pre-sequence语言学名词解释
语言学术语解释和举例
1. Sequential Rules [sɪ'kwenʃ(ə)l] 序列规则Sequential Rules are rules thatgovern the combination of sounds in particular language.e.g. If a word begins with a /l/ or /r/, then the next sound must be a vowel（元音）.2. Prototype ['prəʊtətaɪp]原型What members of a particular community think of as the typical instance of a lexical category.e.g. F or some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than say carrot) might be theprototypical vegetable.3. Presuppositional Trigger 预设触发语A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of apresupposition in an utterance.e.g.” Jane had another date with John.” It presupposes the fact that Jane has had onedate with John before. Apparently, the use of “another” called a presupposition trigger.4. Possessor [pə'zesə] 所有人Refers to one who has somethinge.g. Jane’s doll. The first noun is the possessor.5. Positive Face 积极面子The positive consistent self-image or “personality”(including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants.e.g.: You are excellent.6. Phoneme ['fəʊniːm] 音位The smallest unit in the sound systemof a languagee.g. the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound /p/ is pronounceddifferently7. Performative Utterance 言有所为It is a sentence which is not true or false but instead 'happy' or 'unhappy', and which is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary (语内表现行为的) act rather than used to state something.e.g. "I swear to do that", "I promise to be there"8. Negative Face 消极面子The basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction. i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition.e.g.: You’d better not smoke here.9. Morpheme ['mɔ:fi:m] 词素The smallest meaningful unit of language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.e.g. the English word unkindness consists of three morphemes: the S TEM1 kind, thenegative prefix un-, and the noun-forming suffix -ness.10. Metonymic Reasoning [,metə'nimik] 转喻推理Metonymic Reasoning is a figure of speech used in rhetoric(修辞) in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately(密切地) associated with that thing or concept.For instance, "London", as the capital of the United Kingdom, can be used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for the British governmente.g:silk suits you.”silk stands for the cloth made of silk.11. Truth-conditional Semantics 语义真值条件Truth-conditional Semantics is an approach to semantics(语义学) of natural language that sees the meaning of assertions as being the same as, or reducible to, the truth conditions of that sentence..For example, 'snow is white'.12. Theme [θiːm] 主题Refers to one or thing that undergoes an actione.g.sam found the dog.13. Synonymy [sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ] 近义词/同义词Synonyms are words which have different forms but similar meanings.e.g. Start, begin, commenc e14. Syllable ['sɪləb(ə)l] 音节Syllable is phonological unit which is composed of one or more phonemes.. Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.For example, /let/ consists of one syllable, whereas /ri’ga:d/ consists of two syllables. 15. Source 来源Refers to the place from which an action originates.For example, Sam left Beijing for Nanjing.16. Metaphoric Reasoning 隐喻性思维A word or phrase which is used for special effect, and which does not have its usual or literal meaninge.g. My hands are as cold as ice.17. Location 位置Refers to the place where an action happens,e.g. Jane put the magazines on the table. The table is location.18. Instrument 工具Refers to the means by which an action is performed.For example, the key opened the door.19. Indirect Speech Act 间接言语行为A speech act in which the communicative intention is not reflected in the linguistic form of the utteranceFor example, “It is very hot in here” may be used to e xpress a request to turn on the air conditioner.20. Impersonalization [im,pə:sənəlai'zeiʃən] 非人格化A device used either to avoid mentioning oneself or the interlocutor(对话者), or to appeal to public rule or institutional regulation, which helps to gain successful interpersonal communication.e.g. (1)I don’t think you can smoke in the waiting room, sir. (2)Smoking is not allowed in the waiting room, sir. Obviously, (2) is more polite than (1).21. Hyponymy [haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ] 下义词A relationship between two words, in which the meaning of one word includes the meaning of the other words.e.g. tiger, lion, elephant and dog are hyponyms of the word animal.22. Goal 目标Refers to the place to which an action is directed.For example, Sam left Beijing for Nanjing.23. Functional Shift 词性转换Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.e.g. noun to verb, to knee, to tape, to break.24. Family Resemblance 家族类似性That a lexical category(词汇范畴) resembles another one can be called family resemblance.e.g. the notion概念of game. One game may resemble类似at least one game, although not all of them have to be alike at the same time.25. Experiencer 感受者One who perceives something. Example: Sam was sad．26. Exophoric Reference [,eksəu'fɔrik] 外指Refers to the relation between an entity in the situational context and a linguistic item in the texte.g. he is the man you want to see, said when the mentioned person comes up to the speaker.27. Entailment 限定关系The relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second is inferred from the truth of the firste.g. john has a boy”entailing”john has a child”.28. Endophoric Reference 内指照应Refers to a relation between two linguistic items in the same texte.g. John loves Jane, he takes great care of her. This is known to all.29. Deictic Exprseeion ['daiktik] 指代表达（指示语）Deictic Exprseeion are linguistic items used to anchor these specific points in the communication event.e.g. here and there, which refer to a place in relation to the speaker: The letter is here. (near the speaker). The letter is over there. (further away from the speaker)30. Coordinate Sentence 并列句contains two or more clauses(从句) are conjoined by a linking word, such as “and”, “or”, “so”, or “but”.e.g. here a star, and there a star31. Constative Utterance [kən'steitiv] ['ʌtərəns] 表述句It’s the descriptions of facts or states of affairs. For example, The earth is round.”32. Componential Analysis 语义成分分析The process that breaks down the meaning of a word into its minimal distinctive features or properties using feature symbols is called componential analysis.For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult]33. Complex Sentence 复合句A sentence which contains one or more clauses are embedded(嵌) into a main clause to communicate purpose, reason, time, place, manner, or concession.e.g.this is the place where my father worked 10 years ago.34. Clause 从句A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predicate structure..A clause may be finite or non-finite.e.g. I hurried home. / Because I was late, they went without me.35. Causative ['kɔ:zətiv] 成为..的原因/使动词A natural force that causes a changeFor example, The flood killed 25.36. Cataphoric Reference [,kætə'fɔ:rik] 后指照应Donates a relation between the current pronominal item and the later occurring expressione.g. This is what John does for Jane, he sends a bunch of roses to her every day.37. Blending ['blendiŋ]混成法Blending s a word formed by combining parts of other wordse.g. smog (formed from smoke and fog)38. Back-formation 逆构（逆成法）New words may be created from already existing words by subtracting a real or supposed affix.e.g. the word “edit” from the pre-existing word “editor” by deleting the assumed suffix “-or”39. Antonymy [æn'tɔnimi] 反义Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.e.g. Dead and alive; male and female40. Anaphoric Reference [,ænə'fɔrik] 前指Involves a relation between a preceding referential expression and the current pronominal iteme.g. John loves Jane, he takes great care of her. This is known to all.41. Analogy [ə'nælədʒi] 类比The process by which words are reformed or created on the model of existing grammatical termsFor example, zipper-gate, football-gate, Watergate42. Allophone ['æləufəun] 音位变体Allophone is the phonetic variants of a phoneme in a particular language.e.g. the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark/l/, clear /l/.43. Agent 人物，主格Refers to the one who performs an actionFor example, Sam opened the door.44. Affixation [,æfik'seiʃən] 词缀A bound morpheme that is joined before, after, or within a root or stemIt mainly includes prefixes, suffixes, infixese.g. prefix un-, suffix –ness；infix –foot45. Adjacency Pair [ə'dʒeisənsi] 相邻语对An initiation, say a question or a request, by the first speaker and the response by the second speaker, like an answer to the question or compliance with the request, form an adjacency pair.For example, “what’s your name?”“My name is Tom.”。
戴炜栋语言学名词解释
contribution more informative than is required.te closure:wherever possible, we prefer to attach new items to thecurrent constituent to reduce the burden on working memory during parsing.(E.g.: Tom said that Bill had taken the cleaning out yesterday. ) 26.cohort model:in word comprehension,words are analysed by hearers frombeginning to end.27.Selectional restrictions--- a restriction on the combining of wordsin a sentence resulting from their meaning form part of theword-processing system28. Hierarchical Structure----Our representation od complex words isorganized in terms of hierarchical morphological structure.what．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1. Acculturation(同化过程） is a process in which members ohere is an agreement in number between boy and goes.5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different sp eech sounds.6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category representing distin ction in the temporal structure of an event. English has tw o aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体)7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes followspart of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituen t types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause.12.case(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional langu ages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies forgrammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but Englis h pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin.13.clause（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subjees where the truth of one(the second) is inferred from the truth of the other.19.euphemism（委婉语）: a word or phrase that replaces a ta boo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or s ubjects,e.g. powder room for toilet.20.garden path sentence（花园小径句）: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or a phrase but later discovers that the assumption was incorr ect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.n a particular form. E.g. a preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun following it be in the objective form,as i n with me,to him.nguage universal (语言共性): any property that is shar ed by most,if not all, human lanugages.25.lingua franca: ( 通用语) A language variety used for com munication among groups of people wo do not otherwise share a common language. For example, English is the lingua fran ca of the international scientific community.26.macrosociolinguistics; The study of the effect of languaNature purifies the mind.Beauty purifies the mind.Love purifies the mind.Honesty purifies the mind.29.syntagmatic relation: (横组合关系) The relation betweenany linguistic elements which are simultaneously present in a structure. E.g. in the word bit, b, i,t are in syntagmat ic relation, so are nature, purifies, the, mind, in the sen tence Nature purifies the mind.30.presupposition（预设）: implicit assumptions about the wconsidered inappropriate for “polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.35.selectional restriction(选择限制): a restriction on the combining of words in a sentence resulting from their meani ng.36.linguistic universal:(语言共性) The linguistic universal s are principles that enable children to acquire a particul ar language unconsciously, without instruction in the early years of life. As a whole they are referred to as Universapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents. The t ypical English endocentric constructions are noun phrases a nd adjective phrases.40.exocentric construction(离心结构或外心结构) the opposite of endocentric construction,refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the whole group. Most constructions are exoce ntric.41.politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s public self-image.sks during communicative exchanges.46.Conversion（转类构词）is a change in the grammatical fun ction of a word without adding or removing any part of it.A word belonging to one part of speech is extended to another part of speech. It is also called functional shift or ze ro derivation.47.lexical meaning VS grammatical meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)The meaning of a sentence is carried by the words proper asimultaneously by the hearer. Paralinguistic meanings are th ose attached to the verbal expressions by quality of voice, tempo of speech,posture,facial expression and gestures. Non -linguistic meanings are those indicated by non-verbal noises such as cough, sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds of b ody languages and different contexts of situation.49.denotation VS connotation (外延与内涵)Denotation is a straightforward, literal meaning of the wor d every member of the language speaking community will agrere is no limit to the structural diversity of languages. Linguistic determinism refers to the idea that the language we use determines, to some extent, the way in which we vie w and think about the world around us. This concept has two versions; strong determinism and weak determinism. The strong version, which has few followers today, holds that lang uage actually determines thought, whereas that weak version, which is widely accepted today, merely holds that language affects thought.。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
pre名词解释
pre名词解释
以下是pre 名词解释:
“Pre”是一个英语前缀，其含义是“在前面”或“预先”。
在各种语境中，它被用来表示某事发生在另一事之前或预先存在的事物。
1.Pre-19th century: 指19世纪前，用于描述发生在19世纪之前的时期、事
件或文化现象。
2.Pre-arranged marriage: 指包办婚姻，通常指由父母或亲戚安排的婚姻，
而不是基于夫妻双方的自由意愿。
3.Pre-condition: 指前提条件，即为了实现某个目标或获得某种结果而必须
满足的先决条件。
4.Pre-cursor: 指先兆，即预示着未来事件或趋势的迹象或征兆。
5.Pre-date: 指先于，通常用于描述某事件发生在另一事件之前或某个日期之
前。
6.Pre-destine: 指预定，即预先决定或安排某事物的命运或结果。
7.Pre-eminent: 指卓越的，形容在能力、成就等方面超出一般水平的人物或
事物。
8.Pre-figure: 指预示，即通过某种方式预示或猜测未来的事件或结果。
9.Pre-heat: 指预热，即在开始正式操作或加工之前对材料或工具进行初步加
热。
10.Pre-pay: 指预付，即提前支付某项费用或债务，以便在未来获得某种服务
或商品。
以上是pre 名词解释。
“Pre”作为一个前缀，在英语中具有丰富的含义和多样的用法。
上述名词解释展示了它在不同语境中的一些常见用法，包括时间上的预先存在、前提条件、预示和卓越等方面。
理解并正确运用这些表达方式有助于提高英语水平和交流能力。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(7-12章)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析7.1复习笔记本章要点：1.Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2.Given and new information已知信息与新信息3.Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4.Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。
本章内容索引：I.Definition of discourse and discourse analysisrmation structure1.Given and new information2.Topic and comment3.ContrastIII.Cohesion and coherence1.Cohesion.(1)Reference(2)Substitution(3)Ellipsis(4)Conjunction(5)Lexical cohesion2.CoherenceIV.Discourse markers1.Definition2.Functional-pragmatic nature3.Features of discourse markersV.Conversational analysis1.Adjacency pairs2.Preference structure3.PresequencesVI.Critical discourse analysisI.Definition of discourse and discourse analysis(语篇及语篇分析的定义)1.Discourse(语篇)A general term for examples of language use,nguage which has been produced as the result of an act of communication.It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations,and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。
会话分析
会话分析1.1.引言会话分析(Conversation Analysis)是20世纪60学科，美国发展起来的一门学科，其主旨在于揭示日常言语交际中反复出现的会话结构模式。
Harvey Sacks，Emmanuel Schegloff和Gail Jefferson于1974年发表的“A simplest systematic for the organization of turn-taking for conversation”一文是该学科的奠基之作。
其代表人物除上面提到的三位外，还有Charles Goodwin, Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, Dell Hymes, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, Malcolm Coulthard, Margret Selting, Michael Stubbs等人。
一般认为，会话分析与话语分析(Discourse Analysis)是两个相关但不同的学科。
话语分析一般采用传统的语言学研究方法，在做研究之前一般会有一个理论作指导或者一个假设；会话分析则是要求在分析语料之前不带任何假设，而是通过观察日常会话发现规律性的东西。
会话分析这一学科的显著特点在于其语料的真实性。
为了更大程度的反映日常会话交际原状，会话分析学派创造了一套严格的口语文字转写系统。
下面我们简要的说明会话分析中最常用的转写符号。
Tom：发话人；（.）短停顿（0.1秒一下的停顿）；（..）中停顿（0.2秒一下的停顿）；（…）长停顿（0.3秒一下的停顿）；（1.0）计时的停顿。
这里指历时1.0秒的停顿；其他依次类推；@ 笑声；＜@ 笑声开始处；@＞笑声结束处；：音声的延长；有时会用“=”表示；［重叠开始处；［2 同一话轮内的第2处重叠开始位置，依次类推；］重叠结束处；2］同一话轮内的第2处重叠结束位置；依次类推；. 降调；，微升调或平调；升调；Wor- 未说完词汇（例sympo-代表发话人只说出了5个字符）（word）转写人不能识别的话语；（（word））转写人对话过程中非语言信息的描述（如打喷嚏、咳嗽）［word］研究者对话题等语境信息的描述；——＞研究者所关注的话语（多为一行或小于一行）｛研究者所关注的话语为（多为数行）会话分析与许多学科有关，其中包括语用学、社会语言学、民族方法学、社会心理学等，因此不同的学科对会话分析的研究重点也有所不同。
pre-sequence语言学名词解释
pre-sequence语言学名词解释"Pre-sequence"这个语言学名词在英语中准确的对应词汇是"primesequence"，指的是在一个句子中前面的一部分序列或者短语，常常用来引出或者准备下文内容。
下面是25个双语例句：1.在这个演讲中，前面的一段序列引出了我要谈论的主题。
In this speech, the primesequence sets the stage for the topic I'm going to discuss.2.描述时间和地点的短语是句子的前面序列。
The phrases describing time and location form the primesequence of the sentence.3.在这篇文章中，作者在第一段做了一个引人入胜的前面序列。
In this article, the author creates a captivating primesequence in the first paragraph.4.为了引起读者的注意，这本书的开头采用了一个有趣的前面序列。
To grab the reader's attention, this book starts with an engaging primesequence.5.在讲话的起始部分，我将提供一个前面序列来概述我的论点。
In the beginning of the speech, I will provide a primesequence to outline my argument.6.这篇文章的前面一部分是一个引人注目的序列，吸引了我的注意力。
The primesequence in the beginning of this article is a captivating one that caught my attention.7.这个段落的前半部分是一个很好的前面序列，引出了作者的观点。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释1.语言学：研究语言的科学，语言是语言学的研究对象。
2.语言符号的任意性：所谓任意性，是指语言的声音形式和意义内容之间的联系是任意的，由社会约定俗成的，没有必然的、本质的联系。
什么样的声音表达什么样的意义，什么样的意义由什么样的声音表达，是由社会全体成员共同约定并共同遵守的。
3.线条型:所谓线条性，是指语言符号在交际使用过程中，其声音形式只能一个一个一次出现，一个音素或一个音节发出来才能紧接着发出另一个音素或音节，形成线条，随着时间的推移而延伸，在时间的线条上绵延，不能同时在空间范围内展开。
4.组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（例如音位与音位、词与词等等），按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。
所以组合关系直接体现了语言的结构规则要求，并非是任意两个词就能构成组合关系。
5.聚合关系在语言的组合结构的某一个位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用的符号之间的关系就是聚合关系。
聚合关系其实就是具有相同功能特点的一群符号之间的关系，由于它们的功能相同，所以在同一结构中可以互相替换，替换后虽然具体内容有所改变，但功能与结构关系没有变化。
6.音位：音位是某一语言中能区分词的语音形式的最小语音结构单位，也就是说，音位具有区别意义的作用。
音位是从语音的社会属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位，而且音位总是属于一定语言的，离开了特定的语言，研究音位就没有了意义。
7.音素音素是语音的最小单位，它是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位。
8.对立所谓对立，是指两个或几个音素如果出现在相同的语音环境中，相互替换后会产生意义上的差别，即改变了原来音节所表示的意义，那么这里互相替换的几个音素，就是一种对立关系，它们不能划为一个音位，而要看作是不同的音位。
对立是鉴别一个音素能否成为一个音位的最根本的原则，是划分音位的主要根据。
9.互补所谓互补，是指几个音素不能出现在相同的语音环境中，它们的出现环境各有分工，我出现在甲处，你出现在乙处，他出现在丙处，各守一个地方，出现的环境相互补充，彼此处于互补关系之中。
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pre-sequence语言学名词解释
pre-sequence(前序)是语言学中的术语，它指的是在某个特定的
上下文中，一个词或短语前面的一组词或短语。
这些前序可以提供背
景信息、修饰语义或语法结构，从而帮助理解后面的词或短语的意义。
下面是20个双语例句，以帮助理解pre-sequence的含义：
1.在这个简单的句子中，"I went"是pre-sequence，它为"to the store"提供了上下文信息。
In this simple sentence, "I went" is the pre-sequence
that provides the context for "to the store".
2. "After finishing my homework"是pre-sequence，它帮助解
释了"I went out"的原因。
"After finishing my homework" is the pre-sequence that explains the reason for "I went out".
3.在这个问题中，"Can you tell me"是pre-sequence，它引导了后面的宾语"where the library is"。
In this question, "Can you tell me" is the pre-sequence that introduces the object "where the library is".
4. "Despite the rain"是pre-sequence，它修饰了"we went for
a walk"并表达了行为的条件。
"Despite the rain" is the pre-sequence that modifies "we went for a walk" and expresses the condition for the action.
5. "Although it was late"是pre-sequence，它对"we decided to watch a movie"进行修饰。
"Although it was late" is the pre-sequence that modifies "we decided to watch a movie".
6.在这个句子中，"In my opinion"是pre-sequence，它表达了说话者的观点。
In this sentence, "In my opinion" is the pre-sequence
that expresses the speaker's opinion.
7. "Before going to bed"是pre-sequence，它引出了后面的建议。
"Before going to bed" is the pre-sequence that introduces the following suggestion.
8. "Due to the traffic"是pre-sequence，它解释了为什么人们迟到了。
"Due to the traffic" is the pre-sequence that explains why people were late.
9.在这个表述中，"With great enthusiasm"是pre-sequence，它形容了主语的态度。
In this expression, "With great enthusiasm" is the pre-sequence that describes the subject's attitude.
10. "In order to succeed"是pre-sequence，它解释了为什么人们要付出努力。
"In order to succeed" is the pre-sequence that explains why people need to work hard.
11. "Despite the challenges"是pre-sequence，它修饰了"they never gave up"。
"Despite the challenges" is the pre-sequence that modifies "they never gave up".
12.在这个问题中，"Do you know"是pre-sequence，它引导了后面的宾语短语。
In this question, "Do you know" is the pre-sequence that introduces the object phrase.
13. "After a long day"是pre-sequence，它提供了后面动作的时间背景。
"After a long day" is the pre-sequence that provides the temporal context for the following action.
14. "With a loud noise"是pre-sequence，它描述了后面物品的特征。
"With a loud noise" is the pre-sequence that describes the characteristics of the following object.
15.在这个句子中，"Before making any decisions"是pre-sequence，它建议不要草率行事。
In this sentence, "Before making any decisions" is the pre-sequence that suggests not acting hastily.
16. "Despite the language barrier"是pre-sequence，它解释了为什么沟通困难。
"Despite the language barrier" is the pre-sequence that explains why there is a communication difficulty.
17. "In the middle of the conversation"是pre-sequence，它提供了时间背景信息。
"In the middle of the conversation" is the pre-sequence that provides the temporal background.
18.在这个问题中，"Can you explain"是pre-sequence，它引导了后面的内容。
In this question, "Can you explain" is the pre-sequence that introduces the following content.
19. "Before starting the presentation"是pre-sequence，它建议提前做准备。
"Before starting the presentation" is the pre-sequence that suggests preparing in advance.
20. "Despite the cold weather"是pre-sequence，它解释了人们为何穿得暖和。
"Despite the cold weather" is the pre-sequence that explains why people are dressed warmly.。