英文论文翻译,原文在我空间找
获取英文文献全文的13种方法
注：由于大部分院校未能购卖国内外商业医学数据库，如PUBMED、ElseVier等，因而检索国外全文文献很复杂。
这往往成为少数学校的专利。
北大医学院网站上有大量文献题录，但仅供自已学生使用！这太可惜了，由于版权等多种原因，下面介绍一些可行的方法。
1、根据作者E-mail地址，向作者索要。
这是最有效的方法之一。
为了更方便大家向作者索取原文，但一定要简洁！一般都愿意向你提供。
下面是模板：Dear Dr. (author name)I would appreciate receiving a reprint of your article: ********(不必全写),杂志名. However, this Journal is not available in our library.Thank you very much for your consideration.Respectfully yours,Yourself name2、去/ 医学空间网，提供全文检索服务。
用户在使用该网站的索取原文服务时必须注意以下事项：(1)在提供原文复印本时是使用扫描的形式，因此原文每页大小为100k左右，所以索取原文时需考虑到索取量。
(2)考虑到索取文献的用户数量和原文复印本扫描件都非常大，因此每一位用户在索取原文复印本时，每日限制索取3篇文献。
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在索取原文之前请查询您所索取的文献是否在收藏范围之内。
请您[下载]目前馆藏目录，以便您随时查询。
另外健康大脑网也提供原文服务，给版主发e-mail。
3、按部就班，根据文章出处，去图书馆查找原文。
当然去一些较大图书馆。
4、去Science网上杂志找文章。
对中国人完全免费！5、High Wire Press 网站，斯坦复大学主办，文献量十分大，而且free!Free Medical Journals，我的主页的中外期刊中有极详细的说明！6 CNKI：中国期刊网提供三种类型的数据库，题录数据库、题录摘要数据库和全文数据库，其中前两者属参考数据库类型，只提供目次和摘要，可在网上免费检索，全文数据库需付费。
本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文原文题目：Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目：高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计（论文）题目：阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名：任有健学院：生命学院班级：06210501指导教师：李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号，Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要：本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法，胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒，与悬浮介质（0n ）相比，分别低于（0L n n <）、高于（0H n n >）悬浮介质的折射率。
球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获，捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。
这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。
我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水（0 1.33n =）中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳（ 1.2L n ≈）和聚苯乙烯微珠（ 1.57H n =）的独特性质。
©2004 美国光学学会光学分类与标引体系编码：（140.7010）捕获、（170.4520）光学限制与操作和（230.6120）空间光调制器。
1 引言光带有动量和角动量。
伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。
过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列（可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标。
但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计。
这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计（滤波），也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑）。
命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫.E.卡尔曼（Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt）首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时，发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前，卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现。
卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种。
也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型（hidden Markov model）上。
其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示。
论文翻译成英文
论文翻译成英文The Translation of the PaperWith the development of the world and rapid advancement of science and technology, the importance of communication among different countries has become increasingly prominent. This has led to a surge in demand for translation services, making translation an essential and indispensable profession.Translation is the act of conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another. It involves not only the transfer of the words, but also the ability to accurately capture the cultural nuances and context of the original text. A skilled translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a broad knowledge of various subject areas.The translation process can be divided into several stages. First, the translator needs to carefully read and comprehend the source text to fully grasp its meaning. Then, they must accurately transfer the message, while considering the characteristics and conventions of the target language. Next, the translator needs to revise and edit the translation to ensure accuracy and clarity. Finally, the completed translation should undergo rigorous proofreading to eliminate any errors or omissions.Translation plays a crucial role in numerous fields. In the business world, accurate translation of documents such as contracts, proposals, and marketing materials is essential for successful international transactions and collaborations. In the academic field, translation allows for the exchange and dissemination ofknowledge among researchers from different countries, enabling cross-cultural understanding and cooperation. In the legal field, translation of legal documents ensures that individuals from different linguistic backgrounds have equal access to justice. In the entertainment industry, translation allows for the enjoyment of foreign films, TV shows, and literature.However, translation is not as simple as replacing words from one language with their equivalents in another. Translators often face linguistic and cultural challenges that require them to make difficult decisions. They need to find equivalent expressions, idiomatic phrases, and appropriate terminology that reflect the intended meaning and cultural connotations of the original text. Additionally, the translator needs to be aware of the target audience and adapt the translation accordingly, ensuring that it is easily understood and culturally appropriate.Advancements in technology have greatly impacted the translation profession. Computer-assisted translation tools, such as translation memory software, have made the translation process more efficient and consistent. Machine translation, although still in its early stages, has shown potential for aiding human translators by providing initial drafts that can be refined. However, human translators are still irreplaceable due to their ability to understand the subtleties of language and capture the essence of a text.In conclusion, translation is a complex and multifaceted profession that plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and understanding among different cultures. It requires not only linguistic proficiency, but also cultural awareness and subjectknowledge. As the world continues to grow more interconnected, the demand for skilled translators will only continue to rise, making translation an essential skill in an increasingly globalized world.。
毕业论文外文译文
毕业论文外文译文Due to the increasing globalization and internationalization of the business world, the ability to communicate effectively in a foreign language has become a crucial skill for graduates. However, many studies have shown that traditional language education methods are not always effective in developing this skill. This paper explores the use of communicative language teaching (CLT) as a more effective approach to foreign language instruction.CLT is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes the importance of communication and interactions in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods often focus on grammar and vocabulary drills, which prioritize accuracy over communicative competence. In contrast, CLT promotes the use of authentic materials and real-life situations to encourage learners to actively engage in meaningful communication.One of the main advantages of CLT is that it enhances learners' motivation and engagement in the language learning process. Traditional language education methods can be dry and repetitive, which can lead to boredom and disinterest among learners. In contrast, CLT provides learners with opportunities to use the language in practical, real-life situations, making the learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable.Furthermore, CLT enables learners to develop not only their linguistic competence but also their communicative competence. Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in different social and cultural contexts. Traditional language education methods often prioritizethe acquisition of grammar rules and vocabulary, neglecting the importance of sociolinguistic and pragmatic aspects of language use. In contrast, CLT emphasizes the importance of developing all aspects of communicative competence, including cultural awareness and interpersonal skills.Another advantage of CLT is that it promotes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Traditional language education methods often focus on rote memorization and repetition, which limit learners' ability to think critically and apply their knowledge to real-life situations. In contrast, CLT encourages learners to engage in meaningful communication, which requires them to think critically, make decisions, and solve problems in the target language.In conclusion, CLT offers several advantages over traditional language education methods. It enhances learners' motivation and engagement, promotes the development of communicative competence, and fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it can be a more effective approach to foreign language instruction in the context of increasing globalization and internationalization.。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
毕业论文英语翻译及原文
=H（ - ）（1）
respectively, the expression can be easily gained as follows
Then, the relation equation between the two baseline vectors is expressedas
There are two steps in the GPS observation data processing course. They are baseline calculationand network adjustment. The baseline vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation.Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinatesystem can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformatihestation orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.
If the position vector of the station orthogonal coordinate system originP0inWGS-84 isexpressed as = , according to thegeodetic latitude and longitude（ ， ）, theposition vector
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
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药学专业外语阅读姓名：专业：药理学指导老师：新型超分子物质[ 2 ]轮烷对体外黑色素瘤细胞和结肠癌细胞中Caspase（半胱天冬酶）信号转导通路的影响●摘要：我们研究了超分子物质[ 2 ]轮烷（troa0001）对半胱天冬酶的信号转导和癌细胞株的细胞活力的影响。
tro-a0001抑制细胞增殖,并具有浓度依赖性。
暴露于troa0001的细胞其裂解形式caspase-3和PARP（腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶）的表达明显升高。
经过tro-a0001的作用Bax的表达增加了。
此外，通过siRNA下调Bax蛋白表达导致显著的生长活化作用。
形态学分析表明，tro-a0001增加了人类癌细胞细胞株的细胞凋亡水平。
这些结果表明，tro-a0001可以诱导癌细胞凋亡，有望作为一种新的潜在抗肿瘤药物。
关键词：[2]轮烷，超分子化合物，细胞凋亡●目前癌症在全世界上都是导致死亡的罪魁祸首。
因此迫切需要开发抗癌药物。
大部分抗癌药物只有被癌细胞吸收才能发挥作用，而具有相对较低的分子量和稳定的结构的药物可以很容易地在细胞膜上通过扩散系统或运输方式被细胞吸收。
然而，抗癌药物，很容易被吸收，也常常很容易从细胞中排泄，其作用可能不能得到有效控制。
同时他们的使用可能会伴随着严重的药品不良反应和多药电阻（1）。
因此，一个新的种子化合物对未来抗癌药物发展是必要的。
我们已经合成了一种新型超分子物质【2】轮烷（tro-a0001）（图1A），这是一个独特的缺少一个共价键（2–4）的高分子化合物。
●在通过细胞凋亡来控制癌细胞的治疗中，普遍认为对线粒体介导的信号通路、caspase-3和其他蛋白酶的治疗手段的关注是很重要的（5–7）。
本研究的主要目的是确定[ 2 ]轮烷是否具有抑制癌细胞生长的生物活性，其机制是否与对caspase-3或另一种蛋白酶的作用有关。
●目前[2]轮烷的研究中使用的是[ 2 ] [二（2（3））乙基铵三氟甲磺酸[二苯并-24-冠-8 ]轮烷（TRO-a0001）。
a0001 TRO和二（2 -3,5 乙基）三氟甲磺酸铵（nk7 40 2），后者为前者轴的一部分，两者都是由日本高田实验室合成的（8）。
二苯并-24-冠8醚构成a0001 TRO轮的部分，购买自东京化工实业（东京）。
这些化学物质在DMSO （二甲基亚砜）中被溶解。
这项研究中应用的细胞包括，人类的高加索人恶性黑色素瘤细胞株G361和人结肠癌细胞系DLD-1(欧洲收集细胞培养，英国),小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞/ BL6,和鼠标直肠癌细胞株Colon-26(发展研究所、衰老和癌症，东北大学，日本)。
这些细胞被培养于1640无血清细胞冻存培养基中(美国生命科技)，加入10%胎牛血清和青霉素(50单位/毫升)，链霉素(50 g / ml)。
空气环境为含5%二氧化碳的潮湿空气。
●●对活细胞和其增殖的定量研究，我们用MTT法测定，并用酶标仪分析结果（贝克曼库尔特，USA）。
细胞（5×103细胞/孔）被添加到96孔板中（50?L）加入含10%胎牛血清的1640培养基中。
培养12 h后，细胞用不同浓度的tro-a0001处理（2.5，5，10mol/L 的TRO-a0001溶解于0.2%DMSO溶液。
对照组用0.2%二甲基亚砜单独处理。
不同浓度的TRO-A0001给药后的活细胞数量根据吸光度与细胞数量的标准曲线来计算。
●免疫印迹法方法用于分析caspase-9，caspase-3，caspase-7，聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶（PARP），和Bax蛋白（抗体购自美国细胞信号技术公司）。
给TRO24小时后的细胞溶解产物在4°C下离心15分钟（14000×G），取上清液用于蛋白质样品。
等量的蛋白质样品（2.5?G）由10%的十二烷基硫酸钠–聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分离，转移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜（美国Bio-Rad实验室）而得到。
●Bax和非靶向控制小干扰RNA（siRNA）可通过细胞信号转导技术获得。
细胞接种于6孔培养板且在完全培养基培养24小时（60%–80%聚集）。
培养后，在100 nm 制程控制和Bax siRNA下运用TransIT-siQUEST转染试剂进行细胞转染24–48小时。
转染细胞获得后，接种于96孔培养板测量细胞活力，如下所述。
●末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶dUTP -end标记通道测定凋亡细胞。
我们用Click-iT AlexaFluor 594染料末端标记法成像技术检查由TRO-A0001引起的细胞死亡。
TUNEL-阳性细胞和细胞核用hoechest 33342染料染成红蓝色。
另一个对照组添加脱氧核糖核酸酶。
图像由荧光显微镜获得（基恩士公司，大阪）。
●结果通过单方差分析，然后TK检验确定各组间的差异。
所有的数据如果平均值±SEM P＜0.01被认为是有统计学意义的。
●用tro-a0001处理48小时后，所有的肿瘤细胞株中活细胞的数量显著下降，并具有浓度依赖性（2.5–10?M）（图1b）。
G361用tro-a0001处理24小时后的IC50值是2.58M。
在DLD-1 是7.81 OM ，B16／BL6为6.39M，在结肠-26细胞少于2.5OM（数据未显示）。
●细胞信号转导通路的半胱天冬酶的表达水平作为衡量细胞凋亡的标志。
在实验中，在所有的癌细胞中半胱天冬酶的表达水平都通过troa0001（2.5–10?M）分别上调caspase-3和PARP的裂解程度（图2A-D）。
另一方面，全长caspase-3与对照样品相比没有改变，而全长PARP在结肠癌细胞株内水平下降（图2：C，D）。
全长caspase-3在黑色素瘤细胞中的表达降低，全长PARP与G361细胞表达显著不同（图2：A，B）。
这些结果表明，tro-a0001通过激活凋亡通路来削弱核功能进而诱导黑色素瘤和结肠癌细胞损伤或死亡。
●Bax的表达水平作为通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡的关键而被测量。
与对照组相比，tro-a0001处理后的细胞Bax的表达水平增加。
Bax增加膜的渗透性，从而导致线粒体细胞色素C增加，活化caspase-9，激活caspase途径使细胞凋亡。
与对照组相比10.0-M浓度实验组使人类肿瘤细胞caspase-9水平显著降低，但在G361细胞中caspase-9的表达水平显示不同结果（图2：A，C）。
此外，Caspase-7表达水平在每种细胞之间均不同。
为证实下调Bax阻断tro-a0001诱导凋亡，我们使用Bax siRNA转染方法并检测其对细胞活力的影响。
我们的研究结果表明，在用tro-a0001处理DLD-1，B16／BL6，和Colon-26细胞36小时后，相比较对照组，Bax siRNA转染明显提高了细胞活力，虽然G361细胞没有表现出显著的活力提高作用（图3A）。
对于G361细胞，如图2A，在对照组样品Bax表达水平极低(0 M)，因此我们认为在TRO-A0001处理下Bax siRNA 转染没有影响G361 细胞的活性。
综上所述，结果表明，在TRO-A0001诱导细胞凋亡过程中下调Bax也是抑制细胞凋亡的一个原因之一。
●TUNEL成像分析显示在经过tro-a0001处理后凋亡细胞数量显著增加（图3b）。
TUNEL阳性细胞数量要比经过tro-a0001处理后对照组中要高。
●Caspase（半胱天冬酶）在调节细胞凋亡信号传输中扮演着重要的角色。
半胱天冬酶是作为相对不活跃的酶原被合成的，通过在细胞内的级联上游蛋白酶裂解。
引发剂半胱天冬酶能够裂解和活化下游的效应半胱天冬酶，如caspase-3，6，和7，最终导致细胞凋亡。
细胞凋亡是细胞程序性自杀。
细胞凋亡是通过死亡受体或线粒体水平介导的，而且这两个系统都可以激活Caspase-3。
●在这项研究中，tro-a0001引起的细胞死亡的特点是通过活化caspase信号通路实现的（图。
1B，2）。
活化的caspase-3导致PARP的蛋白降解，是引起细胞凋亡的原因。
PARP的裂解表明核DNA出现损伤，导致DNA碎片化并可观察到细胞凋亡的特征性改变。
PARP（116 kDa的）是一个核酶，有助于细胞维持其生存能力，所以他们可以修复其DNA，而裂解PARP（89 kDa的）促进细胞裂解。
我们对裂解C3的表达分析表明，tro-a0001能活化caspase-3并向下游发出信号来调控PARP裂解。
裂解的PARP的表达在所有的癌细胞中均增加，引起细胞凋亡。
●caspase-9和Caspase-7表达结果的不同可能是由于每个细胞株的不同性质引起的。
而且许多检TUNEL阳性细胞能在用tro-a0001（10?M）处理的人类黑色素瘤和结肠癌细胞中检测到（图3b）。
因此，通过tro-a0001处理后具有高水平caspase-3的细胞表现出驱动细胞死亡的作用，细胞死亡的机制被认为是诱导细胞凋亡。
此外，如图3a所示，Bax抑制细胞活力明显增加，与通过tro-a0001 诱导的抗增殖效应相比较，DLD-1B16／BL6和Colon-26细胞，表明siRNA有一种导致G361细胞复苏的作用。
●对暴露于troa0001各个组成要素，dibenzo-24-crown-8-ether和nk7-40-2没有影响细胞活力（数据未显示）。
这表明轮烷结构影响细胞了的生长。
上述超分子物质存在内部分子运动如量子轴上的穿梭运动。
在RO-A0001作用下抗增殖作用可能参与特定分子的行为。
结论：[ 2 ]轮烷，tro-a0001，能通过激活肿瘤细胞内caspase信号通路诱导细胞凋亡，可能是一种有效的抗肿瘤的药物。