19世纪英国文学总结
19世纪英国文学背景

19 世纪英国文学概述-现实主义小说-1英国十九世纪中、后期文学(一)概述小说在19世纪40至50年代得到更大的发展,这也是英国国内阶级斗争激化的时期。
列宁称为“世界上第一次广泛的、真正群众性的、政治性的无产阶级运动即宪章运动”带来了宪章派文学。
同时科学技术在加快发展,达尔文的划时代的进货论给了传统信仰以猛烈冲击。
在宗教界内部,出现了围绕谷物法和“英国现状”问题展开了时间更长的论争。
论争锻炼了散文。
正是在这个多事之秋,散文文学成果累累,卡莱尔的《法国革命》(1837)和《过去和现在》(1843)、麦考莱的《英国史》(1849~1861)、罗斯金的《威尼斯之石》(1851~1853)、穆勒的《论自由》(1859)等便是明证。
读者层也在急剧扩大;不少新刊物问世,开始了逐期连载长篇作品的作法。
这样的环境和气氛使小说作者更加关心社会上的重大问题。
狄更斯最初用幽默风趣的笔触写了《匹克威克外传》(1837),使人们感染到他的乐观主义;而不过两年,他就在《奥列佛·特维斯特》(1838)里写孤儿的苦难和伦敦贼窟的黑暗;进入40年代,他又写了一系列小说揭发崇拜金钱的罪恶后果,其中《董贝父子》(1848)尤为深刻;《大卫·科波菲尔》(1850)是一部充满人世沧桑之感的成熟作品;接着而来的《荒凉山庄》(1853)、《艰难时世》(1854)与《小杜丽》(1857)则更见阴郁;《双城记》(1859)强烈地谴责了法国贵族的残酷,也表达了作者对于人民采取暴烈行动的戒惧;60年代的《远大前程》(1 861)写的是前程渺茫,而《我们共同的朋友》(1865)则用巨大的垃圾堆来作英国社会的象征。
象征手法的更多使用和对于小说结构的注意是他后期小说的特点,表示了他在小说艺术上的发展;然而他最吸引读者的依然是他一贯保持的优点,即真实的细节与诗意的气氛的结合,幽默、风趣与悲剧怀的基本人生处境的结合,具体情节与深远的社会意义的结合。
十九世纪英国文学

国诗人,剧作家。 ◆主要作品有《戏剧抒情诗》 (Dramatic Lyrics),《环与书》(The Ring and the Book),诗剧《巴拉塞尔 士》(Paracelsus)。 ◆因为在著名动画《EVA》中的一句诗 “God in his heaven, All's right with the world.而被广大动漫迷所熟知。 ◆勃朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献,是发 展和完善了戏剧独白诗(Dramatic monologue)这样一种独特的诗歌形式, 并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造了各种不同 类型的人物性格,深刻而复杂地展示了 人的内在心理。在著名的 my last Duchess 中,勃朗宁善于在诗中运用 “戏剧独白” Dramatic monologue
◆ 《德伯家的苔丝》(Tess of the D‘Urbervilles)(1891)是他最优 秀的小说,写出身贫苦的少女苔丝被本家恶少亚雷· 德伯奸污,后在牛奶 场当了挤奶工,不久与牧师之子克莱相爱、结婚,新婚夜坦诚地向克莱 讲了往事,结果遭弃,最后她杀死亚雷,被判绞刑。小说发表后被指责 有违道德。
勃朗特三姐妹
在英国文学史上,勃朗特三姐妹是一个奇特的现象。她们既作为璀璨的星座而闪 耀,又作为单独的巨星而发光,至少就夏洛蒂和艾米莉来说是如此。经过一百多 年时间的考验,《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》已经在世界文学宝库中占据了不可动 摇的地位,而安妮作为三星有机体的一员,也被带进了不朽者的行列。
Jane Eyre
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Break, Break, Break
Break, break, break, On thy cold gray stones, O Sea! And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts that arise in me. O well for the fisherman's boy, That he shouts with his sister at play! O well for the sailor lad, That he sings in his boat on the bay! And the stately ships go on To their haven under the hill; But O for the touch of a vanished hand, And the sound of a voice that is still! Break, break, break, At the foot of thy crags, O Sea! But the tender grace of a day that is dead Will never come back to me.
19世纪英国现实主义文学

十九世纪英国现实主义小说的先驱
Jane Austen
早年过了一段公子哥的阔绰生活,熟悉“上流” 社会的习俗和礼仪背后人与人之间的真实关系。
现实主义讽刺作家。真实性 幽默 讽刺 从私生活角度,描写资产阶级的风俗人情,尤 擅长揭开“上流”社会的阴暗面。
萨克雷
Thackeray was born in 1811, in Calcutta, India, in the family of an English official. At six, he was sent to England where he went to school and then studied at Cambridge.
Their children
Jane, 22, m. Charles Bingley;
Elizabeth, 20, m. Fitzwilliam Darcy;
Mary, `obtained nothing higher than one of her uncle Philips's clerks'; Catherine, `satisfactorily married to a clergyman near Pemberley' ;
萨克雷
In 1833, he return to England went into
politics and edited “The National Era”.
19世纪英国文学总结

19世纪末迎来英国戏剧的复兴◆奥斯卡·王尔德Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)《道林·格雷的画像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray,1891年)《莎乐美》(Salomé,1893年)乔治·萧伯纳G eorge Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)•《皮格马利翁》(Pygmalion)•《圣女贞德》(Saint Joan)The Victorian Age—English Critical RealismVictorian literature:Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Writers like Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy showed their primary concern is about the people in the society with sympathy for the poor and the unfortunate and became the major voice of the literary world by presenting a faithful picture of the horrible capitalist England.The big output by the Victorian poets, especially Alfred Tennyson, the most representative poet of the time, and Robert Browning, the most original and experimental poet, paved the way for the 20th-century modern poetry, both in subject matters and technique.DickensPoints of view:He hates the social evils and intends social reform by exposing and critic izing in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruption in the 19th –century England.He thinks that the state should intervene to control the rapacity of landlords and capitalists.He wants improvement in the life of the poor, but is afraid of a real revolution.Dickens is a humanitarian who pours all his love and sympathy for those poor, weak, innocent, injured and neglected good people.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)---The greatest representative of English critical realismMajor WorksThere is abundant variety in Dickens’s invention of character and situation. Dickens has often been compared to Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention.1836—1841, first period, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) «博兹特写集», the first book2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) «匹克威克外传»3). Oliver Twist(1837-1838)«奥克佛·特维斯特»,《雾都孤儿》4). Nichols Nickleby (1838-1839)«尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝»5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841)«老古玩店»6). Barnaby Rudge (1841) «巴纳比·拉奇»1842-1850, The second period-- Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) «美国札记»2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844)«马丁·朱述尔维特»3) A Christmas Carol(1843)《圣诞颂歌》4) The Chimes《教堂钟声》5) The Cricket on the Hearth《灶上蟋蟀》(以圣诞为题材, 具有浓郁宗教色彩。
十九世纪英国现实主义文学

十九世纪英国现实主义文学一、维多利亚时代的英国文学:(一)十九世纪英国文学的构成:批判现实主义文学:狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特三姐妹、盖斯凯尔夫人、乔治·艾略特;梅瑞迪斯,哈代;宪章派:唯美主义:王尔德的唯美主义文艺观和生活艺术主张“一批杰出的小说家”:马克思评价狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特等人为“现代英国一批杰出的小说家”,认为他们“在自己的……书籍中向世界揭示的政治和社会真理比一切职业政客、政论家和道德家加在一起所揭示的还要多。
”(二)英国批判现实主义文学分期:1970年代,英国进入垄断资本主义阶段,以此为界限,维多利亚时代英国批判现实主义文学分为前后两期:前期:以狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特三姐妹、盖斯凯尔夫人、乔治·艾略特等人为代表的时代;后期:梅瑞迪斯、哈代等为代表的时代。
(三)英国现实主义文学的特点:1、与宪章运动关系密切:这一时期的英国文学中产生了欧洲文学史上最早反映劳资矛盾的文学作品:《玛丽·巴顿》、《艰难时世》、《雪莉》2、典型的小资产阶级文学:①小资产阶级出身的作家;②反映小资产阶级生活;③塑造小资产阶级个人奋斗的人物形象。
3、女作家群体出现:简·奥斯汀、玛丽·雪莱,乔治·艾略特、盖斯凯尔夫人、勃朗特姐妹等;4、政治上的改良主义与道德上的温情主义:反对暴力革命,主张社会改良;家庭中心与道德批判、道德感化;5、幽默和讽刺的手法见长:以幽默表达对小人物的赞许和宽容(如密考伯先生);以讽刺批判资产阶级的势利、冷酷与自私(四)经典作家:1、简·奥斯汀:生于牧师家庭,作品有:《理智与情感》、《傲慢与偏见》、《曼斯菲尔德庄园》、《爱玛》、《劝导》、《诺桑觉寺》;作品多谈论少女婚嫁的问题,被公认为是描写女性意识最卓越的作家,其作品继承了英国十八世纪经典小说中关于少女走向世俗生活的主题,主人公都是从盲目性走向自我认识的典型。
2、萨克雷:早年经历阔绰生活,熟悉上流社会。
十九世纪英国现实主义文学概说

十九世纪英国现实主义文学概说文学是一种以语言、文字为工具,形象化地反映现实生活的艺术。
无论是重大的历史事件还是当时普通民众的日常生活,都会在文学作品中或真实或夸张的找到他们的影子。
也正因为时代不同,人们的主流认识不同,文学作品反映的内容和采用的文学样式也存在差异。
在英国近代文学中现实主义文学是不可不提的。
现实主义文学以其独特的文学观念,时刻关注着现实,而作家用手中的笔也就成为了唤醒社会民众良知的工具,之所以说他伟大,是因为其有着区别自然主义和浪漫主义的特殊之处,其主要特点有:首先,它偏重对现实的客观的、具体的、历史的描写,强调人物和环境之间的现实关系。
其次,它那广阔的审美可能性,同时采用假定、夸张、荒诞、变形、意识流等多种手法,重视心理分析,探索人的复杂内心世界的心理描写。
而其中最伟大之处在于它具有强烈的批判性或揭露性,特别注重描绘社会的黑暗和丑恶现象,以及社会下层、“小人物”的悲惨遭遇。
如托马斯.哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》描写了贫困的农家女苔丝一生的悲惨遭遇。
这些都代表着那个时期历史文明的发展方向。
每种文化产生并到最终形成总要有一个过程,19世纪30年代英国之所以产生现实主义,及现实主义形成以上的风格特点与时代背景是分不开的。
首先,英国现实主义文学是英国资本主义制度确立和发展时期的产物。
1832年英国议会通过改革选举制度的法案,工业资产阶级参加了政权。
使资产阶级在真正意义上参与了组织政权,这种特定的社会政治经济形势,直接影响着文学,成为现实主义文学形成和发展的决定性因素。
其次,特定的环境导致的社会心理因素是促使现实主义文学产生的必要环节之一。
市场经济的发展,金钱成为衡量人的主要的或唯一的尺度,人与人之间的关系也随之发生变化。
人在物质财富面前丧失精神的、心理的以及人格的自由;在热衷于创造物质财富并依赖于物质财富的生存环境中,人对人的压迫与剥削以新的形态表现出来,人与人之间的关系趋于恶化。
现实告诉人们,启蒙主义者所宣示的“价值”,和浪漫主义者所追求的“理想”并未实现,人们须要以一种新的冷静的眼光重新看待现实和思考自己的命运,并寻求改善自己的生存处境的方法。
19世纪英国文学

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
His Life
in 1836 Sketches by Boz 《博兹特写集》
married
articles for humorous pictures
popular
Worked without rest
Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》 died at 58
英国著名浪漫主义诗人雪莱的第二任妻子, 英国著名小说家,因其1818创作的文学 史上第一部科幻小说《弗兰肯斯坦》,被誉 为科幻 小说之母。 代表作品: 《弗兰肯斯坦》,《最后一个人》,《永 生者》 Mary Shelley: was an English novelis, short story writer, dramatist, essayist,biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus (1818). She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her father was the political philosopher William Godwin, and her mother was the philosopher and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft----the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and the novel The Wrongs of Woman
19世纪与现代英国比较总结

19世纪与现代英国比较总结
1、发展:英国批判现实主义文学产生于30年代,40-50年代达到高潮,70年代以后逐渐衰落:
2、特征:除了具有批判现实主义文学的一般特征外,还具有自己独特的风貌:
①最先描写劳资矛盾题材,正面描写工人阶级的生活和斗争;②善于描写“小人物”命运,成功表现小资产阶级的痛苦挣扎和个人奋斗的生活经历;③具有温和的人道主义和浓厚的改良主义倾向,感伤色彩和劝善说教明显:④女性文学的异军突起,出现了一大批女作家,在创作中表现了鲜明的女性意识。
尤其是勃朗特姐妹,被称为“勃朗特峭壁”和“一个家庭中演出的一曲奇异的三重奏”。
3、现象:维多利亚时代前期的著名作家有狄更斯、萨克雷、盖斯凯尔夫人和勃朗特姐妹等,他们被马克思称为“现代英国的一批杰出的小说家”。
他们从人道主义出发,揭露各种社会压迫,同情小人物的苦难,希望改良社会。
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19世纪末迎来英国戏剧的复兴◆奥斯卡·王尔德Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)《道林·格雷的画像》(The Picture of Dorian Gray,1891年)《莎乐美》(Salomé,1893年)乔治·萧伯纳G eorge Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)•《皮格马利翁》(Pygmalion)•《圣女贞德》(Saint Joan)The Victorian Age—English Critical RealismVictorian literature:Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Writers like Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy showed their primary concern is about the people in the society with sympathy for the poor and the unfortunate and became the major voice of the literary world by presenting a faithful picture of the horrible capitalist England.The big output by the Victorian poets, especially Alfred Tennyson, the most representative poet of the time, and Robert Browning, the most original and experimental poet, paved the way for the 20th-century modern poetry, both in subject matters and technique.DickensPoints of view:He hates the social evils and intends social reform by exposing and critic izing in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruption in the 19th –century England.He thinks that the state should intervene to control the rapacity of landlords and capitalists.He wants improvement in the life of the poor, but is afraid of a real revolution.Dickens is a humanitarian who pours all his love and sympathy for those poor, weak, innocent, injured and neglected good people.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)---The greatest representative of English critical realismMajor WorksThere is abundant variety in Dickens’s invention of character and situation. Dickens has often been compared to Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention.1836—1841, first period, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) «博兹特写集», the first book2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) «匹克威克外传»3). Oliver Twist(1837-1838)«奥克佛·特维斯特»,《雾都孤儿》4). Nichols Nickleby (1838-1839)«尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝»5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841)«老古玩店»6). Barnaby Rudge (1841) «巴纳比·拉奇»1842-1850, The second period-- Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) «美国札记»2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844)«马丁·朱述尔维特»3) A Christmas Carol(1843)《圣诞颂歌》4) The Chimes《教堂钟声》5) The Cricket on the Hearth《灶上蟋蟀》(以圣诞为题材, 具有浓郁宗教色彩。
6) Dombey and Son(1847-1848)«董贝父子»7) David Copperfield(1849-1850)«大卫·科波菲尔», the most autobiographical, one of the greatest English novelsThe third period, a Period of steadily intensifying pessimism, showing underlying tone of bitterness, loss of hope for English bourgeois societyIn his novels of this period, Dickens, consciously and subconsciously, shows himself more and more at odds with bourgeois society .1) Bleak House(1852-1853) «荒凉山庄»2) Hard Times(1854) «艰难时世»3) Little Dorrit (1855-1857)«小杜丽»4) A Tale of Two Cities(1859) «双城记»5) Great Expectations(1860-1861) «远大前程»6) Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865) «我们的共同朋友»7) Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1869)«艾德温·德鲁德之迷».Characteristics o f Dickens’ Life⏹A man of action and business in the world, a student and writer of books⏹The best shorthand reporter on the London press⏹The best amateur actor on the stage⏹A successful periodical editor⏹Radical in politics and ideology⏹Concerned about social problems⏹Faithful to the people, pessimistic to capitalist society, the expression of the conscience ofhis ageHis Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsHis later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy(伪善)& corruptness(腐败)he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child(Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people(Mr. Macabre, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor& pathos.Social Attitudes●hates the state apparatus, especially the Parliament●believes in the state’s positive role in raising the living standards of the working class●social reform should work in the direction of reducing aristocratic privilege●wants improvement in the life of the poor, but is afraid of a real revolution●As a bourgeois writer, he can in no way supply any fundamental solution to the socialplights.Selected Reading: Oliver Twist● a novel set in London and in rural England in the 1830s●presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.●bettering the conditions in the English workhousesMain Plot●A young orphan, Oliver Twist, escapes a harsh apprenticeship in a rural town and travelsto London, where he becomes involved with a gang of thieves.●Fortunately for Oliver, he is befriended by a wealthy family whose members protect himfrom the robbers, investigate his mysterious past, and discover his parentage.Analysis of Major CharactersOliver TwistOn many levels, Oliver is not a believable character, because although he is raised in corrupt surroundings, his purity and virtue are absolute.Throughout the novel, Dickens uses Oliver’s character to challenge the Victorian idea that paupers and criminals are already evil at birth, arguing instead that a corrupt environment is the source of vice.Oliver does not present a complex picture of a person torn between good and evil—instead, he is goodness incarnation.Themes In Oliver Twist, Dickens mixes grim realism and merciless satire as a way to describe the effects of industrialism on 19th-century England and to criticize the harsh new Poor Laws. The powerlessness of children Good’s ability to triumph over evilMan’s humanity to man The inhumanity of city life under capitalismThe outcast’s search for status and identity The heinous nature of crime and criminals Dickens wrote, “I wished to show in little Oliver, the principle of Good surviving through every adverse circumstance and triumphing at last.”Distinct Features of Dickens’Novels1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.2. Points of ViewA spokesmen of the poor peopleIt is his serious intention to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness.He hates the state apparatus, especially the Parliament, and yet he is convinced that the state should intervene to control the rapacity of landlords and capitalists and to raise the living standards of the working class.He is interested in social reform. He is certain that reform should work in the direction of reducing aristocratic privilege.He wants improvement in the life of the poor, but is afraid of a real revolution.A humanitarian who pours all his love and sympathy for the poor, weak, innocent, injured and neglected good people3. Special FeaturesA master story-tellerCharacterizationboth types and individualsmostly larger than lifebest at child character portrayalhorrible and grotesque figures andthe broadly humorous or comical characters.Writing from a child's point of viewHumor and pathosDickens is a great humorist.He believes that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief.He gives readers bright merriments and dark gloom at the same time, mingling tears and laughter as in real life.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811—1863) 威廉•梅克皮斯•萨克雷主要作品:1) The Book of Snobs《势利人脸谱》《势利者集》It gives a satirical description of the different strata of the ruling classes of England and is regarded as a prelude to Thackeray’s major literary career.2) V anity Fair《名利场》3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes 《纽克姆一家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利•埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》Analysis of V anity FairVanity Fair is Thackeray's masterpiece. It was published in 1847-48 in monthly installments. The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero”, suggests the fact that writer ' s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole. The title was taken from Bunyan's “Pilgrim'sProgress”.In this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the ruling classes.Amelia Sedley ;simple, sentimental, weak, but good at heartRebecca Sharp;cunning, immoral and quick-witted 随机应变的shrewd, unscrupulous, sophisticated世故的In the novel, Becky Sharp is a classic example of this money-grubbing instinct(本能).Everyone wishes to gain something in Vanity Fair and acts almost in the same manner as Becky. The Characteristics of V anity Fair(1) Vanity Fair has a sub-title, A Novel Without a Hero, which intends to portray the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.(2) Vanity Fair is work of social criticism, and is noted for the author’s realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.(3) In Vanity Fair, Thackeray gives block characters(人物群体).4) Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair.(5) Thackeray employs an omniscient/ɔm΄nisiənt/ (无所不知的) narrator to tell the story. Comments on Thackeray’s Novels1) Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.2) Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的,尖锐的) and his humor subtle(精妙的).3) Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels. Thackeray's writing style;Criticism Realistic SatireThe pessimism in his novel(悲观主义色彩)It represents in four aspects:*sentimentality in his subjective consciousness*the tragic characters in the novel*the tragic traits of the characters*women's rights could't be gotCharlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816-1855)-- a British authoressHer writing styleconcise,expressive, simple and vivid, combined with the first-person narrative languageIt made her novels more close to the reality and the readers.Meanwhile, her novels also reflected the characteristics of European Romantic literary tradition, showing the author's rich imagination and temperament of the poet.In her narration, she used dreams, hallucinations, feeling and symbolism, metaphor and other techniques naturally ,which make her novels more attraction.Works;1) The Professor,《教授》(based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)2) Jane Eyre,《简爱》(masterpiece) p.295(1) the criticism of the bourgeois system of education; the Lowood school;(2) the description of the English country squire;(3) position of woman in society: equality3) Shirley,《舍丽》(p. 294. Para. 2.) dealing with the life of workers at the time of the Luddites’movement (卢德运动, 17 c. machines, deprived, work, destroy)4) Villette,《维莱特》, (p. 294. Para. 2.) a realistic description of her sad experiences at a boarding school in Brussels.Emily: Wuthering Heights,《呼啸山庄》Anne: Agnes Grey,《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall 《王尔德费尔庄园的佃户》Jane Eyre,taking the form of autobiographies written by authoritative and reliable narrators tells a story of a child’s development and maturation. Its popularity and success owns much to its exceptional emotional power. Deep inside Jane we discover Charlotte’s soul.It is a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle- class women.It is the first governess novel in the history of English literature.Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticim ,gothicism and romanticism to create a distinctive Victorian novel. Point of view in Jane EyreJane Eyre is written in the first person (“I”) which functions as follows:1. indicates the characteristic of autobiography.2. be favorable to reveal intense, fierce and sharp feelings directly and powerfully.3. provides a full and complete thoughts of the whole event and the other characters from the angle of vision of the narrator.4. makes the work consistent and tends to give authority and credibility to the narrative.The use of verb, adjective and adverb reinforces the strength of emotions. It makes the sentence more intense and reflects the sharp anguish and inner struggles of the characters. While reading, we can’t help temporarily identifying ourselves with the characters. It proves especially in Jane’s declaration.The following are two examples selected from chapter 23, Jane Eyre:Themes Morality God and Religion Social class Gender relations Love and Passion Independence Atonement and Forgiveness Search for home and familyThe writing style of Jane Eyre1. the rich nature images which help establish the characters’ lives and build their personalities.2. the framework of fair tale such as Cinderella (a heroine who is ill- treated by her stepmother but gets married to a prince later).3. various rhetorical devices and writing skills such as hint, simile, metaphor, metonymy, symbol and so on.Thornfield: thorn(荆棘,使人生气或苦恼的事物)+field. It is a image in Bible which alludes to Jane’s suffering from the unfair life and resisting the temptation from the outside world.Love is a religion in Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre’s developmentThere are five distinct stages of developm ent, each linked to a particular place: Jane’s childhood at Gateshead, her education at the Lowood School, her time as Adele’s governess at Thornfield, her time with the Rivers family at Moor House, and her reunion with and marriage to Rochester atFerndean.Analyze the workThe work is one of the most popular and important novels of the V ictorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, especially the bourgeois system of education. At the same time , it is an intense moral fable. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve his final happiness.. Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre,an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved,a poor,plain,little governess who dares to love her master,a man superior to her in many ways,and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him,cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive,kind-hearted,noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Charlotte Bronte is a writer of Realism combined with Romanticism. Why is Jane Eyre by her a successful novel?The story opens with the titular heroine, Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan.This novel sharply criticizes the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, the social discrimination Jane experiences and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage3. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine Jane Eyre.4 It is an intense moral fable at the same time. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.Jane Eyre: A Ground Breaking NovelThe heroine is small, plain, & poorThe heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictionsThis romantic ground had previously been reserved for malesSuch a psychologically complex heroine had never been created beforeBased on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, discuss the theme of her works and the image of women protagonists.1. Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individua l consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full happy life.2. All her heroines’ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self of some human weakness overcome.3. The image of women protagonists in her works mostly reflect the life of the middle-class working women, particularly governesses.4. Her works present a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. Especially in Jane Eyre, she sharply criticizes the existing society, e.g. religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.Charlotte’s features of her novels1. presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society.2. shows as intense love for the beauty of nature.3. Greatly influenced by Byron and Scott, her novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love.4. Charlotte is exceptionally good at landscape painting and presentation of atmospheres of mystery, horror and prophesy.5. Charlotte is known as a great impressionistic verbal painter.Wuthering HeightsIt is one of the most intense novels written in the English language.It is a story of doomed love and revenge.The protagonists are characterized as figures of violent emotions and typical Y orkshire characters. The Gothic tradition and transcending including its sophisticated observation and artistic subtlety. Features of this novel1. There is the combination of extremely simple language with the most mighty and intensified effects.2. Its confusing narrative forms and narrators. The first person and the third person.3. The apparent absence of social mortality.Emily Bronte is perhaps the greatest writer of the three Bronte sisters - Charlotte, Emily and Anne. Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights . But that single work has its place among the masterpieces of English literature. Some of her best lyrics are also rated with the best in English poetry.As far as Emily’s literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet. Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious working and its unaccountable influence upon people’s life, are works of strange sublimity beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But , to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2. The novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed and distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful and at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.One way of reading is to treat it as a romantic story, as a tale of love and revenge. As such, it is superb. Every character in the novel is in one way or another connected with the triangular love between Heathcliff and Catherine and Edgar. Such love affair will usually end in tragedy. And yet, it is a most terrible yet wonderful tale of love with the mutual possession and torment, with the mutual belonging in life and death.From the social point of view, the story is a tragedy of social inequality. Heathcliff, a waif, of the lowest order in society, is eager for love and friendship, but is forever looked down upon and rejected by the two families. He loves Catherine dearly but he cannot have her just because of the disparity between their social status.At some deeper level, however, the story is more than a mere copy of real life. To many people it is an illustration of the workings of the universe, a book about the cosmic harmony of the universe and the destruction and re-establishment of this harmony. Finally the harmony isreestablished when Heathcliff unites with Catherine in death and the ghosts of both stay to occupy Wuthering Heights, having young Cathy and Hareton to start their young, hopeful life at Thrushcross Grange.2. The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view,it is a story about a poor man abused,betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story,this is one of the most moving:the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine proves the most intense,the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3. The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure:the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author,whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly,Catherine's old nurse,to Mr. Lockwood,a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained,the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing and genuine.Emily’s Wuthering HeightsHeathcliff is a rebel against the bourgeois matrimonial system (婚姻制度).The theme of the novel: a full human life (完美人生) in a capitalist society was impossible of attainment (达到).What is the difference between Charlotte and Emily in expressing love?Charlotte: thwarted(挫败的), lonely, sublimated (升华的)loveEmily:triumph, revenge of love against the 19th centuryWriting FeaturesBoth Charlotte and Emily write about their familiar things around them.A: Charlotte’s Writing Features:1) Charlotte’s novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love.Charlotte’s Writing Features2) Her novels are more or less based on her own experience and feelings and the life as she sees around.3) Although her objective descriptions are detailed and exact, she is a subjective writer.4) Her works are marked with an intensity of a volcanic(暴烈的) imagination and fiery passions and feelings, such as extreme fear, despair, and love, which can only be understood as her own. Emily’s Writing Features1) She expresses the feelings of the hero in terms of spiritual suppress, tension and conflicts and the result to which such a feeling would lead.2) Her novel is unique in its structure and its vision.3) In her novel, there is the combination of extremely simple, austere (简朴的) and an adorned (修饰的) language with the most mighty and intensified effects (强大而有力的作用).。