跨文化交际英语阅读教程3课文翻译
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案I'm sorry, but I cannot provide specific answers to a reading tutorial without knowing the exact content and questions. However, I can provide some tips for cross-cultural communication in English:1. Respect cultural differences: Recognize that different cultures have their own values, beliefs, and communication styles. Be open-minded and respect these differences.2. Use clear and simple language: Avoid using slang, idioms, or complex language that may confuse non-native speakers. Use clear and concise language to ensure your message is understood.3. Be mindful of body language: Non-verbal communication, such as body language and gestures, varies across cultures. Avoid making assumptions or misinterpreting gestures. Be sensitive to cultural differences in non-verbal communication.4. Practice active listening: Give your full attention to the speaker and avoid interrupting. Show that you are actively listening by nodding, maintaining eye contact, and asking questions for clarification when needed.5. Avoid stereotypes and assumptions: Every individual is unique, and cultural stereotypes can be misleading. Avoid making assumptions or generalizations about others based on their culture or nationality.6. Be patient and understanding: Cross-cultural communicationmay involve language barriers, misunderstandings, or different communication styles. Be patient and understanding, and provide necessary clarification or explanations if needed. Remember, effective cross-cultural communication requires empathy, flexibility, and a willingness to learn from others.。
大学英语跨文化交际unit3
大学英语跨文化交际unit3ReviewWhat is culture? What is communication? What is intercultural communication?Unit Three Cultural DiversityI. Warm UpPlease read the story on page 76, then answer the question:1. Why does Jackson say that Mr. Zhao has asked too much?2. What are the differences in the opinions of friendship betweenChinese and Americans?II. Reading1. Read the article of “Different Lands, Different Friendships”. Who is afriend? What are the similarities and differences between the Chineseconcept of friendship and the western ones? Compare the differentvalues of friendship in America, France, Germany, England andChina.Differences in Friendship(1) In France:(i) Friends generally are of the same sex, and friendship is seen asbasically a relationship between men.(ii) Friendship is a one-to-one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’s intellect, temperament, andparticular interests.(iii) Friendships are compartmentalized. They are not made part of family life.(2) In Germany:(i) Friendship is much more articulately a matter of feeling.(ii) Friends usually are brought into the family.(3) In England:(i) The basis is shared activity.(ii) English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not contrapuntal to the family nor are they separated from thefamily.(4) In ChinaThe typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. In Chinese culture, friendshipmeans a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed.(5) In America: (p81-82)“Friend” is often used in a much wider sense in the American culture than in the Chinese culture. The term may be used for both casual acquaintances and close companions. American friends may not share with one another as much as Chinese friends usually do. Americans would still prefer to consider themselves first as independent individuals. What they value more are individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others’ debt. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends, but mostly on trivial things, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangementsfor transportation fail.Supplement:Some American quotes about friendship will give additional insights into how friendships are valued.“A friend hears the song in my heart and sings it to me when my memory fails.”“A single rose can be my garden... a single friend, my world.”“A friend brings out the best in you.”“Grief can take care of itself, but to get the full value of joy you must have someone to divide it with.”—Mark Twain Common Elements about Friendship:There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter of free choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably equality of give-and-take.2. Read the article of “Family Structure” (p83-84), then identify thedifferent roles of family in cultures.Many cultural differences exist in family structures and values.1) In some cultures, such as Filipinos, Vietnamese, Japanese, Latin Americans and Chinese, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, like Americans, the individual, not the family, is primary.2) In some cultures, the family’s reputation and honor depend on each person’s actions; in other cultures, individuals can act without permanently affecting the family life.3) Some cultures value old people, while other cultures look down on them.Traditional Chinese family structure3. Comparing and Contrasting CulturesQuestions for discussion:1) In what aspects do you think our culture is different from othercultures?2) Do you sometimes compare one culture with another? If you do, howdo you usually do that?Please read over the article on pages 85-89, answer the comprehension questions:i) What is Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientation?The Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck, after examining hundreds of cultures, reached the conclusion that people turn to their culture for answers to thefollowing questions. (1) What is the character of human nature? (2) What is the relation of humankind to nature? (3) What is the orientation toward time?(4)What is the value placed on activity? And (5) What is the relationship ofpeople to each other? The answers to these crucial questions serve as the bases for the five value orientations that are at the heart of their approach.These five orientations might best be visualized as points on a continuum. Itis talking about meaningful values found in all cultures.Human Nature Orientation: 1) evil, 2) evil and good, 3) good. Basically Evil: find evil and fight against it; punish bad behavior; save people from their evil nature. Stress the ability of people to change for th e better. Basically Good: protect people’s virtue;reward good behavior; find the most virtuous people as models. The direction of moral change is more likely to befrom good to bad.Mixture: Separate good from evil; identify strengths and weaknesses; reward the good and punish the bad.Man-nature Orientation: 1) human beings are subject to nature,2) cooperation view, 3) conquer and direct the forces of nature.Nature Controls: Accept fate; life is outside one’s control be humble.Human Controls: Make life comfortable and convenient; problems can be solved; be objective.Harmony: Live according to the rhythms of nature; everything has its own character;be balanced.Time Orientation: 1) past-orientated, 2) present-orientated, 3) future-orientated.Past: Tradition ——best teacher; events in the past is important today; the old are wise; break with the past to change society.Present: Pay attention to what is going on here and now; everything will happen in its time; events occur in cycles; look for causes in the present situation. Future: Control the future by planning for it; what is past is past and not important;the young know what is happening; study history to shape the future.Activity Orientation: 1) being orientation, 2) Being-in-becomingorientation, 3) doing orientation.Being: Protect dignity of both yours and others; fulfill one’s role; show who you are.Actions should be suitable to status, social roles and character. Payattention to people. e.g. job titles and what do you actually do? Growing: Develop one’s potential as a whole person; follow values and lifestyles appropriate to one’s stage in life; people change; pay attention topossibilities. More tolerant of how things are than is true.Doing: Achieve specific goals; develop procedures and measure results; qualitative outcomes measured quantitatively show what you can do; attention toactions.Relational (social) Orientation: 1) authoritarian culture, 2) collectiveculture, 3) individual culture.Hierarchy: Obey authority; know one’s place; treat others; according to their position;look to leaders to; know what to think and do.Group: Respond to what others think and feel; interdependent ; be loyal; look to others in the group to know what to think and do.Individual: Express one’s own feel ings and ideas; Be as independent and self-reliant as possible; make one’s own decisions and choices. Personalinitiative/professionalism highly valued.ii) Try to describe the value system of average Americans from the five orientationsHuman Nature: basically good (changeable)Man-nature: Man the master of natureTime: future-orientedActivity: action-orientedSocial: individualisticiii) How is the mainstream American culture different from the oriental culture, like Japanese culture?Homework: Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (p99-105)Homework: Hall’s High-context and Low-context Cultures (p110-114)III. Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际英语 阅读教程3课文翻译
第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果，从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品，而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂，用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex，用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kel logg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨：Kongal 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是，和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kellogg’s 公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零，因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好，在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后，情况大为改观。
然而，跨国公司必须保持警惕，以防被侵权。
总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。
如果成果得不到法律保护，创新就是空话。
如今你经常会听到“知识产权”这个词——通常是从产权者嘴里。
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit:Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches:It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive. Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, dep ending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解
导言“新编跨文化交际英语教程·教师用书”主要是为使用“新编跨文化交际英语教程”教师配套的教学指南。
“新编跨文化交际英语教程”是在原有“跨文化交际英语教程”的基础上经过全面、系统修订而成，我们对全书做了较大的更新和完善，调整和增补了许多材料，力求使其更具时代性，更适合教学实际和学生需求。
为了进一步推进跨文化交际教学，在多年从事跨文化交际教学和研究的基础上，我们又特地编写了这本“新编跨文化交际英语教程·教师用书”，希望能对使用本教材进行教学的广大教师们，尤其是初次使用这本教材的教师们提供一些必要的引导和实质性的帮助。
为此，我们尽可能地为各单元中几乎所有的部分和项目都提供了参考提示。
除此之外，还补充了一些取自跨文化交际学重要著作的选段，供教师进一步了解相关背景知识和理论基础，以拓宽视野，有利于更好地进行教学。
同时我们还在书后附上了推荐的中文阅读书目（英文阅读书目可参看上海外语教育出版社的“跨文化交际丛书”系列）和有关跨文化交际的部分电影资料简介。
“新编跨文化交际英语教程”主要适用于高等学校英语专业教学中的跨文化交际课程，旨在通过课堂教学及相关活动使学生认识跨文化交际对当代世界所具有的重要意义和作用，了解文化对人类生活各个方面、尤其是交际活动的制约和影响，理解并把握交际活动的重要性、丰富性、复杂性，熟悉跨文化交际的基本构成以及所涉及的各种因素，培养跨文化意识，形成和发展对文化差异的敏感和宽容、以及处理文化差异问题的灵活性，提高使用英语进行跨文化交际的技能，为最终获得与不同文化背景人们进行深入交流的能力奠定基础。
通过使用本教材，教师也可从中获得更多有关文化（包括我们自己文化和外族文化）和跨文化交际的知识。
新标准大学英语3课文翻译
新标准大学英语3课文翻译Unit 1 Friendship。
Part I Pre-reading Task。
1. The text is about friendship and the importance of friendship in our lives.2. The text is likely to discuss the qualities of a good friend and the benefits of having good friends.3. I think the text will be interesting and informative, and it will provide insights into the value of friendship.Part II Text A。
Friendship。
Friendship is one of the most precious things in our lives. It is a relationship that brings joy and support, and it is something that many people cherish deeply. Friends are the people we can rely on, share our thoughts and feelings with, and have fun with. A good friend is someone who is there for you in times of need, who listens to you without judgment, and who understands you even when you don't say a word.Part III Text B。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案Unit 3
Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about whatconstitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one's family? And in whatcountry does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn't as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If youdo, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to ordifferent from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent and quite different from other Western friendships. Reading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author's view of traditional cultures indifferent value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement”and regard rapidchange as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate “change”with “improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal. 4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean when it is used todescribe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That's why that they have been described as “Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the sameculture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have a way of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case Study Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather's dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders' opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn't say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture inthis aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rudeand ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, inwhich the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand's decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite”behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, forinstance, the attitude of the Australian student's parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were notfulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, Canadiantheir of youth the considered have might Chinese thehosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians' lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Ｌｏndａｘ公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ronｄex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lonｄax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kｅllogg’s玉米片的生产商Ｋeｌlｏgg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Ｋongａl 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kelｌｏｇg’ｓ公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。