are 30 to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone ( 遥控飞行器 ) operator will 31 someone’s privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor’s cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32 of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33 and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34 space for innovation?Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35 and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer’s driving record, not the passenger’s.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。
2021英语六级仔细阅读真题及答案(卷二)
2021英语六级仔细阅读真题及答案（卷二）Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage下水道污水to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according toa new report-and it may not be a bed thing.While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangersare outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food."There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help andhurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlikedeveloped cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers.下水道When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers riskabsorbing disease-causing XX, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die a yearbecause of diarrhea-related与腹泻相关的diseases, according to WHO statistics. XXX than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contant with contaminated water and a lack of XXX anitation. But PayDrechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escapepoverty.Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce thatfarmers break open sewage pipestransporting waste to local rivers.Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing therisk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary,alternative.In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer us can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients."Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be usedin agriculture for good reason."47.【题干】What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?【选项】A.Its risks cannot be overestimated.B.It should be forbidden altogether.C.Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.D.It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.【答案】D【解析】48.【题干】What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation?【选项】A.Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.B.It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.C.Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.D.It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.【答案】C【解析】49.【题干】What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?【选项】A.Favorable.B.Indifferent.C.Skeptical.D.Responsible.【答案】A【解析】50.【题干】What does Pay Dreschsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?【选项】A.They have been somewhat exaggerated.B.They can be dealt with through education.C.They will be minimized with new technology.D.They can be addressed by improved sanitation.【答案】B【解析】Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said,51.【题干】What do we learn about James Bartram's position on the use of human waste for farming?【选项】A.He echoes Pay Drechsel's opinion on the issue.B.He chaltenges Liqa Raschid-Sally's conclusionC.He thinks it the only way out of the current food erisis.D.He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.【答案】A【解析】"Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet,so waste with little or no treatment will beused in agriculture for good reason."These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs. Which makes itodd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house, what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2021, IKEA, aSwedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a "major" kitchen overhaul in 2021, calculates Remodeling magazing, was a staggering $54,000, even a"minor" improvement cost on average $18,000.Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson&Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which wouldcost £145,000-155,000—excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it :"You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the word."The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants for the modem family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into theearly 20th century, kitchens were smoky,noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middleclasses wanted nothing to do with them.But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a natter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinkingabout the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American human's Home、published in 1869, the Beechersisters recommended a scientific approach to use holdmanagement, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order. Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American, Chris Frederick, who setabout enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work, House-Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a wife's daily routine. She borrowedthe Principle of efficiency on the factory floor and appliedmestic tasks on the kitchen floor.Frederick's central idea, that "stove,sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely". Inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed inthe 1920s by Mangarete Schutter. Libotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.52.【题干】What does the author say about the kitchen of today?【选项】A.It is where housewives display their cooking skills.B.It is where the family entertains important guests.C.It has become something odd in a modern house.D.It is regarded as the center of a modern home.【答案】D【解析】Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house, what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.53.【题干】Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?【选项】A.It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.B.No duplicate is to be found in any other place.C.It is manufactured by a famous British company.D.No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.【答案】B【解析】Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it :"You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the word."54.【题干】What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?【选项】A.Improved living conditions.B.Technological progress.C.Women's elevated status.D.Social change.【答案】D【解析】55.【题干】What was the Beecher sisters' idea of a kichen?【选项】A.A place where women could work more efficiently.B.A place where high technology could be applied.C.A place of interest to the educated people.D.A place to experiment with new ideas.【答案】A【解析】the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to use hold management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order.56.【题干】What do we learn about today's kitchen?【选项】A. It represents the rapid technological advance in people's daily life.B.Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s.C.It has been transformed beyond recognition.D.Many of its functions have changed greatly.【答案】B【解析】Inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the 1920s by Mangarete Schutter. Libotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
年6月大学英语六级考试仔细阅读真题及详细解析
2019年6月大学英语六级仔细阅读真题及详细解析（卷二）Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Effective Friday, Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) has declared a strike against 11 video game publishers over games that went into production after Feb. 17, 2015. The companies include some of the heavyweights of the industry, like Electronic Arts Productions, Insomniac Games, Activision and Disney.The strike comes in light of an unsuccessful 19 months of negotiations after the existing labor contract known as the Interactive Media Agreement expired in late 2014. Overall, the strike is an effort to provide more secondary compensation along with other concerns, such as transparency upon hiring talent and on-set (制作中） safety precautions.The video gaming industry has ballooned in recent years. The Los Angeles Times reports that the industry is in the midst of an intense increase in cash flow. In 2015, gaming produced $ billion in domestic revenue.But SAG-AFTRA s ays voice actors don’t receive residuals（追加酬金）for their gaming work. Instead, they receive a fixed rate, which is typically about $825 for a standard four-hour vocal session. So the voice actors are pushing for the idea of secondary compensation —a performance bonus every time a game sells 2 million copies or downloads, or reaches 2 million subscribers, with a cap at 8 million.“It’s a very small number of games that would trigger this secondary compensation issue,” said voice actor Crispin Freeman，who’s a member of the union’s negotiating committee. “This is an important aspect of what it means to be a (从事自由职业的）performer, who isn’t regularly employed every single day working on projects.”Another major complaint from the actors is the secrecy of the industry. “I can’t imagine if there’s any other acting job in the world where you don’t know what show you’re in, when you’re hired，’’ says voice actor Keythe Farley, who chairs the SAG-AFTRA negotiating committee.“And yet that happens every day in the video game world,” Farley told reporters during a press conference Friday. “I was a main character in Fallout 4, a character by the name of Kellogg, and I never knew that I was doing vocal recording for that game throughout the year and a half.”Scott Witlin, the lawyer representing the video game companies, says voice actors “represent less than one tenth of 1 percent of the work that goes into making a video game.” So “even though they’re the top craftsmen in their field,” Witlin says, “if we pay them under a vastlydifferent system than the people who do the percent of the work, that’s going to create far more problems for the video game companies.”全文翻译及命题分析美国电视和广播艺术家联合会(saga-aftra)周五宣布，就2015年2月17日之后投产的游戏将对11家电子游戏发行公司举行罢工。
2022年12月大学英语六级真题解析(仔细阅读卷二)
2022 年 12 月份大学英语六级认真阅读译文及具体解析〔卷二〕Section CPassage One全文翻译及命题分析或许是时候让农场主们歇歇脚了，由于机器人正被用来监测庄稼生长、拔除杂草，甚至放牧。
商业种植面积及其广袤，需要数千工时来耕作。
澳大利亚最偏远的苏坡杰克·唐斯〔Suplejack Downs〕牛场就是一个典型的例子。
它位于北部地区，绵延 4000 平方公里，距离最近的主要城市艾丽丝泉〔Alice Springs〕逾13 个小时车程。
这些大规模农场极度偏远，往往无人照料，每年只能监测一两次，这意味着假设牲畜生病或需要救济，农场主可能需要很长时间才能觉察。
然而，机器人正前来救援。
机器人目前正在威尔士进展为期两年的试验，该试验将训练“农场机器人”放牧，监测牲畜的安康，并确保有足够的牧场供它们放牧。
这些机器人配备了很多传感器来识别环境、牛群以及食物的状况，使用热传感器和视觉传感器来探测体温的变化。
悉尼大学的萨拉·苏卡黎(Salah Sukarieh)将在南威尔士州中部的几个农场进展试验，他说：“你还可以用颜色、质地和外形传感器检测地面上的牧草质量。
”在试验期间，将对机器人的算法和技术性细节进展微调，使其更适合生病的牲畜，并确保它能够安全地绕过树木、淤泥、沼泽和丘陵等潜在障碍区。
苏卡黎说:“我们期望改善牲畜的安康品质，并让农场主更简洁维护牲畜在宽阔的草场上信步由缰的壮丽景象。
”机器人并不局限于放牧和监控牲畜，他们还被用来统计单果数量，检查农作物，甚至拔除杂草。
很多机器人配备有高科技传感器和简单的学习算法，以避开它们在与人类并肩工作时损害人类。
机器人还知晓最高效、最安全的通行方式，使工程师和农场主能够分析和更好地优化机器人的属性和任务，并供给现场直播，实时反响农场上正在发生的事情。
固然，农业工人担忧其岗位被取代。
然而，由于劳动力空缺的不断加剧，大规模生产难以维持，正是农场主们在力推技术进步。
六级仔细阅读真题及解析(卷二)
年月六级仔细阅读真题及解析(卷二)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.You may have heard that Coca-Cola once contained an ingredient capable of sparking particular devotion in consumers: cocaine. The“coca” in the name referred to the extracts of coca leaf that the drinks originator, chemist John Pemberton, mixed with his sugary syrup(姜汁). At the time, coca leaf extract mixed with wine was a common tonic(滋补品), and Pemberton’s sweet brew was a way to get around local laws prohibiting the sale of alcohol. But the other half of the name represents another ingredient，less infamous(名声不好的), perhaps, but also strangely potent: the kola nut.In West Africa, people have long chewed kola nuts as stimulants, because they contain caffeine that also occurs naturally in tea, coffee, and chocolate. They also have heart stimulants.Historian Paul Lovejoy relates that the cultivation of kola nuts in West Africa is hundreds of years old. The leafy, spreading trees were planted on graves and as part of traditional rituals. Even though the nuts, which need to stay moist, can be somewhat delicate to transport, traders carried them hundreds of miles throughout the forests and grasslands.Europeans did not know of them until the 1500s, when Portuguese ships arrived on the coast of what is now Sierra Leone. And while the Portuguese took part in the trade, ferrying nuts down the coast along with other goods, by 1620, when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia, the nuts were still peculiar to his eyes.By the late 19th century, kola nuts were being shipped by the tonne to Europe and the US. Many made their way into medicines, intended as a kind of energy boost. One such popular medicinal drink was Vin Mariani, a French product consisting of coca extract mixed with red wine. It was created by a French chemist, Angelo Mariani, in 1863. So when Pemberton created his drink,it represented an ongoing trend. When cocaine eventually fell from grace as a beverage ingredient, kola-extract colas became popular.The first year it was available, Coca-Cola averaged nine servings a day across all the Atlanta soda fountains where it was sold. As it grew more popular, the company sold rights to bottle the soda, so it could travel easily. Today about 1.9 billion Cokesare purchased daily. It’s become so iconic that attempts to change its taste in 1985 —sweetening it in a move projected to boost sales —proved disastrous, with w idespread anger from consumers. “Coca-Cola Classic”，returned to store shelves just three months after the “New Coke” was released.These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it’s said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour.你可能听说可口可乐曾经含有一种能够使消费者“死忠”的成分：可卡因。
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2018年6月大学英语六级考试仔细阅读真题解析（卷二）Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census’s measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.In 2005, as the authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France’s consumption with the U.S.’s overstates the gap in economic welfare.Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%.The Jones-Klen ow measure can also assess an economy’s performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highesteconomic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.全文翻译及命题分析从经济上讲，我们的生活比十年前或二十年前更好吗？评论员从美国人口普查局最新的一份报告着手，渴望在这个问题上找到证据。
该报告发现，2015年的家庭平均收入增长了5.2%。
不幸的是，这一结论过于强调统计数据，而该数据虽有效，但有缺陷和不完整。
统计调查在衡量测算方面有如下重要问题：1)它不包括税收、转账和补偿，如雇主提供的健康保险；2)它基于调查而不是数据。
即便调查结果是精确的，收入数据也将一些经济福祉的重要决定因素排除在外，如赚取收入所需的工作时间。
在思考这个问题的时候，我们看到了查尔斯·琼斯和彼得·克勒诺最近发表的一篇文章，文中提出了一种新颖有趣的经济福祉衡量标准。
它谈不上完美，但比平均收入作为唯一衡量指标要全面得多。
它既考虑到人均消费的增长，也考虑到工作时间、预期寿命的变化和经济不平等等因素。
此外，它既可以用于对比国与国之间的经济业绩，也可以用于评估某个国家在某个时间段的经济业绩。
琼斯和克勒诺提出的方法可以通过一个跨国案例加以说明。
假设我们想将2005年美国和法国公民的经济福祉进行对比。
2005年，正如作者所观察到的，法国的人均实际消费仅为美国的60%，表面上美国人的经济状况似乎比法国人的平均水平要好得多。
然而，这种比较忽略了其他相关因素：闲暇时间、预期寿命和经济不平等。
法国人休假时间更长，退休时间更早，因此通常工作时间更短；他们的预期寿命更长，大概反映了法国在医疗保健、饮食、生活方式等方面的优势；法国的收入和消费分配相对于美国也要更均衡一些。
由于这些差异，60%这一比较数据夸大了两国在经济福祉方面的差距。
类似的计算也可以用来比较美国和其他国家。
例如，这种计算将英国的经济福祉水平定为美国的97%，而墨西哥人的福利水平约为美国的22%。
琼斯和克勒诺提出的衡量标准也可以用来评估某个国家在某个时间段的经济业绩。
根据这一标准，本世纪初到本世纪中期，美国的经济福祉比其它大国都要好。
自2007年以来，美国的经济福祉持续改善。
然而，改善的速度明显放缓。
从方法上讲，琼斯-克伦诺研究所得出的教训是，经济福祉是多维的。
他们的方法足够灵活，原则上包括了其他重要的生活质量方面的变化，如污染物总排放量的减少和犯罪率的降低。
【命题分析】本题包括多种阅读理解题型，既有细节题，也有观点态度题和推理判断题，因此有一定难度。
【内容概要】本篇阅读理解介绍了一种衡量经济福祉的新方法——Jones-Klenow method。
它包含了影响生活质量的更多因素，比美国人口普查局所采用的方法更全面更灵活。