如何写proposal
综述写proposal
综述写proposal提出提案是完成一个项目或解决一个问题的重要步骤。
在撰写提案时，要清楚地描述问题，并提供解决方案的详细策略和步骤。
综述写提案[综述写proposal] 是一个常见的写作任务，它要求作者就一个具体的主题开展综述和评估。
本文将提供一个一步一步的指南，帮助你写好一篇1500-2000字的综述文章。
第一步：明确研究主题在开始撰写文章之前，首先要明确研究主题。
这意味着你需要了解主题的背景、相关的研究和当前的问题。
对于本文的主题[综述写proposal]，我们需要理解提案的定义、目的和常见的写作要求。
了解这些信息后，我们可以为文章做好准备。
第二步：综述现有文献一篇综述文章的核心是对现有文献的综述。
你需要搜索相关的文献，例如学术文章、书籍、研究报告等，并对它们进行评估和总结。
对于[综述写proposal]这个主题，你可以查阅关于提案写作的教科书、学术期刊和在线资源。
在综述现有文献时，你应该注意以下几个方面：1. 文献的有效性和权威性；2. 文献之间的关联和重复；3. 文献中提供的信息和观点。
第三步：确定文章结构在撰写一篇综述文章之前，你需要确定一个清晰的结构，以便将信息组织起来并使其易于理解。
以下是一种常用的结构示例：1. 引言：简要介绍提案的背景和重要性；2. 方法：详细描述你用于找到和评估现有文献的方法；3. 综述现有文献：根据主题对文献进行分类和总结；4. 讨论：对现有文献中的观点和发现进行分析和评估；5. 结论：总结综述的主要结果，并提出进一步研究的建议。
第四步：写作综述文章现在，你可以开始真正撰写综述文章了。
在写作过程中，你应该参考第三步确定的结构，并遵循以下几个步骤：1. 引言部分：提出问题，并说明该问题的重要性和你的目的；2. 方法部分：描述你使用的方法，包括文献搜索的关键词和策略；3. 综述现有文献部分：根据你的分类标准对文献进行总结和组织；4. 讨论部分：对综述的文献进行评估和分析，提供观点和发现；5. 结论部分：总结你的综述，强调重要发现，并提出进一步的研究方向。
proposal模板范文
proposal模板范文以下是为您生成的一篇作文，希望符合您的需求：要说这 proposal 啊，我还真有一次印象特别深刻的经历。
那时候我在一家小公司工作，老板突然交给我一个重要任务，让我写一份关于新产品推广的 proposal。
我当时就懵了，这可咋办呀？但没办法，硬着头皮也得上啊！我先在网上找了一堆所谓的模板，看得我眼花缭乱。
有的模板太复杂，有的又太简单，感觉都不太对劲儿。
最后我决定自己摸索着来，先搞清楚这 proposal 的目的是啥。
咱得先明确，这是为了让老板和团队能清楚地知道这个新产品咋推广，能有啥效果，需要多少资源。
我就从市场调研开始写，先说说这新产品的特点和优势。
比如说，这是一款智能手表，不仅能看时间、测心率，还能跟手机连接，接收各种消息提醒。
我就详细描述了这些功能，还和市面上现有的同类产品做了对比，突出咱们这个产品的独特之处。
然后呢，我分析了目标客户群体。
可不是随便说说啊，我真的跑到大街上、商场里，观察那些可能会对智能手表感兴趣的人。
我发现年轻人更喜欢追求时尚和科技感，而一些经常运动的人则更注重手表的健康监测功能。
所以我在 proposal 里就把目标客户分成了这几类，还预估了每一类客户可能的购买数量。
接下来就是推广策略啦。
我想了好多办法，比如说在线上搞社交媒体营销，找一些网红来试用、推荐；在线下呢，参加各种科技展会，设置体验区，让大家亲自感受一下产品的魅力。
写推广预算的时候，我可是算得仔仔细细。
每一项费用都列得清清楚楚，像广告投放要花多少钱，参展的费用是多少，还有给网红的报酬等等。
我还特意留了一点弹性空间，以防万一有啥突发情况需要额外花钱。
写完之后，我自己反复检查了好几遍，觉得没啥问题了才交给老板。
结果老板一看，提了一堆意见。
我心里那个失落啊，感觉自己白忙活了。
但我没放弃，按照老板的意见认真修改。
比如说，老板说我对市场竞争的分析不够深入，我就又去找了更多的资料，把竞争对手的产品优缺点分析得更透彻。
proposal实用模板
proposal实用模板一、引言在现代社会中，很多问题需要通过提出有效的解决方案来解决。
而一个优秀的提案是解决问题的关键。
本文旨在介绍一个实用的提案模板，帮助读者提出具有说服力的方案。
二、问题陈述提案的第一部分是问题陈述。
在这一阶段，需要明确指出问题的本质和影响，以引起读者的重视。
例如，我们来看一个关于减少浪费食物的提案。
问题陈述：世界范围内的浪费食物现象严重，不仅导致资源浪费，也对环境和经济造成了负面影响。
根据统计数据，每年全球浪费的食物超过1.3亿吨，而同时仍有数以百万计的人处于食物不足的状态。
这个问题不仅损害了可持续发展的目标，也影响了人们的生活质量。
三、目标设定在问题陈述之后，我们需要明确提案的目标。
目标应该是具体、可衡量和可实现的。
对于浪费食物的提案，我们可以设定以下目标：1. 减少全球的食物浪费量至少10%。
2. 提高人们对食物浪费问题的认识和关注度。
3. 促进社会各界的参与，共同努力解决浪费食物问题。
四、解决方案在这个阶段，我们需要提出解决问题的具体方案。
一个有效的提案应该包括以下几个方面：1. 意识教育：通过开展宣传活动、举办讲座和制作宣传片等方式，提高公众对食物浪费问题的认识和关注度。
2. 政策支持：政府可以颁布相关法规，鼓励食品行业和消费者减少浪费。
例如，制定法律禁止食品超市销毁食品过剩。
3. 技术创新：引入先进的技术和设备，提高食品储存和运输的效率，减少食物在供应链中的损耗。
4. 媒体合作：各级媒体可以发挥影响力，提升公众对浪费食物问题的认识，并推动社会各界共同行动。
五、实施计划为了确保提案的有效实施，我们需要制定详细的时间表和行动计划。
以下是一个可能的实施计划：1. 第一年：开展宣传活动，推动政府颁布相关法规，与媒体合作宣传。
建立数据库，记录食品浪费量和减少情况。
2. 第二年：推动执法部门加大监管力度，鼓励企业和消费者参与减少浪费行动。
加强技术创新研发，提高食品运输和储存效率。
怎么写proposal英文作文
怎么写proposal英文作文英文：Writing a proposal can be a daunting task, but with careful planning and execution, it can be a rewarding experience. In this article, I will share my tips on how to write a successful proposal.Firstly, it is important to understand the purpose of your proposal. Is it to persuade someone to invest in your business? Or to convince your boss to approve your project? Once you have identified your purpose, you can tailor your proposal to suit your audience.Secondly, make sure your proposal is well-structuredand easy to follow. Use headings and subheadings to breakup the text, and include a clear introduction and conclusion. Your proposal should also be visually appealing, with graphics and charts to support your argument.Thirdly, be specific in your proposal. Don't be vague about your goals or objectives. Use concrete examples to illustrate your points and provide evidence to support your claims. This will help to build credibility and trust with your audience.Finally, be confident and passionate about your proposal. Show your enthusiasm for your project and demonstrate why it is important. Use persuasive language and avoid jargon or technical terms that may confuse your audience.中文：写一份提案可能是一项令人畏惧的任务，但是通过仔细的规划和执行，它可以成为一次有益的经验。
proposal 格式
proposal 格式
"Proposal"（提案、建议书）的格式可以根据具体情况和目的有所不同，但通常包含以下几个部分：
1. 标题：简洁明了地概括提案的主题，例如：“关于提高工作效率的提案”。
2. 引言：简要介绍提案的背景和目的，引发读者的兴趣。
可以包括当前面临的问题、需求的迫切性、预期的益处等。
3. 具体内容：详细阐述提案的具体方案，包括：
-实施步骤：列出实施提案的具体步骤，以便于读者了解整个过程。
-预期成果：描述提案实施后的预期成果，如提高工作效率、降低成本、改善用户体验等。
4. 可行性分析：评估提案的可行性，包括：
-资源需求：列出实施提案所需的资源，如人力、资金、技术支持等。
-风险评估：分析提案实施过程中可能遇到的风险和挑战，并提出
相应的应对措施。
5. 时间表：设定提案实施的时间节点和进度安排，以便于跟踪和监督。
6. 结论：总结提案的主要观点，强调其价值和重要性，促使读者支持采纳。
7. 附录（可选）：提供与提案相关的支持性材料，如数据表、图表、研究报告等。
请注意，以上格式仅供参考，具体的提案书还需根据实际情况进行调整。
希望这些信息能帮助你撰写一份满意的提案。
如果你还有其他问题，请随时提问。
打印用写proposal规则
第一步：Abstract两百字左右。
简洁一段，说明写完后的内容概要。
读者要能知道研究的合理性，总的研究方法，可能的结论，或，新问题。
简洁。
要能说明整体的问题，方法，分析的类型，小结结果。
第二步：Introduction不能超过两页。
说明理论背景。
说服读者欣赏你的研究。
要说清为什么这个值得首先做？提供一个广阔语境。
为什么用这个具体的系统？优势何在？可从理论角度讨论可行性或指出运用它的实际原因。
阐述你具体的假设或研究目标，描述导致你选择作为研究目标的推理。
用过去时。
一段一意。
背景信息要非常必要时才写。
精确阐述你的假设或研究主题。
第三步：Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of yo ur proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas. Title:It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.Abstract:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.Introduction:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)Literature Review:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures tha t you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to yo ur research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most stud ents’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.) Methods:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections: 1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?Results:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.Discussion:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing.下面是来自其他一些学术从业者关于如何写proposal的意见：Writing Research Proposals, Drew University On-line resources for writers.Guide to Writing a Research Proposal, University of Technology, Sydney. (A research proposal is required for admission to the program.)Beginners Guide to the Research Proposal, University of Calgary Centre for Advancement of Health.The Art of Writing Proposals: Some Candid Suggestions for Applicants to Social Science Research Council Competitions, Adam Przeworski and Frank Salomon.The Elements of a Proposal, Frank Pajares, Emory University.以及，关于如何写学位论文proposal的指导（Dissertation Proposal Writing and some strategies for completing the dissertation）Dissertation Proposal Workshop, Institute of International Studies, UC-Berkeley. Writing and Presenting your Thesis or Dissertation , . Dissertation/Project Hints: Proposal Writing, Hazel Hall, School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.Writing Theses and Dissertations, Claremont Graduate University Writing Center.。
proposal范文
proposal范文
尊敬的领导：
我谨代表公司向贵公司提交一份关于新产品推广的提案。
我们公司近期研发了
一款创新型产品，经过市场调研和测试，我们相信这款产品将会取得成功并受到市场的欢迎。
为了有效地推广这款产品，我们制定了以下的推广方案，希望贵公司能够予以支持和合作。
首先，我们计划通过多种渠道进行产品推广。
我们将通过社交媒体、线上广告、电视广告以及线下活动等方式，将产品推广给更多的消费者。
我们将根据不同渠道的特点，制定相应的推广策略，以最大程度地提高产品曝光率和影响力。
其次，我们将与一些知名品牌进行合作，通过合作推广的方式，将产品与其他
品牌进行联合推广，以提高产品的知名度和美誉度。
我们相信，通过与其他品牌的合作，可以为产品带来更多的曝光和销售机会。
此外，我们还计划举办一系列的促销活动，包括折扣促销、赠品促销、限时特
惠等活动，以吸引更多的消费者关注和购买我们的产品。
我们将通过各种促销活动，让消费者更加了解产品的特点和优势，并鼓励他们购买和体验我们的产品。
最后，我们将加大对销售渠道的支持和培训力度，以确保产品在各个销售渠道
的陈列和推广。
我们将与销售渠道合作，提供培训和支持，让销售人员更好地了解产品的特点和优势，从而更好地向消费者推荐和销售产品。
总之，我们的推广方案将通过多种渠道、多种方式，全方位地推广我们的产品，以实现产品的成功推广和销售。
我们相信，通过我们的努力和合作，这款产品将会在市场上取得成功，成为消费者喜爱的产品。
希望贵公司能够支持我们的提案，并愿意与我们合作，共同推动产品的推广和销售。
谢谢！
此致。
敬礼。
建议书 Proposal
建议书 Proposal一、背景介绍随着科技的不断发展和社会进步，我们所生活的世界也在不断变化。
为了适应这种变化，我们需要不断创新和改进现有的工作方式和方法。
在这个背景下，我提出了以下建议，旨在提高我们的工作效率和生活质量。
二、问题陈述我们在工作和生活中面临许多挑战和问题。
其中一些问题可能是由于流程不合理、资源浪费、沟通不畅等原因导致的。
为了解决这些问题，我提出以下建议。
三、建议内容1. 流程优化针对工作中的流程问题，我们可以进行优化和改进。
通过对流程进行全面的分析和评估，我们可以找出其中的瓶颈和问题所在，并提出相应的改进措施。
例如，引入自动化技术，减少人工操作，提高效率；优化资源分配，避免资源浪费；简化审批流程，加快决策速度等。
2. 沟通与协作良好的沟通与协作是一个高效团队的基础。
为了改善沟通效果，我们可以采取以下措施：建立有效的沟通渠道，例如使用在线协作工具和即时通讯软件；定期组织团队会议，促进信息交流和团队合作；提供培训和指导，提高团队成员的沟通和协作能力。
3. 技术支持随着科技的不断进步，我们可以利用先进的技术来改善工作效率和生活质量。
例如，我们可以引入人工智能技术来自动化重复性工作，减轻员工的负担；利用大数据分析来提供决策支持，优化资源配置；使用智能设备和物联网技术来提高生活便利性和舒适度。
4. 培训与发展为了适应不断变化的环境，我们需要不断学习和提升自己的技能和知识。
因此，建议加强培训和发展计划，为员工提供持续学习的机会。
通过培训，员工可以不断提高自己的专业能力和技术水平，从而更好地适应工作的要求。
5. 创新与改进创新是推动社会进步和发展的重要驱动力。
因此，建议鼓励员工提出创新和改进的想法，并赋予相应的支持和奖励。
通过鼓励创新，我们可以激发员工的潜力，推动组织的发展。
四、预期效果通过实施以上建议，我们可以预期以下效果：1. 提高工作效率：优化流程和引入技术支持可以减少时间和资源的浪费，提高工作效率。
怎样写好一篇proposal
我认为你⾸先要明确对⽅向你要proposal的⽬的是什么？对⽅⾸先是想通过你的研究计划看你发现问题，分析问题以及提出解决⽅法的能⼒。
这⾥⾯牵涉到的问题很多：1、你的proposal是否具有创新性，你对当前国际最新的研究进展是否熟悉，你有⽆⾃⼰的思路？2、你提的计划是否结合你⾃⼰和对⽅的背景知识，是否具有可⾏性？3、你的计划是否充分完备，是否提供备⽤⽅案，也就是说你是否充分估计了你计划实施的困难？呵呵，上⾯说的三条看起来有些空洞。
但是写作组织起来并不复杂。
第⼀段，背景介绍，充分阅读相关最新的⽂献（04、05年的），提出科学问题；第⼆段，简要分析你的主要思路及意义；第三——？段，制定相关研究计划，不需要具体的每步的细节，但是你的论述应该让对⽅认为你对该细节有着充分了解和认知，并⾮天马⾏空似的漫谈；最后⼀部分，分析你的Proposal中潜在问题，并进⼀步提出潜在⽅案。
我想如果对⽅发现你的思路如此明确，即使⽅案在他看来还⽐较naive或者premature，他也会对你另眼相看的。
What's the purpose of a research plan?It depends on who's asking the question, and who’s answering it. From your immediate point of view the purpose of a research plan is to help get you hired.The research plan, though, serves another, very important function: It contributes to your development as a scientist. Your research plan is a map for your career as a research science professional. As will become apparent later in this document, one of the functions of a research plan is to demonstrate your intellectual vision and aspirations. It's also an opportunity to begin to demonstrate the creative and independent thinking required of a successful scientist.Not yet on the job market? Just starting out as a postdoc? A research plan isn't just for demonstrating; it's also for honing and refining. It's possible to function quite well as a postdoc or grad student while giving little thought to your future. Writing a research plan casts your gaze forward and prompts you to begin planning for when you have your own laboratory. And if you've already started to think about your own lab, it will help you to refine your plans. So take a stab at writing a research plan, even if you don't expect to be on the job market for a while. Think of it as a rough draft, a fantasy trip for your career.* * *But never mind about that. Most of you are trying to get hired. In that case what matters is, What is the committee looking for? The answer: relief from anxiety.Hiring committees desperately want to avoid making a serious mistake by investing institutional and intellectual capital in the wrong person. The aim of your research plan, then, as of the rest of your application, is to assure the hiring committee that life with you will be pain-free.How do you do this? Provide the committee a compelling, reassuring, believable image of what their life will be like when you are working down the hall.Tell them a story--a believable, credible story--about what your lab will be like 5 years from now: well-funded, vibrant, productive, pursuing a valuable, ambitious but realistic research agenda that meshes well with the department's mission and with the other research going on in the department.Please don't misunderstand: You shouldn't tell them this ("in 5 years my lab will be vibrant, productive, and well-funded ..."; rather, you need to lead them to believe it by describing a research agenda that persuades them that you will succeed. There are two parts to this: You have to tell a good story, and you have to make them believe it. If the story isn't compelling you won't get hired, and if they can't quite imagine it becoming reality, you won't get hired.How do I tell a good story?* First, choose an important subject. If the research you plan is not compelling, no rhetorical skill will make it compelling to a committee of smart scientists. If the research you propose is not manifestly, obviously important, if you don't know why it's important, or if you can't convey its importance effectively, convincing the committee to hire you won't be easy. Note that there are two issues here: believing in the importance of your own work, and persuading others that your work is important.If you don't think the work you'll be doing is important, your best bet is to change fields. The goal of science may be to uncover truth, but uncovering objective truth is a very difficult thing to do, and doing it requires passion. If you aren't passionate about your work, your best bet is to find work about which you can be passionate. It isn't easy to change gears midcourse, but getting yourself into an important area of research will be well worth the effort in the long term--to your hirability, your fundability, your tenurability, and also to your career satisfaction. Do another postdoc if you must.Passion for your work is a necessary, but insufficient, condition for capturing the attention of hiring committees. After all, some people are passionate about, um, peculiar things. To convince the committee to hire you, you must convince them that your passion is justified and that they will benefit from investing in your passion--that is, that your work is important.* Be specific. Curing cancer is not a suitable goal for one individuals' research plan--exciting, yes, but much too big to be believable. Inhibiting tumor growth? That's better, says one of our respondents--especially when that general goal is supported by more specific strategies. "[That kind of research] can travel down several different mechanistic routes," this respondent says, "i.e., angiogenesis, breakdown of extracellular matrix, gene activation, induction of molecules involved--it can use different models--implanting tumors, using different tumor models, in vivo, in vitro, etc." The combination of a manifestly important goal with manifestly interesting, feasible approaches is the foundation of the research plan.Being specific is not the same thing as including loads of detail. Being specific means including only as much detail as the job requires--not more. "Vague generalities are the sign of a vague mind," says one source. "This means that the proposal must walk the fine line of enough detail to show the reader that the candidate knows what they are talking about, but not too much detail that it confuses or bores the search committee."* Keep it short and focus on the major themes. "Brevity and clarity are the most important elements," wrote another respondent, expressing a sentiment shared by everyone. "Clear, concise writing ... is a plus," said another. "Superfluous details are not just unnecessary, they are often the hallmark of a poor plan. The specific aims must be clear and succinct." Identify your goals, state why those goals are important, define your approach to achieving those goals, and indicate the kinds of evidence that will validate your approach. Oh, and do it clearly and succinctly."If you were sitting for 4 hours reading such proposals, what would you look for? Clear and to the point wins every time in this arena."Effective communication requires anticipating readers' needs, giving them exactly the information they need just when they need it. Constructing a research plan along these lines strengthens your application in three ways: You avoid alienating the committee by boring them; you tell the committee precisely what you intend to do; and you show that you have a subtle mind and a deep knowledge of your field.Can't do this yet? No hurry--consider spending another year as a postdoc, and study hard.* Be serious about writing. Writes one respondent: "If the proposal confuses the reader in almost any way, it is simply tossed out. I strongly recommend that the candidate have colleagues pre-review the proposal and make sure the English is clear and ideas explained so that a variety of people in the general area can understand what is being proposed and the importance of the work."If your writing skills are weak, it might be time to strengthen them. Or hire an editor. And by all means have several people--preferably senior colleagues who have served on hiring committees--critique your research plan.But there were two parts to this, remember? You not only have to tell a good story--you also have to make it seem real, to make them expect it to come true.How do I make my research plan seem real?* Have a solid, well-considered, realistic plan. If you want to get a job at an institution that takes its research seriously, you'll have to convince your future colleagues that you've gotten past the young, impressionable phase, where every idea glitters with promise despite the fact that it isn't feasible and isn't likely to work. Show the committee that, while your high ideals remain intact, your years of graduate and postdoctoral study have helped you to know the difference between good ideas and good intentions. In the words of one scholar, "You can tell a 'building castles in the sky' research plan. They are not built on solid data and go to the very bottom of the pool." Indeed ...* Include preliminary data. Preliminary data offer the most convincing argument for the viability of your research plan. If you have them, use them--positive results will be of interest and persuasive to hiring committee members. The nature of your preliminary data and findings will vary--some will have much to share, others might be forced to share very preliminary data. Nothing grounds your hopes and dreams in the real world like good, solid data. Your plan might sound exciting, but will it work? It's one thing to make it sound good; if you can show that you've already taken the first, tentative but successful steps of that long journey, reaching your destination will seem a lot less like a pipe dream. One of my sources was unequivocal onthis point: "Does the research question build on the preliminary data the person has generated? No preliminary data = no research question." Which also equals no job offer at that institution.It is important to remember that just as institutions vary widely in their practices, so too do the expectations of hiring committees. Do your homework: Learn about the culture of the department and the experiences of previous faculty hires.* Include redundant approaches. If you want to succeed as a scientist you have to be resourceful. You can't be a one-trick pony. And the focus must be on the science--on the problem you aim to solve--not on the scientist or a particular approach. No matter how knowledgeable you are, no matter how well considered your research plan, you can't predict the future. And if you haven't done the work yet, you don't know how it will turn out. That means that any one approach you specify might not work, even if it seems compelling. So if you want to convince the committee that you will succeed, give them not one, but two, or even three, compelling approaches, all of which have a good chance of success.How do I demonstrate my independence?Different institutions expect you to be at different stages of your career. Think of it as a continuum: At one end sit well-established researchers with strong research records, many first-author (or last-author) publications, and their own research funding. At the other end sit rosy-cheeked freshly minted Ph.D.s full of enthusiasm, promise, and ideas, but with little yet to show for it. Most candidates for entry-level tenure-track faculty jobs at institutions that require research (that is, most of the people who write research plans for job applications) are somewhere in the middle. You probably won't get hired anywhere if you aren't well prepared to start a productive research program at a scale appropriate for the institution.But these days some institutions and departments are looking for more than that. Increasingly, especially in the biomedical field, universities are hiring established researchers, even at the "entry" (assistant professor) level. How is this possible? These days some pre-tenure-track scientists are setting up their own research programs. Increasingly, senior postdocs are being promoted to research associate or research faculty positions during what the GrantDoctor calls the "postpostdoc" phase of their research career. In that position they write research grants in their own names and their host institutions sponsor them. Very often these folks have an R01 before they begin applying for a tenure-track job.The key objective if you’re applying to one of these institutions is securing research grants: If you have a grant in your own name you'll be a strong candidate; if you don't have your own grant, you are less competitive. It's a cynical copout on the institution’s part, really, taking a pass on the difficult job of evaluating talent and capitulating to the reality of big-time biomedical research: It's all about the cash. Still, increasingly it's a fact of life. But how do you know if the institution to which you hope to apply is one of these? Ask.Those scientists and institutions--the ones sitting at the experienced far end of the continuum--are exceptional. Indeed, second-tier research institutions tend to expect the most experience; Harvard and Johns Hopkins do not expect you to have your own research grant. Most hiring committees aren't looking for completely independent work; they're looking for original, creative ideas, together with a record of accomplishment. Few people applying for tenure-track jobs have had the opportunity to start their own research programs. After all, traditionally that's what assistant professorships are all about, and most institutions still think that way. It helps to be somewhere in the middle of that continuum, but most committees are still looking more for promise than for guarantees.Demonstrate your promise by displaying your potential and actual independence. Show the committee that you have the deep thinking and talent to operate independent of your adviser.How do you demonstrate your independence when you have never been given the chance to work independently?Likely as not, all your data were collected in someone else's lab, as a part of someone else's r e s e a r c h a g e n d a . H o w , t h e n , d o y o u d i s t i n g u i s h y o u r r e s e a r c h f r o m y o u r a d v i s e r ' s r e s e a r c h ? / p > p > / p > p > * O n p a p e r . I t ' s a n a p p a r e n t C a t c h - 2 2 : Y o u n e e d t o s h o w t h a t y o u r i d e a s a r e f r e s h , n e w , a n d y o u r s , a n d y o u h a v e t o s h o w t h e y ' r e g r o u n d e d i n w o r k y o u ' v e a l r e a d y d o n e , u s u a l l y i n s o m e o n e e l s e ' s l a b . I t ' s a t o u g h s e l l , b u t m o s t o f y o u r c o m p e t i t o r s a r e i n t h e s a m e b o a t . / p > p > / p > p > S o h o w d o y o u d o i t ? O n e r e s p o n d e n t s a i d i t b e a u t i f u l l y : " T h e b e s t p l a n s u s u a l l y b u i l d o n t h e p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a n t , b u t a r e n o t d i r e c t e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e i r p o s t d o c t o r a l w o r k . " / p > p > / p > p > I ' m g o i n g t o t y p e t h a t p h r a s e a g a i n , i t ' s s o i m p o r t a n t : T h e b e s t p l a n s u s u a l l y b u i l d o n t h e p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a n t , b u t a r e n o t d i r e c t e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e i r p o s t d o c t o r a l w o r k . / p > p > / p > p > U n l e s s y o u ' r e o n e o f t h e s e l e c t f e w a p p l i c a n t s w i t h l o t s o f e x p e r i e n c e l e a d i n g y o u r o w n l a b , t h a t ' s t h e k e y t o y o u r r h e t o r i c a l s t r a t e g y . T h a t ' s t h e o u t l i n e o f t h e s t o r y y o u m u s t t e l l : " I d i d t h i s w o r k a s a g r a d s t u d e n t / p o s t d o c a n d i t w a s i m p o r t a n t a n d i t w a s g r e a t . N o w , a s a f a c u l t y m e m b e r , I w a n t t o d o s o m e t h i n g a l i t t l e b i t d i f f e r e n t , b u t t h e w o r k I ' m p r o p o s i n g t a k e s f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s I g a i n e d d u r i n g t h e t r a i n i n g p h a s e o f m y c a r e e r . " I t ' s d i f f e r e n t e n o u g h t o b e o r i g i n a l , b u t s i m i l a r e n o u g h t h a t y o u r y e a r s o f t r a i n i n g a r e n ' t w a s t e d . / p > p > / p > p > A n o t h e r r e s p o n d e n t w r o t e , " M o s t c a n d i d a t e s ( 9 5 % ) s t i c k to e x t e n s i o n s o f w h a t t h e y a r e m o s t f a m i l i a r w i t h , b u t t h e k e y i s , h a v e t h e y f i g u r e d o u t s o m e r a t h e r c r e a t i v e n e w d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e r e s e a r c h a n d h a v e t h e y d o n e a g o o d j o b c o n v i n c i n g u s t h a t t h e y c a n d o i t b a s e d o n w h a t i s a l r e a d y k n o w n ? " " O n c e w e h a v e a s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e s , " w r i t e s y e t a n o t h e r s o u r c e , " t h e r e s e a r c h p r o p o s a l s a r e l o o k e d a t m o r e c a r e f u l l y f o r i m a g i n a t i v e i d e a s t h a t d i f f e r f r o m t h e c a n d i d a t e s P h . D . o r p o s t d o c t o r a l r e s e a r c h . " G e t t h e m e s s a g e ? / p > p > / p > p > * W i t h y o u r a d v i s e r ' s c o o p e r a t i o n . O n e k e y t o d o i n g t h i s s u c c e s s f u l l y i s t o m a k e s u r e y o u r b o s s t e l l s t h e s a m e s t o r y . H o p e f u l l y y o u h a v e a g o o d , o p e n r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r ; i f y o u d o , g o i n a n d c h a t a n d c o o r d i n a t e y o u r s t r a t e g i e s . D e c i d e w h a t t u r f i s h i s o r h e r s , w h a t t u r f i s y o u r s , a n d w h a t s t o r y y o u i n t e n d t o t e l l i n y o u r r e s e a r c h p l a n a n d h i s o r h e r l e t t e r o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . B u t m a k e s u r e t h e y d o n ' t m a t c h t o o p r e c i s e l y . / p > p > / p > p > I s t h i s s o r t o f c o o r d i n a t i o n u n e t h i c a l ? H a r d l y . T h e r e ' s n o d e c e p t i o n h e r e , n o a t t e m p t t o p u l l t h e w o o l o v e r t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s e y e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t ' s c l a r i t y y o u ' r e s e e k i n g : i n y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r a n d w i t h t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e . / p > p > / p > p > B e c a r e f u l t h o u g h : T h i s i s t r i c k y e t h i c a l t e r r i t o r y . T h e i d e a s y o u ' r e c l a i m i n g m u s t b e y o u r s . D o n ' t j u s t t a k e y o u r a d v i s e r ' s i d e a s a n d p a c k a g e t h e m a s y o u r o w n , e v e n i f y o u r a d v i s e r s i g n s o f f o n t h e p l a n . / p > p > / p > p > I f y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r i s n ' t s o c h u m m y , y o u s t i l l w a n t t o d o t h e s e s a m e t h i n g s ; y o u j u s t w a n t t o d o i t m o r e c a r e f u l l y . / p > p > / p > p > * I f y o u s t i l l h a v e t i m e , s e t u p y o u r o w n l a b i n t h e c o r n e r o f y o u r a d v i s e r ' s . I f y o u a r e n ' t a p p l y i n g f o r j o b s r i g h t n o w , t h e r e ' s s t i l l t i m e . T a l k t o y o u r a d v i s e r a b o u t c a r v i n g o u t y o u r o w n r e s e a r c h n i c h e w i t h i n t h e l a r g e r r e s e a r c h e f f o r t , w h e r e y o u d o w o r k m o t i v a t e d b y y o u r o w n o r i g i n a l i d e a s , s o m e t h i n g r e l a t e d b u t o b l i q u e t o w h a t y o u r a d v i s e r i s d o i n g i n t h e r e s t o f t h e l a b . / p > p > / p > p > I s t h e r e s e a r c h p l a n m o r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e s c r e e n i n g p h a s e o r l a t e i n t h e g a m e ? / p > p > I n g e n e r a l , r e s e a r c h p l a n s a r e w e i g h e d m o r e h e a v i l y l a t e r i n t h e g a m e , w i t h m o r e r e a d i l y c o m p r e h e n s i b l e e v i d e n c e ( e s p e c i a l l y p e d i g r e e , l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , i m p a c t f a c t o r o f j o u r n a l s , e t c . ) b e i n g w e i g h e d m o r e h e a v i l y i n t h e e a r l y r o u n d s . / p > p > / p > p > H o w e v e r , y o u r r e s e a r c h p l a n m u s t b e d e s i g n e d t o s e r v e m o r e t h a n o n e p u r p o s e . I t m u s t w i t h s t a n d i n t e n s e s c r u t i n y i n t h e l a t e r r o u n d s o f t h e j o b s e a r c h , a n d i t m u s t m a k e a g o o d f i r s t i m p r e s s i o n . / p > p > / p > p > * * * / p > p > / p > p > H o w l o n g s h o u l d i t b e ? / p > p > O p i n i o n s v a r y . O n e p e r s o n I s p o k e t o s a i d t h a t a r e s e a r c h p l a n s h o u l d b e " a b o u t t h r e e p a g e s o f 1 . 5 - s p a c e d t e x t , a n d N E V E R m o r e t h a n f i v e . " A n o t h e r s o u r c e p r e f e r s " t h r e e s e m i - i n d e p e n d e n t ( b u t r e l a t e d ) s u b p r o p o s a l s n o t m o r e t h a n a b o u t t h r e e t o f o u r p a g e s ( s i n g l e - s p a c e d ) e a c h w i t h a h a l f p a g e o f i m p o r t a n t a n d r e l e v a n t r e f e r e n c e s . " T h a t ' s n i n e t o 1 2 p a g e s . T h e r e i s s o m e v a r i a t i o n f r o m o n e d i s c i p l i n e t o t h e n e x t ( t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a m e f r o m a m e d i c a l s c h o o l , t h e s e c o n d f r o m a d e p a r t m e n t o f c h e m i s t r y ) , b u t t h e r e a r e f e w i f a n y s t a n d a r d s e v e n w i t h i n a f i e l d . T h i s s h o w s h o w m u c h o f a c r a p s h o o t g e t t i n g h i r e d c a n b e : B e c a u s e y o u u s u a l l y d o n ' t k n o w i n a d v a n c e h o w l o n g a d o c u m e n t t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e i s l o o k i n g f o r , t h e r e ' s l i t t l e c h a n c e o f t h e s a m e c a n d i d a t e , n o m a t t e r h o w q u a l i f i e d , g e t t i n g o f f e r s f r o m b o t h o f t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . / p > p > / p > p > M y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ? C a l l t h e c h a i r o f t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e ( o r s e n d e - m a i l ) a n d a s k f o r a d v i c e . I f n o a d v i c e i s f o r t h c o m i n g , a i m f o r f i v e p a g e s , 1 2 - p o i n t T i m e s N e w R o m a n , 1 . 5 s p a c e d . S o m e w i l l t h i n k i t ' s a b i t t o o l o n g , o t h e r s a b i t t o o s h o r t , b u t n o o n e w i l l t h r o w i t o u t b e c a u s e o f i t s l e n g t h . / p > p > / p > p > / p > p > R e m e m b e r t h a t w e s a i d t h a t a r e s e a r c h p l a n n e e d s t o h e l p y o u t h r o u g h i n i t i a l s c r e e n i n g a n d w i t h s t a n d c a r e f u l s c r u t i n y i n t h e l a t e r s t a g e s . / d i v > / d i v > s c r i p t i d = " s h o w _ g _ d 1 " > / s c r i p t > s c r i p t s r c = " / / j s . 5 1 t e s t . n e t / m _ j s _ n e w / m _ s h o w _ d o w n . j s " > / s c r i p t > d i v c l a s s = " l i s t - b o x " >。
商务英语proposal范文(实用
商务英语proposal范文(实用proposal模板篇一班级姓名学号时间评价Learning aims:1. Help students use what they have learnt to finish a project by working together2. Write a proposal for saving a building.Important points amp; difficult points:1. Read the article and learn something about the Imperial tombs of China.of some ways to protect the ancient buildings.Learning procedures:第一部分：自主学习I. Remember the following important phrases.equal to 与…相等located in 坐落于home to 是…的家园4. historic sites 历史遗址terms of 就…而言高质量good condition 处于良好的状态recent decades近几十年来well preserved 保存完好destruction故意的破坏money in doing投入资金… 12. meet the deadline for如期完成…up 从事…；占用；拿起the protection of 在…的保护之下15. centuries of exposure 几个世纪风吹日晒given serious attention 受到很大的关注needed attention to... 引起必要的的关注。
18. over a length of 247 years 历时247年19. mark the entrance to 标志着…的入口II. Fast readingis the main idea of the passage?Introduction to the imperial tombs.tomb’s style greatly influenced the other emperors’ ones?The first Ming emperor’s tomb.does the fund used for preserving and restoring the historic sites e from?It es from the government, international help and tourismIII. Enjoy the following sentences, fill in each blank with a proper word, and then translate them into Chinese orally.most popular sites of the Imperial Tombs of China are the Ming Tombs, most of which can be found 50 kilometers north-west of Beijing (北京市西北50公里)in a place called Shisanling.2．Adding to the impressiveness and beauty of Changling(添加了长陵的宏伟和壮丽) is the Ling’en Palace, which is located in（坐落于）the second courtyard.3. Unlike （不像）other Ming and Qing Tombs, Xiling has three broad stone gates in front of the Great Red Gate that marks the entrance to（标志着…的入口）the tombs, instead of only one.4．Xiling was built after Dongling was inspected and some geological problems were found there that were believed to be causing() the Manchu rulers’ troubles.5. Although a number of tombs have survived relatively undamaged（尽管不少陵寝遭受的破坏相对较小）, all have suffered at least some damage from centuries of exposure, war, fire and deliberate destruction（蓄意破坏）.6．Not surprisingly（不足为奇）, international recognition is part and parcel（主要部分）of preserving and restoring such historic sites as it sends the message to everyone that these sites are extremely important and precious.IV. Fill in the blanks according to the texttitle The imperial tombsThe Ming Imperial tombs The Ming tombs, most of which can be found in shisanling, are the most popular sites of the Imperial tombs.The sacred way leads to the thirteen tombs and in good condition, at the end of which is changling which is considered as the best preserved of the thirteen tombs.Ling’en palace adds to the impressiveness and beauty of Changling.The Qing Imperial tombs The Qing Tombs are similar to the Ming Tombs in terms of architecture and their choice of site.Dongling, located_in Hebei Province, contains the first imperial tombs of the Manchu rulers, which was built as long as 247 years ,covering/ occupying 78 square kilometers .West of Beijing sits Xiling ,which has three broad stone gates in front of the Great Red Gate marking the entrance to the tombs.Preservation and recognition of the tombs The Nanjing Municipal government, which is responsible for the regulation of Xiaoling, has already invested a lot of money in restoring it.International recognition is part and parcel of preserving and restoring such historic sites.V. Self-study of important and difficult language points.1.［原句回放］The tombs, which were built over a length of 247 years, take up 78 square kilometers. 句中take up的意思是占地，其还有“拿起；从事…（活动/工作）；占用（时间/空间；继续讲等意思。
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如何写 proposal
Dissertation Proposal Outline
1、研究缘起、目的、意义：
1）、研究的问题: 我的研究问题是什么? 包括什么主要问题和子问题? 研究问题中的主要概念是如何定义的? 研究问题包括什么内容？内容相互之间是什么关系?
2）、研究的目的：我为什么选择这个研究问题? 通过研究这个问题希望达到什么目的?
3）、研究的意义：
a 、个人的目的
b 、实用的目的：即研究的问题必须有助于增进人们对现实世界中此类问题的认识。
c 、探究的目的，也是本研究的学术意义，即研究的成果必须在学术界对这一问题现有的了解之外作出新的贡献。
2、文献综述：文献主要可以分为：核心文献、相关文献。
我在写文献综述时会涉及我是如何进行文献检索和评述的？主要代表作、代表人物、主要的理论、主要的研究方法优点及缺点及这些文献是如何为自己的研究提供参考思路的？我的的研究与前人的研究相比有什么不同？文献综述后即确定了研究意义（研究方法、内容上的贡献）重点、难
点和创新点。
3、理论框架：我的研究的理论框架是什么？我是如何使用前人的理论、自己的经验性知识和预研究结果如何形成这个理论框架的？
4、研究方法及研究步骤与时间：倾向采用文献法、质性研究的方法；向调查对象了解情况或征询意见时也会使用问卷法进行研究，
1）文献法根据文献对研究对象的记载、分析获取可供进一步分析的材料。
2）质性研究
a 、抽样：打算选择什么人、地点或事件作为研究对象? 为什么选择这些样本? 抽样标准和抽样方法是什么？为什么选择这些标准和方法？预选择的抽样方式有：滚雪球抽样、机遇式抽样、目的性随机抽样、方便抽样（下策）、综合抽样。
b 、观察：设定观察的场景、行为和人物。
设计观察提纲，观察表格；注意观察中的记录、整理和再整理。
c 、收集实物: 设计实物收集清单并对实物进行归类整理和分析
d 、访谈：
i．设计访谈提纲, 列出所有重要的问题, 并且附上相应的追问提示。
访
谈提纲设计的思路：研究现象——研究问题——研究目的——研究对象（可行性）——理论框架
ii. 要达到的目的有：了解被访者的所思所想（看法，意义建构）、了解过去发生的事情（回忆是重构）、了解被访者的行为表现（需要与观察相关检验）、与受访者建立关系、让受访者的声音表达出来（赋权）。
iii. 需要考虑的访谈结构：开放、半开放、封闭；访谈的正式程度：正式、非正式；相关的受访人数：个别、集体。
3）问卷调查法问卷一般由卷首语、问题与回答方式、编码和其他资料四个部分组成。
5、研究内容此部分还应该包括如何整理和分析原始资料。
分析资料的方法
主要有：
1.分类法“扎根理论”中的三级编码
1）开放式：确定分析主题
2）集中式：在主题之间建立联系
3）整合式：提升出最重要主题
2.情境法
3.结合分类法和情境法
4．分析资料的手段
a 、画图、列表
b 、写反思笔记：描述、分析、方法反思、理论建构、综合
c 、运用直觉和想象、比喻、类推等
d 、在部分与整体之间不断进行对比，建立联系.
5. 建构理论: 形成类属并将它们提升为系统的概念、主题、陈述、假设.
前人的理论研究者的理论资料呈现的理论
6、研究成果的理论反思（结合理论框架）
7、做结论
如何为研究的结果做结论? 用什么方法建立假设? 如何对不同假设之间的关系进行探讨? 如何检验自己的假设? 如何处理不同的结论或意义解释?本研究的贡献是什么，仍旧存在什么不足之处? 可以如何改进?
8、附录：访谈大纲、问卷、参考文献、后记、专有名词的索引在研究过程
中需要考虑研究的质量监测
1 、效度问题: 在研究的各个部分和环节，可能会遇到哪些效度威胁？如何检
验研究结果的效度?
2、推广度问题: 自己的研究结果在何种意义上具有典型性? 如何知道研究结果是否可以推广到其他类似的情境和人?如何判断和检验本研究的内部推
论度和外部推论度?
3、伦理道德问题: 在研究过程中自己可能遇到什么伦理道德问题? 如何对待或处理这些问题?。