文体学课程论文模板
文体学论文
文体学论文
文体学是一门研究文本风格、表达方式和修辞手法的学科。
文体学论文主要探讨文本如何运用语言、词汇、结构等方面的特点来表达作者的思想、情感和意图，以及如何与读者产生交流和感知的作用。
文体学论文的研究范围包括但不限于以下几个方面：
1. 文体分类与特点：文体学论文会对不同文体进行分类和分析，如散文、诗歌、小说、新闻报道等。
通过对文体的特点和风格进行分析，可以揭示文本的独特之处。
2. 修辞手法与语言运用：文体学论文会研究不同文体中的修辞手法和语言运用方式。
比如，诗歌中常见的比喻、拟人、排比等修辞手法，小说中的描写手法和人物塑造等。
通过对这些手法的分析，可以揭示作者的意图和表达技巧。
3. 文体与意义的关系：文体学论文会探讨文体和意义之间的关系。
不同文体对表达内容的影响是不同的，如何通过选取合适的文体来更好地传达作者的意图是一个重要的研究课题。
4. 文体的演变与变异：文体学论文还会研究文体的演变和变异过程。
随着社会的发展和文化的变迁，文体也会不断发生变化。
通过对文体变异的研究，可以了解文化演进的过程。
5. 文体与读者的交流：文体学论文还会探讨文体选取与读者交流的关系。
不同文体对不同读者的影响是不同的，通过对这种
影响的研究，可以更好地理解文体对读者的感知和解读。
总之，文体学论文通过对文体的研究，探讨文本的风格、表达方式和修辞手法，为我们更好地理解文本的意义和背后的文化因素提供了重要的视角。
文体学论文——精选推荐
Abstract:―Hawsmoot‖ is a short story written by Peter L. Sandberg. This paper attempts to analyze it from the angle of stylistics and to describe the most significant stylistic features of this story and the function of these stylistic features. Based on the stylistic theory, this thesis explores the stylistic effects made by the stylistic characters reflected in the short story from the following aspects: discourse analysis, phonological features, graphological features, syntactic features, lexical features, and rhetorical features. Key Words: stylistic features; effects; style; vividI. Introduction―Hawsmoot‖ is a narrative story about climbing. The protagonist Hawsmoot who had climbed on the cliff of the Grand Giraffe for thirty years without using a rope. One day, there came a young German also climbed the Grand Giraffe without using a rope. The story developed with the two people climbing. My paper tries to analyze the stylistic effects to the story‘s theme made by the stylistic features. Stylistic analysis can enhance our understand ing of the ways in which impressions, effects and meanings are communicated by language in literary works and prepare the way to the intrinsic study of literary works.―Hawsmoot‖has its own distinctive characteristics, which are shown in vocabulary, sentence, grammar and the whole discourse. In this thesis, I will make an analysis of it based on the stylistic theory. And I will explore the special effects of every stylistic feature to the theme and author‘s attitude. The author‘s successful apply of these stylistic devices makes the story interesting, attractive as well as understandable for readers.II.Stylistic Analysis2.1 Discourse AnalysisThe story is set in the base of the Grand Giraffe, and the field of discourse about this story is climbing. Referring to different fields and subject matters, people have to use different sets of vocabulary. In this story, the author uses lots of mountaineering terms, and I will analyze this aspect in the fifth part. Here I will explore another important aspect of the field—the purpose which the language serves in a social activity. The conversations in this story mainly talked between the young German, Hawsmoot and a group of young climbers. And the function of these conversations are most expressive and co native. The former expresses the addresser‘s feelings and emotions and the latter is used to influence the addressee‘s behavior or attitude. In this story line 4 ―…good climb…great climb alone‖, what the young German said expresses confidence and passion towards the climb without a rope. Besides, in line 43 and 44―…climb…overhang…‖ the two sentences vividly show us that the young German‗s arrogant and self-importance character as the author said he is cocksure. The language used here successfully shows the purpose of expressive function. In line 125―Don‘t …without……‖ and the line 148 ―You shouldn‘t do it.‖, here, the function of thegirl‘s words is co native. It aims at influencing Hawsmoot‘s behavior—persuading him to use a rope. In this story, there are also other persuasive sentences, all of these show that the girl is worrying about Hawsmoot, because she thinks that Hawsmoot is old now and she is not confident that he can climb the Grand Giraffe without using a rope. The girl‘s persuasion greatly attracts our attention, because that also was readers want to say, and we also worried about Hawsmoot. From what Hawsmoot said, we can feel that he is a poised and polite man. He seldom talks with others, instead he concentrating on the climb, but when others talks to him, Hawsmoot replies them always in a poised and polite way. In this story, the author let us see that this is because of the wide variety of language that is possible in each case. People have more choice of language in conversation and literature than in other domains.Another aspect of discourse is tenor—the addresser‘s attitude. In this story, the writer usesnumerous informal expressions. The use of slang and colloquialism characterizes this story‘sinformal styles. Some informal expressions, such as, ―cocksure‖, ―came over him‖, ―eatcrow‖, ―so and so‖, etc. All of these show that the conversations between the climbers arecasual, and the climbers‘uninhibited personalities.2.2 Phonological Features2.2.1 Sound PatterningSound patterning is not only a source of aesthetic satisfaction, but also a phonological means of emphasis, establishing relationship between the patterned words. In this story, the authoruses various types of sound patterning, such as, alliteration, reverse rhyme, consonance and end rhyme. Firstly, let‘s see the alliteration. In line 13―climbing clubs‖⁄klaɪmɪŋ–klʌb⁄—C V C, in line115 ―heart begin to hammer‖⁄hɑrt–'hæmɚ⁄, in line 146, ―hands over his head‖⁄hænd–hɪz–hed ⁄, in line 151 and 152, ―hands stuck hard to the holds‖⁄hænd–hɑrd–hold]⁄, and so on. We know that alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several words close together in a sentence or in a line. The use of alliteration can produce specialsound effects to make the text a harmonious rhythm, rhyme sonorous, a symmetrical form,and reads fluently. The listed examples all show the sound patterning of alliteration,especially the latter three. When we read these phrases, we can feel a strong sense of rhythm and a tense atmosphere. This let us can‘t help being nervous and worrying about Hawsmoot. There are also sound patterning of reverse rhyme used in this story. In line 98 ―wind was whipping‖⁄wɪnd –wɪpɪŋ⁄—C V C, in line 152―sometimes in summer‖⁄'sʌmtaɪmz–sʌmə⁄, reverse rhyme is used here. Reverse rhyme, repeating the initial consonants and the vowels. Itreads fluently and enhances rhythm of language. Besides, consonance and end rhyme are also used in this short story. In line 235 ―the ground, confused, alarmed‖⁄ɡraʊnd–kən'fjuzd–ə'lɑrmd⁄—C V C. In line 154 and 155 ―the words and the sounds‖⁄wɜːdz–saʊndz⁄—C V C . All of them attribute to the rhythmic sound effects.2.2.2 OnomatopoeiaSome linguists have pointed out that ―onomatopoeia is actually the mutual reinforcement ofsense by sound and sound by sense‖. In this story, in line 109 ―The dry leaf rustle on the slopedied‖, here the word rustle show us a vividly dynamic picture, as if we have heard the sound of the leaves blowing. It describes the environment and situation of the Grand Giraffe they climbed.2.3 Graphological FeaturesGraphology is considered very useful as an orientational device clarifying the writer‘sintention by the order and the way in which items of information are presented. In the latter part of this story, the author uses italic many times. The italic sentences are all about thesuggestion to use a rope. Here, the function of it is to emphases and attract readers‘ attention. By author‘s emphasis readers realize that at that time Hawsmoot‘s determination of no ropesis shaking, he is always hearing the sound of using a rope, and maybe he realizes that he is oldnow and have to use ropes from now on. It is attributive to the reveal of the theme—the passing of time.2.4 Syntactic Features2.4.1 Types of Verb MeaningIn the former part of this story, the author mainly describes the characters about the youngGerman and Hawsmoot, and clauses are most stative situation types. The third and tenthparagraphs respectively describe the young German‘s and Hawsmoot‘s appearance featuresusing the stative verbs, such as, ―was, had, wore…‖. These stative verbs refer to a state of being, and show us the two character‘s basic appearance situations. There are also manystative verbs referring to states of perception, states of emotion and attitude. In line 235 and 236 ―He felt a great desire to drop off, to let go; he was weary, tired out.‖ This sentence vividly expresses Hawsmoot‘s extremely tire condition. When describes the climbing scenes, the author uses many dynamic verbs. For example, in line 240 to 243 ―…kicked…missed …hung out…‖this dynamic sentence his actions when he missed his hold and theseries of dynamic verbs create a tense atmosphere, giving readers a feeling of nervous and exciting.2.4.2 Participant RolesIn this story, the author constantly shows us Hawsmoot‘s mental states, and all these mental states involve two participant roles: a senser and a phenomenon. When climbing Hawsmoot constantly recalled the past, what he sensed is sentimental and a kind of reminiscence. In dynamic situations, the agentive role embodied in the story all the time. Besides, external forces ―wind‖ plays an important role in this story. It is the destructive external force for all climbers.2.5 Lexical FeaturesAs a story focusing on climbing, the author uses lots of special mountaineering terms, such as―lederhosen, climbing parka, overhang, foothold, lever, inched…‖ The use of the specialized vocabulary brings about a sense of profession and makes the story more interesting. General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning. In this story, author chooses to use more specific words. The use of specific words makes the story more informative in detail and evokes vivid images in the reader‘s mind. In line 119 to 123, the specific words ―hung, raise, following, kicking, moving, levering‖ makes Hawsmoot actions more vividly presented to us. Besides, author uses more short words which make the story more vivid and understandable.2.6 Other Rhetorical FeaturesIn short stories, in order to better convey meanings, figurative language is often employed. We can find the use of different figures of speech in this short story.2.6.1SimileThis story is rich in simile. In paragraph 3, when describes the young German, authorcompares his smile as the distant lake below him, and his eyes to the cold autumn sun. Theuse of simile makes readers have a more vivid perception about his image. This descriptionsuccessfully portrays his cold and arrogant characteristic. In line 166 and 167, ―…fall like…‖Hawsmoot sees the falling pieces of grit as the dropping water, from this we can see that howhigh he is above the ground, and this expresses a feeling of tense. The writer uses the directmethod to make readers to think, to feel and to appreciate the scenes of the climbing.2.6.2 ParallelismA figure of speech that uses similar structures in separate sentences to express related ideasand with which the sentence is emphatic and forceful. For example, in line 157 to 161 ―It wasafter…It was after…It was either just before…‖ these forceful sentences express Hawsmoot‘sstrong emotion as he recalls the painful past, and it helps to build up an emotional climax. III. ConclusionThe above analysis let us have a better and deep understanding about the stylistics as well as the theme of this story. The specialized vocabulary, the informal conversations, the dynamic verbs and also some rhetorical devices combined show readers series dynamic and vivid scenes, and make the story more interesting, attractive and easier to understand. Definitely, there are some aspects which are worthy making the further research, such as the sequence,segmentation, and the other rhetorical features.Bibliography:[1] Qian Yuan. ―STYLISTICS: A Course book for Chinese EFL Students ‖ [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2006.[2]姚琴. 情景语境观下的话语生成与理解[J].江苏大学外国语学院, 2010.[3]张庆云. 徐晓光.对短篇小说《爱的牺牲》的功能文体分析[J]. 泰山学院大学外语教学部,2012.。
英美文学教学文体学运用论文
英美文学教学文体学运用论文概要：文学是一种语言艺术的表现形式，可以反映客观的外物世界，也可以展现作家主观的内心世界。
而文体学在分析这些作品时有很强的指导意义，可以最大程度上带给读者审美的体验。
在英美文学教学中运用文体学，可以很好地完成教学目标，提高学生的英语综合素养。
并且，文体学在英美文学教学中的使用也要较大的发展空间，它依然处于发展的过程中，在英美文学的实际教学中，教师也要对文体学这一方法论进行深入思考，不断完善。
文体学（stylistics），又称风格学，是语言学的一个分支，它综合了语言学、美学、心理学等学科特征，是一门正处在发展和完善中的综合性的边缘学科。
其实，从亚里士多德开始，很多文学研究家、修辞学家，就开始对文学语言进行深入研究，这就是包含了语言学和文艺学等新的文学---文体学的孕育阶段。
它是多种学科共同发展的结果，是时代文体持续向前发展的必然产物。
在二十世纪初，法国人Bally就发表了《法语文体论》，它预示着现代文体学的诞生。
在将近一个世纪的发展、完善中，文体学融合了其他学科的相关理论，现已经成为一个独立的学术领域。
如李龙植的《文体学与语言实践》、《简明不列颠百科全书》、《美学百科辞典》以及我国学者王佐良的《英语文体学研究及其他》中都有对文体学的深入研究。
此外，它也衍生出众多分支，如形式文体学、文学文体学、翻译文体学等。
文本的语言风格是文体学的研究对象之一。
众所周知，流传久远的文学作品是语言成形的艺术，它们大都词句优美，思想深刻。
读者在阅读中不仅可以感受到作者用词造句的高超能力，也会对作者在作品中所表现出的语言风格难以忘怀。
文学作品中的语言风格是作家独特的个性化、典型化以及艺术化的综合体现，不同作家具有相异的语言写作风格。
语言风格的个性化指的是作家在写作时运用的语言表达、修辞手法标新立异，异乎寻常；语言风格的典型化指的是作家在作品中所使用的语言在整体上遵循一定的规律和范例，读者可以在阅读中识别出来；语言风格的艺术化指的是作家在写作时所运用的语言措辞优美细腻，带给读者美的体验。
校园体育文化论文六篇
校园体育文化论文六篇校内体育文化论文范文11．1体育文化在人类进行体育运动的过程中，我们的意识形态，价值观念，以及个人的心理倾向等一系列的精神层面的内容得到了肯定程度的积累与体验，在这个过程中，体育文化也渐渐在岁月的积累中进展起来。
与此同时，作为人类文化的一部分，我们也可以通过考量一个国家与地区的体育文化，进而对当地的民族心理与大众文化进行肯定的了解。
可以说，体育文化是人类文化的一个重要的体现与组成部分。
1．2校内体育文化在体育文化的内涵中，由于体育活动的对象与场地的不同，我们会对其有一个进一步的划分，其中校内文化就是其中一个比较具有代表性的文化表现之一。
在整个校内体育文化的构建过程中，老师与同学以及四周教学环境的互动是该体育文化不断进展的动力之一。
作为体育文化的一个重要的分支，校内体育文化具有其自身的特色，例如参加群体大多是学校的同学与老师，体育文化的进展大多围绕学校及周边的环境绽开等等。
2、制约高校校内体育文化的因素2．1传统观念的影响在我国的历史文化的进展过程中，我们会发觉以农耕为主要特色的地缘文化对于体育的进展与引导在肯定程度上发挥着重要的作用。
一方面，我们重视体育事业的进展，特殊是在历史上的割据时期，重视体育是强国之本。
另一方面，我们对于体育事业的进展还存在着肯定程度的分歧与争议，这些争议的焦点主要集中在体育事业或者说体育文化在整个文化体系中应当占有的重量。
所以，在高校体育文化事业的进展过程中，从传统的文化与理念吸取进展的养分，同时替代那些落伍的，无法适应时展需求的传统思想，从而为高校体育文化的进展开拓新的道路。
2．2社会价值取向的影响在体育文化的进展过程中，特殊是校内体育文化的进展过程中，一个比较关键的，也是隐性的影响因素就是社会价值取向。
简洁来讲，在校内体育文化的建设与进展过程中，老师，同学，包括同学家长及社会舆论对其进展的态度与立场，很大程度上影响着体育文化，特殊是校内体育文化的进展方向。
文体学论文——精选推荐
Stylistic Analysis of a Conversation系名称：外语系年级：12 级班级：二班*名：***学号：**********Stylistic Analysis of a Conversation IntroductionConversation is without doubt the most commonly used kind of language, and therefore, it is a variety familiar to the majority of English-speaking people. This variety is used in everyone’s daily life. And it has its own distinct stylistic features. So it is necessary for us to analyze it from the perspective of general stylistics.The material for analysis is a conversation between two housewives who are in the same age rank <mid-thirties> and have known each other for some time. The occasion is that B is invited to A' house for an evening chat over coffee.The conversation focused on the lives of two housewives. Therefore such conversation regularly lacks an overall theme. So the participants may chat about some irrelevant and random things. Changes of subjects can be often found. Stylistic Analysis1. At the Phonological LevelPhonology refers to speech sounds in a language. Here, the main focus is on stress, elision, pause, para-linguistic devices and overlapping of words.Conversation can be divided into two major kinds: spontaneous conversation and non-spontaneous conversation. This conversation belongs to the former one. Words to be spoken sound very natural and spontaneous(a general lack of planning).1.1 StressStress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is a very important way of expressing different feelings or implying different meanings in oral communication. It has the following functions in this conversation:a) To show emphasis:I'll be all right in a MINUTE.It implies“It is in a minute(not too long)I'll be all right.”STUpid I had er about five thousand BOOKS to take back to senate HOUSE YESterday.It emphasizes how stupid I was,what,where,and when.b) To show surprise,anger, doubt, horror or excitement:You got a COLDIn this sentence, “cold”is stressed, which indicates A's doubt as if saying “Did you get a cold? ”.1.2 ElisionElision is one of the distinct phonological style makers in conversation, which is frequently used by the speakers involved. In the conversation, the most frequent elisions are I'm ,I've, I'll, it's, I'd, hasn’t, you're, and that's. These elisions can perfectly indicate the informality of the conversation as well as intimate relationship between two neighbors.1.3 PausePause can be seen as a signal of ending a thought unit. In English,there are voiced pauses (um, er,ah) , and silent pauses-silent breaks between words, such as the pause at the end of a sentence, the pause between a dependent clause and its main clause, and the pause between words or phrases. In this conversation, both kinds of pauses can be frequently found./= short pause //=long pauseIn this conversation, the usually overuse of pauses may reflect certain feeling or attitude of speaker, such as nervousness, hesitation, confusion, or uncertainty.1.4 Para-linguistic devicesA andB in the conversation often resort some para-linguistic devices, such as laughters (laughs for/laughs quietly for-)and monitoring signals(such as you know, well, I thought, what have you got ) to help convey the meanings and feelings.For example, "no, I thought you sounded as if you were"1.5 Overlapping of words or phrasesOverlapping of words or phrases of A and B is also very common in this conversation.*=overlapping of words of two participantsWhen one person comes up with a new idea, he may not always wait for his turn till the other person finishes his sentence. Instead, he utters his words in a high pitch and a quick tempo till the other person stops.1.6 Normal non-fluencyNormal non-fluency is very common in this , which is resulted from overlapping of words and other factors such as sudden change of subject matter, hesitation, nervousness, and a lack of planning of the conversation. For example:No, just a bit sniffy cos I'm-I am cold2. At the Lexical LevelLexis refers to the choice of words and expressions and here, we will focus our attention on the use of colloquial words and general words.2.1 Use of colloquial wordsIt is normal and natural to see so many colloquial words in this conversation, such as yeah, got, just, well, cos(because), etc. These words can express the speaker's attitude or surprise, disgust, or some feelings. Colloquial words are also the signal of informality.2.2 General wordsGeneral words are also used very frequently in this conversation, such as do, clour, go, and, nice, etc. These general words may not convey specific meanings, but there is no need to be so specific in daily conversation. And probably general meaning is what the participants require.3. At the Syntactic/Grammatical LevelSyntax refers to the rules for ordering words into sentence. In this part, we mostly concentrate on sentence types and voice.It is found that sentences (as far as length and structures are concerned) in the conversation are not complicated to understand. More minor sentences and short sentences are used, which are style makers of informality.3.1 Preference for interrogative sentencesInterrogative sentences appear frequently in this short conversation. Conversation is the communication between at least two people. It mainly takes the form of asking and answering. In this way the oral communication between people can proceed. Thus, apart from declarative sentences, which are used most frequently in all varieties. Interrogative sentences are frequently used here. There are 7 interrogative sentences in all 30 sentences, occupying 23 percent of the total number of sentences, which is much higher compared with other varieties.3.2 Use of active voiceIn conversations, speakers usually are the major active characters. Their words mainly express their own feelings or narrate an event. In this way, active voice will be the most suitable voice to achieve such effects. In this conversation, most of sentence are in active voice. And most of them have such beginning “I + verb ”. For example, you got, I thought, you want, I got, it is, I get, and so forth. According to this, we can assume in the process of conversation the speaker is usually the most important factor, who will conduct or lead the proceeding of conversation.3.3 Frequent use of elliptical sentencesDaily conversation is not as formal as the written variety. Elliptical sentences are used frequently. Elliptical sentences sometimes may cause inexplicitness of the language. However due to their intimate relationships, and para-linguistic means, such as gestures,laughters, or facial expressions, the characters can understand each other well. It is unnecessary to use complete sentences.4. At the Semantic LevelSemantics refers to the meaning of words or expression, and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to addressee. Here, we will touch upon some figures of the conversation.In this conversation, there are not very distinct semantic style makers.But we should not deny there are some semantic features in conversation. In fact, the occasional use figures can be found here./ No / just a / bit sniffy / cos I’m——I AM COLD /Repetition is used here. The clause of “I’m ”appeared two times, which can imply B’s doubt and nervousness./ That’s not a tinny GARment. /Understatement is reflected here. B wanted to express that this is a big garment.in the days when I was a human BEing. //*Satire can be found here.5. Contextual Factors AnalysisFirstly, the conversation all happened in informal place-A' house. Dialogues in private place must be casual and informal. Secondly, the intimate relationship among two housewives decides what they will talk about. They talked about their life trivial matters. Moreover, sometimes words may reveal the speaker's status, job, education and so on. For example,A: It /GROWS quickly//B: / YEAH/ I get very fed UP//It implies A is pregnant.Furthermore, another feature should be pointed out here. Conversation is characterized by randomness of subject matter, a general lacking of planning. The subjects, ranging from health to work, come back to garment.ConclusionWe have made a very rough stylistic analysis of the conversation, mainly concentrating on the phonological, lexical, syntactic/grammatical and semantic level and finally some contextual factors are touched upon. Taking these analyses into consideration, the conversation belongs to the informality. In this conversation, there are still some perspectives untouched upon, such as textual analysis, graphological style makers.etc. Taking these factors into consideration, it still needs our further researches.。
我的中国梦(文体学论文)
我的中国梦——成功自己，惠及他人中国人向来强调集体主义，喜欢谈论中华民族的大梦，可能由于中国人内在谦逊，很少有人高调宣扬属于自己的中国梦，直到习近平主席提出“中国梦就是民族梦、复兴梦，归根结底是人民梦”。
大河没水小河干。
个人的理想和幸福总是与国家的前途和命运息息相关，也正是由无数个具象化的国民理想，汇就了国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福的中国梦想。
这便是“天下兴亡、匹夫有责”的永恒道理。
女航天员刘洋说得好：“我们每个人都是‘中国梦’中一颗螺丝钉。
只要我们每个人做好螺丝钉的职责，‘中国梦’的实现一定不会遥远。
‘中国梦’浓缩到个人身上，就是实现个人的人生价值，实现自己的人生理想。
当每个人的人生理想实现了，中华民族伟大复兴的梦想也一定会变为现实”。
袁隆平把水稻长得像高粱、穗子像扫帚、籽粒如花生、亩产1000公斤描述为自己“粮食安全梦”；清华大学政治经济学研究中心教授蔡继明坦言：“人民幸福，国家强大，中华民族伟大复兴’就是我的中国梦。
”；西部计划志愿者刘英俊的中国梦则是“把西部建设得和东部一样好”。
于是，在神舟十号与天宫一号遨游太空的时候，在举国上下畅想着中国梦的时候, 我开始编织我的中国梦。
做口译，出入高级场所，出现在大型国际会议上，从容不迫、潇洒自如，一天下来收入甚至上万元，毕业后不愁找不到满意的工作，真正可以做到用一代人的努力，改变三代人的命运。
口译译员这个职业，吸引我的不只是它丰厚的薪水、高级场所中潇洒自如的表现，他人羡慕崇拜的目光，而最重要的是，高级口译人员的稀缺性、巨大的国内和国际市场及良好的发展前景。
纵观英语专业研究生方向，我认为在这个物欲横流的社会，文学研究热潮早已离我们远去，语言学研究已趋向成熟，翻译是当今最具发展潜力和最急需的方向，而随着中国国际地位的提高和与世界交流的日益频繁，需要口译的地方也越来越多。
再结合我自己的兴趣，我不适合把文学和我的一生的职业联系起来，安安静静地欣赏一辈子文学作品，我也不喜欢语言学抽象的理论研究，唯有口译那种充满新鲜感和挑战性的工作才能调动起我身上的每一个细胞，让我的兴奋和兴趣发挥其应有的作用。
文体学论文
文体学论文第一篇：文体学论文A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dreamCourse: English Stylistics and Rhetoric Lecturer: Zhang Xuhong Credit: 2 Time of Assigned on 28/11/2013 Time of Submission:19/12/2013 Student No:2010010225 Name:杜敏Class:(Grade 2001)Class 1English Dept, Harbin Normal Univ.从文体学的角度分析演讲稿《我有一个梦》杜敏摘要：本文根据文体学理论从文体手段角度试图对美国著名黑人领袖马丁.路德.金的著名演讲《我有一个梦》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析，作者在此基础上进而对演讲文体的风格进行了简要的论述。
本研究对演讲稿的文体风格的选用具有启示作用。
关键词：文体学；文体学理论；文体手段；文体的风格；分析；演讲A Stylistic Analysis of the Speech I Have a dreamDuMinAbstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style.Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, Analysis, Speech.Introduction As an interdisciplinary field of study, stylistics promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature with its explicit aims and effective techniques.It is very useful in the analysis of various styles of writing.In this thesis, the author tries to offer a stylistic analysis of the famous speech by Martin Luther king, Jr.I Have a Dream.1.Introduction: Definition of Stylistics andStylistic Analysis As far as the definition of stylistics is concerned different scholars define the branch of study in different ways.Wales defin es stylistics simply as “ the study of style”(1989:437), while Widdowson provides a more informative definition as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation” and takes “a view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a means of linking the two”(1975:3).Leech holds a similar view.He defines stylistics as the “study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1)and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2).From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study that straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse(text)as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.Stylistic analysis is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text;that is, what it is that is peculiar to the uses of language in a literary text for delivering the message.This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse.Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a literary text by Systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another.Halliday points out, “The text may be seen as …this‟ in contrast with …that‟, with another poem or another novel;stylistics studies are essentially comparative in nature…”(1971:341).On this points, Widdowson is of the same opinion as Halliday.He says：“All literary appreciation is comparative, as indeed is a recognition of styles in general”(1975:84).Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity that is highly comparative in nature.2.A StylisticAnalysis of the Speech(An analysis of some of the stylistic devices used in the speech.Martin Luther King‟s speech of August 28, 1963 is widely regarded as one of the most powerful ever delivered in the United States.Although this address was delivered orally, it was read from a written text composed with GREat care.It is an example of formal English with a convincing style.Here are some of the stylistic devices(which maybe considered traditionally as rhetorical devices)used by Dr King to inspire and persuade.2.1 Repetition Throughout the speech, Dr.King repeats words and sentence.This is a very outstanding feature in this speech called repetition.It belongs to the stylistic device of syntactic over-regularity.The term repetition is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text such as a word, phrase or even a sentence(Leech, 1969), because all the over-regular features in literature are in some sense ed in speech, repetition not only makes it easy for the audience to follow what the speaker is saying, but also gives a strong rhythmic quality to the speech and makes it more memorable.In paragraphs 8 through 16, for example, King uses the words “I have a dream” nine times.This repetition helps to achieve the function of coherence in discourse and the function of reinforcement in mood and emotion, expressing the speaker‟s strong emotion of longing for freedom, justice, righteousness and a much more united nation of all of God‟s children.If we study the whole speech more carefully, it is easy for us to find many other examples of repetition used.(1)But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro(2)is still sadly crippled by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro liveson a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.Here the phrase “one hundred years later” has been repeated three times, seemingly indicating that it is really a long time for the Negro to wait for the coming of the time of justice and righteousness.(3)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity of this nation.(Par.4)(4)Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God‟s Children.Now Is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.(Par.4)In this short passage, the clause “Now is the time to…” has been used four times to emphasize the fierce urgency of “NOW” and to encourage and persuade the blacks to take immediate action to rise above and gain their own rights and freedom.2.2 Use of Parallelism Parallelism is another syntactic over-regularity.It means exact repetition in equivalent positions.It differs from simple repetition in that the identity does not extend to absolute duplication, it “requires some variable feature of the pattern-some contrasting elements which are …parallel‟ with respect to their position in the pattern”(Leech, 1969:66).To put it simply, parallelism means the balancing of sentence elements that are grammatically equal.To take them parallel, balance nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, clauses with clauses, and so forth.In his speech, Martin Luther King uses parallelism to create a strong rhythm to help theaudience line up his ideas.Here are few examples:(5)…by the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discriminat ion…(Par.2, two parallel noun phrases)(6)“This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.”(Par.4, two parallel infinitive phrases: “to engage…to take…”)(7)“there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America…”(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “neither…nor”)It is traditionally believed that parallelism is used for the purpose of emphasizing and enhancing, esp.in speech, the ideas expressed by the speaker(or author in written versions), thus always encouraging and inspiring the audience.We need not to be very carefully to find out many more examples of parallelism used in King‟s speech and classified as is followed: 2.2.1 Parallel Nouns:(8)This not was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.(Par.3, three parallel nouns as attributive)(9)1963 is not an end, but a beginning(Par.5, two parallel nouns joined with “not…but…”)(10)Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.(Par.6)2.2.2 Parallel Noun Phrases:(11)So we have to came to cash this check-a check that will give as upon demand the riches of freedom and The security of justice.(Par.4)(12)I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brother hood(Par.10)2.2.3 Parallel Infinitive Phrases:(13)It would be fetal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro.(Par.5, two parallel infinitive phrases)(14)With this faith, wewill be able to work together, to pray together, to straggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.(Par.7, five parallel infinitive phrases).2.2.4 Parallel Prepositional Phrases(15)I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.(Par.12)(16)…, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, …(Par.25)E.Parallel clauses:(17)…, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and(that)their freedom is inextricably bound t our freedom.(Par.6, two parallel objective clause)2.3 Use of Similes and Metaphors As two very important types of meaning transference in literature, similes and metaphors are comparisons that show similarities in things that are basically different, which can be used to add vividness and vitality to writing.As Leech points out, metaphor is associated with a particular rule of transference which may be called the “metaphoric rule”(1969: 151).That is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.Throughout the speech, King makes extensive use of similes and metaphors.In paragraph 1, for example, King compares The Emancipation Proclamation to two forms of brilliant light cutting through darkness.The first-“a joyous daybreak”-compares it to the sunrise, which(in this case)ends “the long night of captivity”.In paragraph 2, he speaks of “the manacles of seGREgation and the chains of discrimination,” comparing segregation and discrimination under which the Negro people live to the manacles and chains once used on slaves.Therefore, it is very clear that the using of similes and metaphors can definitely add vividness and vitality to writing andmake it easy for the readers or audience to understand.Now let‟s cite some of the similes and metaphors used in King‟s speech.(18)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2, metaphors)(19)But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt.We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the GREat vaults of opportunity for this nation(Par.4, metaphors)(20)This is no time … to take the tranquilizing drag of gradualism.(Par.4, metaphor)2.4 Use of Contrast Although maybe a rhetorical device instead of a stylistic one, contrast has also been used effectively, like repetition, in this speech, achieving the function of making clear the ideas of the speaker.In paragraph l, for example, “GREat beacon ligh t of hope” is contrasted with “flames of withering injustice,” and “joyous daybreak” with long night of captivity.”As it is defined, contrast is used to show the difference between two things.Therefore, it is not very difficult for us to understand why the speaker king uses so many contrasts in his speech.(21)One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(Par.2)(22)Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of seGREgation to the sunlit path of racial justice.(Par.4)(23)Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood(Par.4)ConclusionAs we have analyzed above, stylistic devices are frequently used in the discourse of literary works especially in speech, to achieve certain specific purposes.Thus making the style of a speech somewhat particular to the others.Generally speaking, aspeech may have the following stylistic characteristics: To begin with, it must be very persuasive.Thus the sentence patterns are very well-organized, with repetitions, parallelism and contrasts frequently used.Secondly, it should be emotional so as to be convincing, because the speaker should face the audience directly and his words should not only be orderly and informative but also be expressive and inspiring.Therefore, the stylistic devices such as similes and metaphors are often involved.Finally, in many cases, written-conversational style is usually used with not very formal diction and not very complicated sentence structure.Reference [1].Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, August 28, 1963 [2].Wang Shouyuan, Essentials of English Stylistics, Shandong University Press, July, 2000 [3].Pan Shaozhang, English Rhetoric and Writing, Shanghai Transportation University Press, December, 1998 [4].Widdowson,H.G.Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature, Longman, 1975[5].Leech, G.N.“ …This bread I break‟Language and interpretation”.In D.C.Freeman.(ed.).Linguistics and Literature Style.New York:Holt, Rinhart & Winston.第二篇：英语文体学论文范式题目：1)stylistic analysis of …………..2)comparative study of a and b from the perspective of stylisticsabstract in englishkey words（3-5）introduction（the text you analyze）ⅰat the phonological levelⅱat the gr aphological levelⅲat the lexical levelⅳat the syntactic levelⅴat the semantic levelconclusionreferences(including at least 2 references)appendix（the text you analyze）1.根据所学内容对某个文本进行分析。
文体学课程论文StylisticAnalysisofDailyConversation
Stylistic Analysis of Daily ConversationI. IntroductionDaily conversation, the representation of spoken English, is an important part of the study of discourse. This paper is going to analyze the daily conversation, which excerpts from Gossip Girl, one of the most popular American soap opera. It is well known that Gossip Girl mainly talks about the story of Manhattan's upper social class, and shows the lives of the rich kids. In this soap opera, what attracts the audience attention is not only the fashion, but also the ups and downs of friendship, love, family, and so on.The conversation, which I am going to analyze, between Blair and Serena, the two main characters in Gossip Girl, focuses on their friendships. Blair and Serena used to be best friends, but a year ago, Serena’s leaving without notice completely broke Blair’s heart, now her return is absolutely a threat to Blair’s queen status. At the same time, the unusual relationship between Blair's boyfriend, Nate and Serena makes Blair more sensitive. So, at the beginning, Blair is hostile to Serena. Can Serena fix their friendship succeful The conversation centers around this issue.II. Textual Analysis1. At the Phonological Level1) Using stressThrough the overall analysis of the conversation, the stress is frequently used at beginning of the sentence. For example: In [Appendix A]Blair：You can go now. Sorry.Serena：No, that's okay. I got a lot of stuff to do anyway.Serena：No, go ahead. Blair! Think we could meet tonightIn [Appendix C]Blair：I must have totally blanked on the part where I invited you over.Serena：I called you. Blair, it's Sunday morning. Coffee, croissants. "Breakfast at Tiffany's." It's our tradition.Blair：I have new traditions now.In the above examples, the marked words are stress words. Frequently using the stress can attract the audience attention. Also, the strong emotions are expressed by these stress words. Here, Blair uses you and I to indicate that their friendship has been changed, expressing her unhappiness. While Serena affects not to care about not being invited by saying No. Certainly, the changing emotion is a bright spot to attract the audience.2) Using quick tempoThe overall tempo of the speakers trends to very quick. They make the tempo go fast by using elision, such as in the above examples, blanked,invited ,called. More to the point, because of the fast tempo, the contractions are frequently used, such as in [Appendix A], when's, you're, we're, that's, I'd, in [Appendix B]how's, I'm, didn't, don't, Let's, it's. In real life, the pace of life is always very fast. So to reflect the life truly, quick tempo is used.3) Normal non-fluencyThe normal non-fluency appears in the conversation. For example, in [Appendix B]Serena: No, I-I know, I was just...Boarding school is like...Serena: I just...I-I had to go. I just…I need to get away from everything. Please, just trust me.Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is, and I-I get it. I-I don't want to take any of that away from you...Serena: No, that... That's not what I mean. I...I miss you.As I have mentioned at the introduction, Blair is hostile to Serena. Facing Blair’ doubt, Serena is trying to explain and fix their friendship. But maybe because of her nervousness or anxiety, her words are not well planned. That is the normal non-fluency, Like I was just... like... I just... with... that... you... I...I miss.2. At the Graphological LevelFrom the viewpoint of graphological, the features of daily conversation are not obvious. In general, the conversation are arranged in the flush-left. Moreover, occurring in the daily life, between two good friends, the conversation is full of randomness and spontaneity. so the choice of punctuation is not strict. Periods , commas, apostrophes and ellipsis, are frequent used.3. At the Lexical Level1) Short and simple Anglo-Saxon wordsMost of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon words, and most of them are informal, monosyllabic. Such as , in [Appendix A], can go, got, do, meet, but; in [Appendix B], for, call, write, need, me, fix , take, have, keep. These words are very good to read and easy understand. Because Gossip Girl, as a popular soap opera, should be geared to the needs of public audience, who come from the different social background. So to help the audience understand the story better, simple words are used.2) Colloquial words and slangsSome colloquial words and slangs are used in the conversation. For example, kinda, okay ,Yeah , Well, Hmm,um, are colloquial words. While, In [Appendix C] Serena：Hey, I got two bone-dry caps and Audrey.Gossip Girl：Serena's visit was short and apparently not very sweet. But you know what is Revenge is a dish best served cold.Here, the mark words are slangs. Bone-dry caps refers to the non-milk cappuccino, and Audrey refers to the film starred by Audrey Hepburn. These thing are well known by average people. All the scenes in the Gossip Girl are of daily life, and the speakers are good friend, thus deciding that it is no need to use those formal and official words.4. At the Grammatical Level1) Simple sentences, using active voice and direct speechTypically, most of the sentences are simple sentences, using active voice and direct speech. Also, the tense are mostly past tense and simple present tense. For example: in [Appendix A]Serena：Hi. So...When's the partyBlair：You can go now. Sorry.Serena：No, that's okay. I got a lot of stuff to do anyway.Serena：No, go ahead. Blair! Think we could meet tonightUsing the simple sentences, on one hand, make the plot easy to understand. On the other hand, it sounds more like the dialogue in daily life, very casual, rather than the art of theater Performances. This is the reason why Gossip Girl is so popular.2) Incomplete, loosely coordinated sentencesThere are some incomplete, loosely coordinated sentences, such as:Serena：The palace. 8:00 Nate will wait.Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is, and I-I get it.Serena: …You know, and with our families...We need each other.Serena：I called you. Blair, it's Sunday morning. Coffee, croissants, "Breakfast at Tiffany's." It's our tradition.The marked sentences are incomplete, which do not square with the accepted rules of grammar. But here, this conversation occurs mainly between two friends, that is, the atmosphere is very easy and casually. So the speaker do not need to pay much attention to the grammar. More to the point, such loose sentences are closed to our daily life.5. At the Semantic Level1) Exophoric expressionsThere are some exophoric expressions in this conversation, such as:Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is, and I-I get it. I-I don't want to take any of that away from you...Serena: Blair, how can I fix thisIn the example, that refers to Serena left without notice, and this refers to Serena hided her affair with Blair’s boyfriend. All these things are known by themselves, and they do not need to speak out. Using these exophoric expressions implies their intimate relationship.2) Randomness of subject matterThe subject matter they are talking about is changing randomly, such as: in [Appendix B]Serena: So how's your mom doing with the divorce and everything…Serena: No, I-I know, I was just...Boarding school is like...Blair: I don't even know why you went, to boarding school to being with. Do you know how it felt, …Serena: Let's fix that. I saw you at school with... With Katy and is,…Serena: I just want things to go back to the way they used to be... Blair: You missed some classic Eleanor Waldorf meltdowns.…In this conversation, the marked phrases are the subjects the two speakers have talked, which are changing in high frequency. By changing the subject constantly, they make an in-depth communication and gain a good understanding of each other, thus helping to fix their friendship. For the audience, the randomness of subject matter brings them the sense of reality and homely.III. ConclusionThrough the stylistic analysis of the daily conversation in Gossip Girl, we can draw a conclusion that, in the overall, this conversation shows the features of socialization, filling with colloquialism, realism.Though I have been exposed to the concept of stylistics nearly a semester, I find that my understanding just rests on the theoretical level. So this paper is definite good chance for me to put the theory into practice. But obviously, the analysis of this paper is not comprehensive enough, because to some extent, I just select those aspects in Gossip Girl, which are more representative in stylistics, and try my best to make the analysis intensive, from a well-grounded understanding of Gossip Girl. During this process of analyzing, I gain a better comprehension of daily conversation. And more importantly, it make me know that our study should be thorough, in-depth and systematic, instead remaining at the theoretical level. Especially to those theoretical courses, it is preferable for us to have our own notions of the theory and try to make our judgments.References[1]张德禄. 英语文体学教程[M]. 高等教育出版社2021.2[2012/6/12][2] 邓小丽.从文体学角度分析电影对白中的随意会话[J]. 2021.07[2012/6/12].[3]朱曼.从文体学角度看<<老友记>> 台词的文体特征[J]. 2021.03[2012/6/12]。