中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异1. 礼仪和表达方式：中西方在礼仪和表达方式上存在很大差异。
在西方，交际通常更加直接和开放，注重个人表达和自由交流。
而在中国，礼貌和保持面子是非常重要的，人们更加注重间接表达和隐藏自己的感受。
这可能导致在商务交际中出现误解和沟通障碍。
2. 关系和信任：在中国，建立良好的人际关系非常重要，人们更注重个人关系和信任。
与此相反，西方在商务交际中更注重结果和效率。
中国人更倾向于在商务合作之前先建立信任和友谊，而西方人更注重合同和法律。
这种差异可能导致合作伙伴在商务决策和沟通中对交际方式产生误解。
3. 语言和文化：语言和文化差异是中西方商务交际中最明显的差异之一。
中文和英文的语法结构和词汇都有很大差异，这使得直接翻译非常困难。
不同的文化背景会导致不同的语言习惯和表达方式。
在中国，谦虚和间接的表达方式被认为是礼貌的象征，而在西方，直接表达和自信被认为是重要的商务交际方式。
4. 交际风格：中西方在交际风格上也存在一定的差异。
西方人更注重个人主张和个体利益，更倾向于直接表达。
而中国人则更注重集体和团队合作，更倾向于为整个团队考虑。
这种差异可能在商务决策和意见表达中产生冲突和摩擦。
5. 时间观念：时间观念在中西方文化中也存在差异。
在西方，时间被视为有限的资源，注重准时和高效率。
而在中国，时间被视为一种待遇，更注重人际关系。
这种差异可能导致在商务交际中的时间安排和会议延迟等情况产生误解和不满。
中西方文化差异对商务交际产生了深远的影响。
了解和尊重对方的文化差异是实现有效商务交际的关键。
商务交际中的误解和挫折往往源于对对方文化背景的无知和不理解。
通过适应和融合中西方文化并取长补短，可以帮助实现更有效地商务合作。
中西文化差异对商务交流的影响
中西文化差异对商务交流的影响随着全球化的发展，中外商务交流越来越频繁，而中西文化的差异成为了制约商务交流的一个重要因素。
这些文化差异展现在语言、礼仪、信任观念、时间观念等方面，如何正确处理这些差异，成为了跨国商务交流中必须面对的挑战。
一、语言差异语言是交流的基础，中西方语言的不同结构、语音、语法规则，容易造成误解和沟通障碍。
中文是汉字文字体系，而英文是拉丁字母文字体系，两种文字结构的差异，使得中文比英文更难以学习和理解。
在商务交流中，语言差异往往涉及到专业术语、文化典故、传统习惯等方面，会影响到信息的准确传递和理解。
因此，双方需要增强语言沟通能力和交际意识，降低交流的误解和障碍。
二、礼仪差异中西方礼仪的差异在商务交流中尤为明显，会影响到沟通效果和交际关系的建立。
比如，在中西方，对待客人的礼节与方式不同，中方重视款待客人，有丰富的礼仪仪式，如端茶递水、倒茶红包等；而西方则更注重礼仪性地问候客人，并尽快进入正题，不会用热情的方式让客户感到很重要。
在商务谈判中，中西方分别把握礼仪和背景的方法不同，中方喜欢通过礼节性的文字开场白，解释生意背景、自身产品特点和经营方针；而西方则更注重以事实为本，把背景信息淡化，让双方尽早进入实质性的谈判。
因此，在商务交流中，了解礼仪文化和习惯尤为重要。
三、信任观念差异信任是商务交流的核心素质，但中西方对信任不同的看法和认知会导致双方的概念和期待产生差异。
中国文化注重人际关系的发展，强调缘分和“情面”价值，同时倾向于在信任方面采取更加谨慎的态度。
相比之下，西方商务文化更注重简单、直接、明确的交流方式，并认为相互信任是长久商业关系的基础。
因此，中西方在商务交流中，不同的信任观念也往往会在沟通的过程中浮现。
中方对信任要求较高，因此在初期的接触过程中，建立信任关系是必要的；西方商务文化较为直接，会对信任有较高的期望。
了解不同文化对信任的看法，可以协调双方的商业期望，提高商业合作的效率和稳定性。
分析中西文化差异及其在国际商务交际中的作用
分析中西文化差异及其在国际商务交际中的作用随着全球化的发展，国际商务交际越来越频繁，而不同的文化背景对于交流的影响也越来越明显。
中西文化存在许多差异，这些差异直接影响商务交际的效果和质量。
因此，在国际商务交际中，了解并尊重对方的文化背景是非常重要的，以下就介绍一些中西文化差异及其在国际商务交际中的作用。
1. 礼仪中西方文化在礼仪方面存在巨大的差异。
中国文化注重客套、尊重和谦虚，而西方文化偏重在个体表现和自我推销方面。
在国际商务交际中，尝试理解对方的传统礼仪，例如西方文化中的握手和拥抱，以及中国文化中的点头和敬酒，这样可以达到更好的沟通效果。
2. 时间观念时间观念是中西方文化的另一个重要差异。
中国文化注重稳重、缓慢和审慎，而西方文化通常强调速度、效率和精确性。
在商务活动中，保持时间的观念一致非常重要：西方商务活动通常注重时间的准确性，而中国商务活动通常注重交流质量而不是时间的持续性。
3. 语言中西方文化的语言和口语习惯，也会影响商务交际结果的质量。
西方人通常采用直接表达的方式，而中国人在交流时，通常采用隐晦的方式表达意思。
此外，在口音和发音方面，也存在差异。
在商务交际中，在理解对方观点的同时要尽可能表达清楚的意思。
4. 商务礼品在国际商务交际中，商务礼品是一种非常重要的文化差异，不同的国家有不同的礼品文化。
中国人通常礼让别人，礼物不一定要特别贵重，而是通过礼品去表达诚意。
而西方人则通常送礼品来表达感谢。
了解不同国家的商务礼品文化符合礼仪礼貌，也是交流的一种方式。
5. 商业谈判在商业谈判中，中西方文化的差异也非常大。
中国人在谈判中通常采用婉转、先退后进的方式，而西方人则通常采用威慑和强硬的方式来达到自己的目标。
了解对方的文化背景，可以更好地作出决策和判断，从而达成共赢。
总而言之，中西方文化在国际商务交际中的作用非常重要。
在跨文化交流中，要尊重对方的文化背景、接纳差异，并寻找共同点，这样才能建立良好的商务合作关系。
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异
影响商务交际的中西方文化差异在全球化的时代，中西方之间的商务交际变得日益频繁。
由于中西方文化的不同，人们在商务交际中常常遇到各种文化差异带来的挑战。
本文将从礼仪习惯、言语交流和决策方式三个方面来探讨中西方文化差异对商务交际的影响。
礼仪习惯是中西方文化差异中最为明显的一点。
在西方国家，商务会议通常都比较informal（非正式），人们常常在开会时穿着休闲服装，言谈举止轻松随意。
而在中国等东方国家，商务会议一般都非常 formal（正式），人们穿着正式的商务服装，言谈举止较为庄重。
西方人注重 personal space（个人空间），他们习惯和他人保持一定的距离，会觉得过于亲近会让人感到不舒服。
而中国人则注重 interpersonal relationships（人际关系），更愿意和合作伙伴建立亲密的联系，例如可以常常邀请客户吃饭、喝酒等。
这些不同的礼仪习惯往往会带来误解和困惑，需要双方做出相应的调整和理解。
言语交流是另一个受到中西方文化差异影响较大的方面。
西方人注重直接、简洁、明确的沟通方式，在商务交际中常常直截了当地表达自己的意见和需求。
而东方人则更倾向于间接、含蓄、含蓄的沟通方式，更加注重维护面子和避免冲突。
在商务交际中，特别是在商务谈判中，这种差异常常会导致西方人觉得东方人不够坦率，而东方人则觉得西方人太过直接和冒犯。
西方文化注重个人主义和个人权利，人们习惯于表达自己的观点和需求。
而东方文化注重集体主义和团队合作，人们更注重团队意见和共识的达成。
双方需要在言语交流中互相包容和理解，适当地调整自己的沟通方式。
中西方文化差异还会对商务决策方式产生影响。
在西方国家，商务决策多数是基于理性和功利主义的，注重效率和效益。
人们更倾向于快速做出决策，并且强调以结果为导向。
而在东方国家，商务决策则更多地考虑到人际关系、信任和长远利益。
人们更倾向于慎重思考，并且会花更多的时间在建立和维护合作伙伴关系上。
这种差异常常会导致在商务决策上产生分歧和困扰，需要双方进行沟通和协调。
文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
文化差异对商务礼仪的影响文化差异对商务礼仪的影响随着全球一体化的推进，跨文化商务活动越来越频繁。
在跨文化商务活动中，由于不同国家和地区之间存在文化差异，商务礼仪也表现出很大的差异。
这些差异对商务活动产生深远的影响，甚至可能导致误解和冲突。
因此，了解和尊重文化差异对商务礼仪的影响至关重要。
一、文化差异对商务礼仪的影响1.时间观念不同文化对时间的看法和重视程度有很大差异。
在一些文化中，时间被视为金钱，人们强调守时和高效；而在另一些文化中，人们更注重人际关系和灵活性，时间观念相对宽松。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，双方可能因时间观念的差异而产生误解和冲突。
为了避免这种情况，商务人员需要了解对方文化的时间观念，并调整自己的行为。
2.社交礼仪不同文化的社交礼仪有很大差异。
在一些文化中，人们注重个人隐私和空间，而在另一些文化中，人们更注重亲密关系和肢体接触。
此外，不同文化对礼物、问候、称呼等方面也有不同的习俗和规范。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，商务人员需要了解对方文化的社交礼仪，以避免尴尬和误解。
3.沟通方式不同文化的沟通方式有很大差异。
在一些文化中，人们强调直接、明确、高效的沟通；而在另一些文化中，人们更注重间接、含蓄、委婉的沟通。
此外，不同文化对口头和书面沟通也有不同的偏好和规范。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，商务人员需要了解对方文化的沟通方式，并调整自己的沟通方式以适应对方的文化习惯。
4.商务惯例不同文化的商务惯例有很大差异。
在一些文化中，商务活动强调合同、法律文件和书面形式；而在另一些文化中，商务活动更注重口头协议和人际关系。
此外，不同文化对商务谈判、决策、执行等方面也有不同的规范和惯例。
因此，在跨文化商务活动中，商务人员需要了解对方文化的商务惯例，并调整自己的行为以适应对方的文化习惯。
二、如何适应文化差异对商务礼仪的影响1.尊重对方文化在跨文化商务活动中，最重要的是尊重对方的文化。
商务人员应该尽可能多地了解对方文化的礼仪、习俗和规范，并调整自己的行为以适应对方的文化习惯。
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析国际商务礼仪是国际商业交往中至关重要的一环，而中西方文化差异又是影响国际商务礼仪的重要因素之一。
随着全球化进程的不断加深和扩大，中西方商务往来日益频繁，对于中西方文化差异的理解和尊重也显得格外重要。
本文将就中西方文化差异在国际商务礼仪中的表现和影响进行一些分析和探讨。
一、交际礼仪在中西方国家，交际礼仪有着明显的差异，这在商务交往中尤为突出。
在西方国家，人们习惯于直接表达自己的意见，通常会直截了当地表达自己的意见，开放且直言不讳。
而中国人在商务交往中，更加注重含蓄和委婉，善于使用比喻和暗示，不轻易表露真实想法。
这一差异给商务交际带来了一些困难，因此在交际礼仪方面需要相互理解和尊重。
二、商务会谈在商务会谈中，中西方文化差异表现得尤为明显。
在西方国家，商务会谈通常注重高效和快速，着重于解决问题和达成协议。
而在中国，商务会谈更加注重关系和情感，常常会在会谈过程中进行一些相互了解和交流。
在商务会谈中，西方人通常更加直接和冷静，而中国人更善于使用委婉和圆滑的方式表达自己的意见。
三、商务餐桌礼仪在中西方国家，商务餐桌礼仪也有着不同的表现。
在西方国家，商务餐桌礼仪注重效率和规范，通常不会谈论私人话题，主要聚焦于工作和业务。
而在中国，商务餐桌礼仪更加注重人际关系和互动，通常会进行一些相互了解和交流。
在餐桌礼仪方面也存在不同之处，如用餐方式、用餐顺序等方面，需要双方加强沟通和理解。
四、礼品赠送在中西方国家，礼品赠送也有着不同的文化表现。
在西方国家，礼品通常价值不大，常常被视为一种客套和礼貌，不会过多地在意礼品的价值。
而在中国，礼品的价值和含义更加重要，通常会代表着双方的情感和关系，因此需要更加慎重地选择礼品。
在礼品赠送过程中，需要特别注意在不同文化背景下礼品的选择和意义的传达。
在商务谈判中，中西方文化差异也会对谈判过程产生一定的影响。
在西方国家，商务谈判通常直截了当，注重结果和效率，讲究实事求是。
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析
国际商务礼仪中的中西方文化差异分析随着国际贸易和投资的不断扩大，国际商务交流逐渐成为一种经济和文化交流的主要方式。
正确的国际商务礼仪更是成为一个企业成功的关键。
但由于不同文化背景的影响，中西方的商务礼仪存在许多差异，甚至可能会造成企业间的误解，影响商业交往的进程。
因此，本文将分析中西方在商务礼仪上的文化差异，从而促进商务交流的顺利、友好进行。
一、文化背景影响中西方文化背景不同，每个民族的习惯和文化传统不同，从而影响到他们的商业文化和商务礼节。
例如，在西方文化中，其中一个最重要的观念是个人主义，而在中国文化中则强调集体主义，这种差异也会在商务礼仪中得到体现。
西方商务文化注重个人成就，商务礼仪中通常会注重个人形象和出现频率，然而在中国商务文化中则主张团队合作，礼仪则着重于任何个人而非个人。
二、礼仪习俗及礼节礼节在中西方文化中都十分重要，但方式和理念上不尽相同。
在西方商务文化中，握手是一种举止体态，表示对加入合作的人的尊重和欢迎。
但在中国商务文化中，则不太常见，通常是以微笑、鞠躬的方式来表达。
同时，在商务场合用餐也是一种常见的商务礼仪，在西方国家中，荤素搭配、经济实用是主流用餐观念，而在中国商务文化中，酒宴中的“众僚同宴”则是表现互相敬重和深情厚意的一种方式。
三、礼物表示与反应在中西方文化中，送礼通常都是一种示好的方式。
但是中西方礼品的选择体现出文化差异。
在西方国家中，会选择实用、高品质的礼物，而在中国商务文化中则通常是依据收礼人的喜好和生肖送出符合文化特点的礼物。
如果有人送了礼物，中西方文化的反应也会有所不同，如果在中西方中，人们都会施以微笑和感谢，但在中国则没有表达感激之情的“谢谢”，而是表达出一种具体的、朴素的祝愿，例如：祝生意兴隆或祝您好运气。
由此可见，中西方文化的差异，以及商务礼仪上的差异，如果不能妥善处理及有意识地调整，就很容易产生误解或者甚至带来一些意料不到的矛盾，尤其对于国际贸易交流更为重要。
中美文化差异对商务礼仪的影响
中美文化差异对商务礼仪的影响摘要:作为世界上两大重要的国家和主要的贸易合作伙伴，如今中美两国的商务活动越来越频繁。
然而，当两国进行贸易时，受文化差异的影响所产生的商务礼仪的不同是一个不可忽视的问题。
如果不了解对方国家的文化礼仪，两国的商务进程很可能会失败。
因此，掌握各国的商务礼仪知识是十分必要的，而且在进行贸易活动之前对这些差异进行研究也是十分值得的。
在本文中，作者首先对礼仪做出了定义和概念,介绍其基本的观点，然后再进行深入了解。
但是本文的重心则从五个方面分析中美两国商务礼仪的差异，包括首次见面时的礼仪，餐桌礼仪，由于时间、价值观念不同看法，和思维方式的差异带来的礼仪。
本文的写作目的是帮助两国的商人了解彼此礼仪的差异，使他们能够在商务进程中做出得体的举止，并尽可能地取得成功。
关键词：文化差异，商务礼仪，影响1.IntroductionThe rapid development of science and technology are making the world smaller. Therefore, the relationship among countries is becoming closer and closer, especially between China and America. During the economic development of the globalization, the most obvious phenomenon is that the business activities between the two countries are becoming more and more frequent. However, because of the different economic backgrounds, values, and religious beliefs due to cultural differences, the business etiquette differs from each other, which leads to conflicts and frictions in doing business.In order to reduce the conflicts, people should know the differences well in cultures and business etiquette between China and America. In the following studies, cultural differences and their influence on each country’s etiquette on different occasions are systematically presented.Besides, the author gives several cases to illustrate the differences of etiquette and shows how important for the business men in both China and America to understand those differences.2.Literature ReviewPresently, more and more people have realized the importance of business etiquette, thus many scholars engage in studying in this field. Since this thesis studies the impact of Sino-American cultural differences on business etiquette, a review on the theories of predecessors from two aspects including culture and business etiquette is indispensable.2.1 Theories related to culture2.1.1Definition of cultureThere are many definitions of culture. The earliest and classic definition was put forward over 100 years ago by Taylor, a well-known British anthropologist, who defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (Taylor, 1874:1)There are many other definitions from different perspectives, but nevertheless, we are concerned with those which are conductive to our understanding of the relationship between culture and business etiquette.Geert Hofstede, an expert on management and cross-cultural differences, defined culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another …Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values，and values are among the building blocks of culture.”(Geert Hofstede, 1984) From this point of view, we can see that culture is a system of values and norms which are shared by a group of people. By those values and norms, people in one group can judge what is good, right, and desirable.2.1.2Cultural differences and their rootsIt is known that people across nations and cultures have different behaviors and beliefs. “Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them. Some believe that the physical world is real. Others believe that it is just an illusion. Some believe everything around them is permanent while others say it is transient. Reality is not the same for all people.” (Samovar, Porter & Stefani, 2003:33) For instance, age is highly respected in China. Young people are taught to respect the old when they are children. On the contrary, Americans encourage and promote thosewho are qualified and competent regardless of age and the young don't see the old in the same way as Chinese do. American culture is considered to be individualistic, whereas Chinese culture is characterized by collective.Why cultures differ between these two countries? To answer this question, we should explore the roots of American culture and Chinese one. “In the United States, it is estimated that 86% of the population is Christian.” (Samov ar, Porter & Stefani, 2003:94) Christians believe in God who is almighty and the Creator of everything, heaven, earth, moon, animals and human. So they behave confidently and attach much importance to individualism. While in China, Confucianism is a philosophic thought that has spread not only in China but also in the whole East Asia for 2,500 years. “Confucianism can be conceived as involving six core values: (a) moral cultivation, (b) importance of interpersonal relationships, (c) family orientation, (d) respect for age and hierarchy, (e) avoidance of conflict and need for harmony, (f) concept of face.”(Fang, 1999:109) According to this thought, individualism has negative meanings. It stresses on harmony, face, peace and so on. All these have shaped Chinese traditional culture. Nowadays, the influence of Confucian can still be seen everywhere in China. With so many cultural differences, each country’s business etiquette must differ from each other.2.2 Theories related to business etiquette2.2.1Definition of business etiquetteBefore discussing the definition of business etiquette, we should understand the meaning of the word, etiquette. Etiquette refers to a kind of standardized behavior in human’s contacts and communications which means more than poli teness. Here is a definition of etiquette as follows: “Etiquette means formal rules of correct and polite behavior in society or among members of a profession.” (Hornby, 1997:491) Accordingly, business etiquette can be defined as standardized behaviors and norms that should be abided by business people in their activities．In Ma’s opinion, he defines the business etiquette as follows: Business etiquette is the norms and criteria along with language, expression and behaviors, in different situation abided by two or more business parties, by which they express their recognition, show their respects toeach other and exchange each opinion, in order to establish a friendly and harmonious business relationship. (Ma,2004:411)2.2.2Root of Chinese and American etiquetteChina, as the cradle of oriental culture, enjoys a reputation of the etiquette country. In China, etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony. As early as in Han dynasty, there were three great works, called “three li”, Yi-li, Chou-li and Li-ji, which together had a great influence in Chinese society.However, America history is short, so is its etiquette history. The word etiquette was originated from French “etiquette”, whose original meaning was laissez-passer in court. Later, people found not only in court, but in social community they should abide by some norms and regulations. So etiquette became the laissez-passer of personal intercourse nowadays. (Zhu, 2006: 3-6)Therefore, American etiquette is not as profound as Chinese etiquette. That’s why Americans don’t care so much about etiquette as Chinese people do.3. Impacts of Sino-American cultural differences on etiquetteBecause culture influences etiquette, the values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors are vastly different from culture to culture. With such different cultural backgrounds between China and America, the business etiquette of the two countries is different beyond question. The specific differences will be discussed from five aspects as follows.3.1 On knocking up an acquaintance3.1.1GreetingGreetings can be roughly divided into language greetings and non-language greetings. For the non-language greetings, it means besides saying something, they greet through facial expression or body language, such as nodding, smiling or shaking hands.It is a common etiquette all over the world that people greet each other when they meet. But the ways or words they use to greet are different. In America, people greet each other as simple as: “hello” or “how are you?” or “good morning”, “good afternoon” according to the time. These are quite different from our China’s greetings. Take an example, a new American teacher in China was riding his bicycle in thecampus when he met a Chinese student. The Chinese student asked him: “have you had your dinner?” Of course it is just a common Chinese greeting aroun d meal time. But the teacher stopped and said: “I’m going to. Let’s go.” But the student had walk away, just leaving one word: “goodbye.” The American teacher felt surprised and embarrassed. Because to Americans, the greeting might mean: “I haven’t either. Come on. Let’s go to eat something together.” That is to say, if we greet Americans like this, they will consider we give them an invitation.The other greeting in China is that: “Where are you going?” This is also improper when greeting an American. Because Americans put much emphasis on privacy and they think it is their privacy.3.1.2 Personal spacePersonal space is variable from person to person, depending on the gender, age, cultural background, and relationship to the people with whom they are communicating. In China,people are comfortable with a closer personal space than that of Americans. They think a short distance can enhance the friendship between people. But when conversing with the opposite sex,the personal distance is bigger, because Chinese people have a conventional concept on it. According Chinese culture, people should keep a bigger distance between men and women.3.1.3 AddressingIn business activities, people are very sensible to the addressing others make to them. Chinese culture is a formal one. In China, Mr. or Ms. (surname) is popular addressing, and complete name is also acceptable. But title and status are extremely important. Using titles is a sign of respect in China. For example, it’s proper to address someone Mr. Zhang, but it’s better to address him as Chief Zhang if he is a chief of a company. Chinese people always avoid calling people by their first names, unless they are longtime friends, for the use of a first name at a first meeting is considered as an act of disrespect.Comparatively, Americans have a more informal culture. They believe that an informal, casual addressing demonstrates friendliness and sincerity. They often feel uncomfortable to follow the prescribed etiquette even in formal situations. Therefore,for Americans they always call someone by his or her first name, disregarding for titles and status. They think this is an act of friendship and goodwill.There is another difference in addressing between China and the United States.In Chinese traditional culture, people consider that it’s a virtue to respect the old. “The old” stands for somebody who is full of knowledge and experience. So in China, people often call someone “old+surname” to show their respect. But in America, it’s totally different. American culture speaks highly of the youth rather than the old. In their minds, youth are the symbol of future, hope and enthusiasm and all of those are declining when getting old. Relatively, the old are the group who are not respected by people. Therefore, Americans often try to avoid saying the word “old”. No matter old or young, they like to call someone by his or her name directly.3.1.3Exchanging business cardThe business card is used in communication, especially on business occasions. It’s printed with the personal name, company’s information, phone number and address and it is always used as an introduction. But people from different countries treat business card differently. Chinese people with a formal culture, tend to treat it with respect and ceremony. People often offer and receive it with both hands, looking at it carefully for four or five seconds, and then put it away cautiously and respectfully. Sometimes they may expect the counterpart’s business card after offering their own. However, the situation in America is of totally another kind. Many Chinese business men are struck by the way Americans treat this little piece of card. Americans treat it casually. When Chinese people politely offer their business card with both hands to Americans, the Americans may put it into pockets at once or toss it onto the desk immediately without a glance. That’s because American culture is an informal culture. They like do things in the informal and casual way and they think the business card is not necessary since they have met.3.2 On dining-table etiquetteMost of the international business activities are carried on not only in bland office environment, but also in the social places, such as restaurants, bars and so on. The purpose of dining with business counterparts is not only for a dinner, but also aprolongation of business. Due to the Sino-American cultural differences, there are a lot differences in dining-table etiquette between the two countries. Therefore, it’s necessary to know the differences in order to speak and behave properly while dining.3.2.1DrinkingTable culture is the most distinct part of Chinese culture. As Chinese culture is a typical collective culture.So they value relationship most. They don’t talk a lot about business in a dinner, but drink and toast much to establish a close relationship. How much you drink usually means how sincere you are. The Chinese toast “gan bei” literally means “empty glass”. However, the tradition of emptying glass can’t be accepted by Americans.American culture, on the other hand, is a typical individualistic culture. The concept of relationship is not as important as that in China.Americans value time and efficiency as most important. So they always bring business on the dining table. Although they also establish relationship in a business dinner, they drink properly but talk a lot about business. Some Americans regard that Chinese way of drinking is impolite and even a waste of time.Therefore, when people from these two countries are not familiar with the etiquette, they may well make jokes or embarrassments. There is a joke between Chinese and American business men. A Chinese company just signed up a contract with an American company. And they invited those American representatives for a banquet one night. During the banquet, Chinese kept persuading American representatives to toast and bottom up till everyone was drunk, though the Americans said they couldn’t drink anymore several times. Then the next day when the Chinese representatives went to the place where they planed to meet for a second round of negotiation, they couldn’t find the Americans. After waiting for a long time, they called one representative who said: “we’re terribly sorry but we’re still in the bed. By the way, we really appreciate the beautiful food in the banquet, but we can never afford too much drink next time, please.”3.2.2Words in banquetsIn China, people are taught to be modest from their childhood and modesty is considered as a Chinese virtue. Chinese people are passionate and hospitable. When they invite an American to come for a dinner, they always prepare a full table of delicious dishes but still say: “I’m sorry, but there are only a few dishes. Please help yourself.” The American is surprised: “since there have been so many dishes, why does he still say a few?” During the dinner, the host persuades the guest to eat more at times. And later, when they finish, the host will add “excuse me, the dinner is not nice.”Conversely, the situation in America is completely different. Generally speaking, the Americans are dissatisfied with the Chinese modesty or self-denial. They value honor and individualism. Americans seldom serve a lot of dishes when they invite someone to have a dinner. But they are still so satisfied with themselves that they say: “this is my best dishes I can offer you. Enjoy yourself.” Chinese people think Americans are too direct and arrogant. However, it is the American style. In the midof the dinner, American host never add dish to the guest’s plat e at will before they ask: “would you like some more…?”3.2.3TablewareTableware is a small difference between the two countries’ etiquette and it’s easy to learn. In American eating style,people cut the meat, bread and other food with the knife which is held in the right hand and the fork in the left.But in China, people use chopsticks most because their main food is rice and flour-made food. But they also use a spoon to drink soup like Americans do.3.2.3SeatingSeating arrangement is a very important component of dining-table etiquette, especially on business occasions. Seating is not as simple as the action itself. But it is a way to express one’s respect, or to show one’s power or status, or to demonstrate different relationship in many countries.Culture influences even the manner and the meaning in seating arrangements.In China, people usually seat the most honorable guest at the most conspicuous place and sit beside him. In most cases, they use round table for dinner. Butsometimes they use square ones and they arrange the guests seating on the left of the table or facing east, to express their respect. Further more, if there are men and women at the table, they try to seat the same sex together.But for Americans, they have different attitude to seating arrangement. They tend to talk with people opposite them, which will make Chinese people feel uncomfortable as if they were on trial. In addition, they usually use a square table for a dinner and seat the guests at the right place as to show their honor. The last different is that Americans often avoid seating two men or women together and they respect women more than Chinese people.(Song, 2006:246)3.3 On mode of thinkingBecause of the differences between China and America in geography, environment, religion, economy, custom and culture, each country has its own mode of thinking characterized by respective national features.Integration and segmentation One of the main differences of the mode of thinking between China and the United States is the comparison of integration and segmentation.Chinese culture put much emphasis on integration. That is, Chinese people tend to analyze things from entirety. Although they always divide things into two opposite aspects, the aspects are regarded as an inseparable unity. It is because of the feature that Chinese people often do things from the whole to part, from general to detail. For example, in the international business, they put the principle as their first consideration and get into the details after.But for Americans, influenced by linear thinking, they value individualism and small unity. Unlike Chinese people, Americans like to break a whole thing up into several parts and analyze it one by one.Spiral and linear Chinese mode of thinking is spiral. When coming to a subject, people prefer to talk about it allusively rather than directly. Quite often they say something else to prove the truth of the central idea even it is a very understandable sometimes. Especially when they want to express their disagreement, they tend to talk about it in an indirect, ambiguous and roundabout way. They seldom say “no” directly but in an acceptable manner. For example, they say “we’re really sorry, but we findit’s very difficult to accept your terms due to…” or they use some indirect hints, such as “maybe”, “perhaps”, “inconvenient” and “I will consider it”, which may mean “impossible” in Chinese culture. Therefore, it’s hard for foreigners to understand Chinese people if they don’t explore the implicative m eaning.On the other hand, American mode of thinking is a linear one. Americans prefer directness and blunt expressions. Whatever they say, they don’t like to talk in a vague and roundabout way because they think that way of speaking is insincere and not good for doing business. For example, in business negotiation, they often ask “frankly speaking, what is the bottom line?” and if they don’t understand the others, they also always say directly “do not beat around the bush” or “get to the point”. Furthermo re, Americans are inclined to say “no” directly. They never hide their disagreement in their deep heart as Chinese people do. All those in China, people consider it as impolite and arrogant, or even aggressive and rude.We can see the importance of knowing the difference from the flowing case. It shows how an American business man successfully deals with his Chinese counterpart holding different mode of thinking (Jeanne, 2000:P10-11):A U.S. company had a contract from a German buyer to sell Chinese bicycles in Germany. When the first shipment was ready, there was a problem. The bikes rattled. The American buyer did not want to accept the shipment, knowing that with the rattle, the bicycles would not be acceptable to the German customer. In American culture, the normal approach would be to tell the manufacturer that the rattling bikes were unacceptable and that the problem had to be fixed. However, in china, such a direct confrontation would be extremely rude. He was putin a difficult situation, knowing in Chinese culture indirect expression was very important in resolving the conflict. But if he did nothing, his Chinese partner would ship the rattling bicycles and his German buyer would reject them. Finally the American manager went to the Chinese plant, inspected the bicycles, and rode round and round. The bicycle rattled. The assembly workers could not hear the rattles after they finished the products. Now they got a chance to hear it and they frowned, looking at each other. At this moment the American buyer asked about the rattle, “Is this rattle normal? Do all the bikes rattle? Do you think the German buyer will think there is something wrong with the bike if it rattles?” then he left. The American buyer knew that he had drawn enough attention of the rattling to the Chinese manufacturers and they would immediately solve the problem. Surely, the next shipment of bikes had no rattles.In this case, he didn’t point the problem directly. If he did, he may irritate his Chinese partner and the deal may break down, resulting in repudiating the contract with the German buyer. Thanks to the knowledge of Chinese mode of thinking that the American manager acquires, he finally solves the problem successfully.3.4 On value conceptValue concept comes together with many things in every field. All our human being’s thinking, experiences, behaviors are on the basis of value concept. While different culture has different value concept.3.4.1Interdependence and independenceAs mentioned above,Chinese culture is a collective culture, so collective value comes first. Individualistic value is embodied by the contribution to collectivity. A person should be responsible both for himself and for others and the whole society as well. Because of this value, they emphasize the importance of establishment of harmonious relationship with others and consider dedication as another traditional virtue. They hold the idea of friendship, mutual concern as most important. So they are more willing to hear others’ matters and to tell their personal things to others. They like to help others when people are in need and they are willing to accept it when they are in trouble. Therefore, it’s understandable that when people from other countries do business with Chinese people, they are very passionate and hospitable.On the contrary, American culture is an individualistic culture.They have strong sense of personality, self-central, and independence. Individual benefit always ranks first and everyone is only responsible for himself. Their living way and quality totally depend on their own ability. An American scholar, Larry A. Samovar, who studies on cross-cultural communication, said: “In western culture, individualism is supreme. It is the initial and affirmative value, which may guide everyth ing in America.” (Samovar, 2004:) Therefore, in business activities, Americans are accustomed to neither helping others nor accepting others’ help. Because helping others initiatively may be thought to disparage them and accepting help only shows their inability.3.4.2Modesty and ForwardnessChinese people have the quality of face, honor, integrity and friendship. In order to own this quality, a person should act according to external expectation rather than to their own will or desires. In this culture, people seldom boast and they regard modesty as a virtue. When others compliment them, they always deny it. Especially in business activities, they usually refuse the praise and compliment on an achievement because they think the achievement belongs to the group and it is owing to others’ help.But in America, it’s different. Americans put much value on competition, challenge and personal achievements. They consider self-esteem and conceit as a symbol of mental sanity. In business activities, they try to show them off and take the initiative to make their own speech, regardless others’ opinion. When they get an achievement, they never conceal their feelings of confidence, pride and honor. And whenever they got praise and compliment, they will accept it confidently with a reply of “thank you” and a smile. They don’t like Chinese humility and self-denial for in Americans’ eyes, it not only denies their own ability, but also the others’ percipient. 3.4.3Friendship and privacyIn Chinese culture, people are interdependent. They put much value on friendship. To establish a harmonious relationship, they like to learn the things about the counterpart before starting business. For example, they always ask, even at their first meeting, others’ age, occupation, inco me, marriage, family and so on.However, Americans emphasize personal privacy much more than other values. They all respect themselves and don’t allow others to interfere in their own affairs. There is a saying in America which can prove this point: “Go fly your kite.”One’s personal affairs are a part of one’s personal rights. For example, it’s impolite to ask an American’s income because that belongs to their privacy. American’s concept of personal privacy is just like a nation’s territory. Others can’t enter it without permission.3.5 On time conceptTime concept differs much from each other due to different cultures. To some cultures, time has little meaning. But to some others, time means a lot. According toRichard Lewis, a famous expert on cross-cultural management, the global time concept can be divided into tree types: single-track, multi-track and ring-track. (Li, 2000)In China, time concept belongs to the kind of ring-track. According to this culture, time is fluid and it has circulation. People think a lot of history. So they like to learn the history background of their counterparts’ and establish rapport with them before business activities.And they believe that a considerable amount of time is worth in building an atmosphere of understanding, trust, and close relationship. They do not mind talking on the same point repeatedly. Therefore, they always spend much time to get to know their partners.In American culture, however, time concept belongs to single-track style. In Americans’ opinio n, since time is gone, they will never return. They think today has nothing to do with history and they value present and future. To American business men, time is money. They place much emphasis on getting tasks accomplished quickly and within a limited time. They like to make plans. No matter big or small, everything should be organized and should have a beginning and an end. Time is a commodity that shouldn’t be wasted and every day they seem to be in a hurry to make use of it. Business men tend to get down to business as soon as possible and they may want to make a contract even at the first meeting. However, such way of business in Chinese culture is considered brash or too aggressive and Chinese people feel uncomfortable with their fast pace.We can see the difference from the following case:Two American representatives from a textile company went to Zhejiang in China. They wanted to buy some equipment from a Chinese textile machinery company. After exchanging numerous letters and faxes, they had come to negotiate the sale and make contracts.This was their first visit to the company. When they arrived, Mr. Li, the manager of the Chinese company, himself met them at the airport. Then he led them to a luxurious hotel that he had arranged for them ahead. The two Americans felt comfortable and optimistic about the deal. They thought it was a good beginning.。
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中外文化差异对商务礼仪的影响[摘要] 随着中国改革开放步伐的加大和经济的迅猛发展，对外商务活动日趋频繁。
商务谈谈是对外商务活动的重要组成部分，必然会受到谈判者所处的不同文化的影响和干扰，从而形成风格迥异的谈判风格。
本文拟从中西方文化差异的角度探讨在对外商务活动中如何克服文化差异障碍，以及怎样更好地掌握和运用相关的涉外礼仪。
关键词:中西方，商务礼仪，差异商务礼仪，即人们在商务活动中，用以维护企业形象或个人形象，对交往对象表示尊重、友好的行为规范和惯例、交往艺术。
任何社会、任何国家的人们在交往中都需要一定的准则，而这些准则又因文化背景的差异而不同。
全球经济一体化，使信仰、价值观念、道德标准、民俗习惯及文化背景各不相同的各国商人走到了一起。
他们有的成了谈判高手，有的却败走他乡。
有时导致失败的原因并不是一些大的因素，而往往是由于某些细微的疏忽。
礼仪就是这种常常被忽视而恰恰起关键作用的因素之一。
中国是礼仪之邦，有着灿烂的五千年文化华夏文明，在世界上影响深远。
当在近200多年，随着西方国家的崛起，西方主导着世界。
现今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪。
在今天中西方礼仪文化的融合过程中，我们中国，更多的还是借鉴西方。
但无论是借鉴西方的礼仪，或者是我们是自创一套自己的礼仪系统，这在形式上都不难。
难的是我们也能有一个完整的价值体系，有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻觉悟。
文化的差异就会导致我们在商务谈判中出现一些常识性的文化错误，让对方感受不到我们的诚意。
因此，理解不同的文化对我们进行一次成功的商务活动奠定了坚实的基础。
一、价值观差异在中国的文化观念中，人生的价值往往体现在其社会价值之中，总是把个人或者自我放在社会关系中去考察，否定个体的自我主体性，人生意义常常与“忘我”或者“牺牲”相联系。
它追求的是这一种群体和谐的、稳定的伦理道德社会，个人可以弘扬个性，但不能将自我置于国家、集体之上;西方则不然，其主张以自我为核心的个人主义价值观念。
个人是社会的核心，追求个人利益的主观能动创造性是社会进步的内在动力。
因此，应将个人利益置于高于一切的位置，实行利己主义和自由主义，个人有满足自己物质利益和精神享受的权利，有自己生活上的隐私。
这种价值观的差异可以说是根本性的，它是决定中西方商务礼仪差异的根本因素。
在与人交谈时，切不可谈及个人的私事，诸如年龄、婚姻、收入、信仰等等。
看到别人买的东西不可问其价格;如果看到别人回来，也不能问他去哪儿了或者从哪里来，否则就会遭人厌恶。
而在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
但在中国人与美国人打交道时，在中国人看来很普通地问对方一些家庭情况，美国人就很可能认为你侵犯了他的隐私，别有用心，一桩生意很可能就这样泡汤了。
在中国，人们对个人隐私的界限远没有这么深刻，人们并不会在意别人对自己的生活作一般了解。
日常生活中，中国人拜访他人表示热忱。
而西方人在拜访前，要跟这人预约，突然造访会造成受访者不快，因为会打乱别人的工作安排。
西方人比较忌讳别人探听其隐私。
中国人比较热情，愿意帮助他人，喜欢询问别人可有什么帮忙。
比如,中国人会直接询问别人所购物品价格，在中国人看来，物品贵贱只代表物品质量。
西方人则认为是隐私，不宜直接询问。
中国人的空间距离较近，经常可以看见中国少女亲昵而行。
西方人认为中国人过于亲近，中国人认为西方人冷淡、傲慢、过分疏远。
这都是东西方文化观念差异导致的。
东方人重义重情，西方人崇尚个人独立。
西方人见面时，不一定会握手，只要笑一笑，打个招呼就行了，即使是第一次见面，而中国人则视握手为一个基本礼节。
但在中国握手并没有太多的限定，而西方人握手是有一定礼节的。
例如男女之间，若女方无握手之意，男子就只能点头鞠躬致意;长幼之间由长辈先伸出手;上下级之间，由上级先伸出手;宾主之间由主人先伸出手。
而且握手时应注视对方，并摘下手套，否则会被视为不礼貌。
在商务谈判中，见面礼是对方对你的第一印象，只有在自己了解了不同国家的不同习俗才能给对方带来亲切、重视的感觉。
让对方认为你很重视这次谈判，也让对方看到你的诚意所在。
尊重他人的文化，是我们在商务活动中取得成功的必要条件，我们只有了解了对方的文化习惯，才能顺利的完成谈判过程，并且愉快且轻松。
二、时间观差异在中国的传统文化领域中，人们推崇一种环形的时间观念。
因此，中国人利用时间比较随意，比较灵活;西方人奉行的则是线形的时间观念，认为时间是一去不复返的。
因此，他们的时间观念非常强烈，做任何事都有严格的日程安排，时刻保持“紧张”的时间观念。
这种差异表现在国际商务礼仪中，主要导致例如以下两个方面的中西差别:首先，在国际商务活动中，中国人不重视预约，有时候即使预约，也不严格遵守预约时间，而西方人则注重预约，且严格按照预约时间安排活动。
其次，在商务谈判中，西方人喜欢开门见山，且在谈判中不喜欢停下或者保持沉默，而是习惯于速战速决。
然而，中国人则喜好感情投资，喜欢宴请或者送礼物，在交杯换盏中达成一致，商务活动进程一般比较缓慢。
三、饮食观及宴请差异在中国，饮食已经上升到一种几乎超越其他一切物质形态和精神形态的举足轻重的东西，“民以食为天”是其最好的表达。
中国的菜肴讲究“五味调和”和“色、香、味、形、器俱佳”，追求美味，而忽略营养均衡;西方人饮食追求科学搭配，营养均衡，菜肴的“色、香、味”是次等要求。
他们喜欢清淡少油、原料新鲜的食物，只是将饮食当做一种摄取营养的手段，吃得比较简单，不会过分地追求口味。
因此，在商务活动中，中方喜欢安排圆桌筵席，美味佳肴置于中心，与客人相互敬酒让菜、热闹非凡，在形式上形成一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。
然而，西方的宴会则讲究优雅温馨，富有情趣和礼仪，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的;在宴请礼仪方面，中国从古至今大多都以“左”为尊，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。
西方则以“右”为贵，“女士优先、尊重妇女”是人们宴会排座位的标准。
宴席中，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。
此外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。
吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。
中国就餐中这些热情的举动，在西方可能会被视为不太注重礼节，但在中国，这些都是商务谈判中对对方重视和表现自己诚信的方式。
在餐饮氛围方面，中国人喜欢很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。
而西方人在用餐时，更喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，并且在吃饭的过程中很注重自己的餐桌礼仪，要表现的很有涵养，不能失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。
酒文化在中国由来已久，被视为做生意，交朋友等社交场合不可或缺的。
酒杯不空茶水不满。
在西方，通常喝啤酒、葡萄酒，不喜欢劝酒。
在中国，宴会喜欢共桌共菜，西方则认为不合卫生，实行分餐制。
中国人宴请时，觥筹交错，歌舞升平。
西方则要求少声响少动作，用餐程序较多。
四、语言习惯差异1、称谓称呼方面在西方,称呼是比较笼统的，一个称呼可以涵盖中国很多称呼。
例如，西方称呼男的为先生，称呼女的女士或小姐，而在我国“先生”第一解释是“教师”,是对教师最古老最悠久的称谓。
随着改革开放,先生已成为社会上最流行的尊称口语，西方人称”uncle”,可以涵盖我国的婶婶，伯母，姨。
他们对这些方面的关系也不如中国分明,中国父亲那边的为伯伯，姑姑，堂兄妹，母亲方为舅，姨，表兄妹。
在西方人们见面时喜欢直呼其名。
而在中国,人们喜欢加上职位，xx经理，xx 总裁等。
这是身份与地位的象征，西方人很少用正式的头衔称呼别人，正式头衔用于法官。
高级政府官员、军官、医生、教授、高级宗教人士等。
在中国，谦虚被奉行为一种美德。
所以，在得到别人的赞扬时，中国人常以“哪里”、“不好”、“不行”、“还不够”等来回应。
这不符合西方传统，尤其是美国。
西方人会对别人夸奖做积极的回应，常说“Thank you”。
另外，中国人讲究贬己尊人，把自己的家叫“寒舍”，自己的作品叫“拙作”，称对方为“您”，对方的意见为“高见”、“宝贵意见”。
而英语中的敬语和谦词则非常少见，在英语环境里，不管谈话的对方年龄多大、辈份多长、地位多高，you就是you，I就是I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如“您、您老、鄙人”等敬谦语。
所以，在国际商务活动中，中国人的谦虚与贬己常常让西方人感到不礼貌。
2、交际语言方面中国人通常是见面点头致意，握手或行拱手礼，微微欠身然后握手，而西方人认为欠身显得自卑，拥抱是最常见的见面礼与道别礼，亲吻礼与吻手礼也较为常见。
在我国除了见面和告辞时使用，在表示祝贺、感谢或互相鼓励时也使用。
发展到现在，被简单的“你好”，“再见”所取代。
可是西方的贴面礼、亲吻礼、吻身礼，让国人仍很不习惯接受。
中国在见面时喜欢客套的问去哪了,有没有吃饭,西方则认为这侵犯了他们的隐私，感到奇怪。
送客离开时，中国人习惯挽留，说“走好”“慢走”,而西方仅微笑作再见就可。
五、禁忌习俗中国人不喜欢说4，因为与“死”同音，认为8、6吉利，偏向于双数，追求成双成对。
西方人不喜欢13。
缘起基督教中的故事最后的晚餐,犹大出卖耶稣，有13个人。
也不喜欢星期五。
中国人尊老，而西方人忌老。
中国人喜黄色，有图腾为“龙”,视为龙的传人。
而西方则认为龙是蛇，基督教中蛇就是撒旦、是魔鬼，黄色暗含断交之意。
国人在馈赠送礼时不可“过时送礼，事后补礼”。
与年长者不能送“钟”,乌龟有“王八”之称，亦不可。
外国人在送礼时不求贵重，意到便可。
送礼收礼时亦少有谦卑之词。
但礼品包装要求精美。
在与人交谈时，西方人忌谈论个人私事、年龄、婚姻、收入等。
中国人则习惯称自己“礼不好，请笑纳”。
结束语中西方的文化差异导致了截然不同的商务礼仪。
随着改革开放的步伐加大，中国经济的迅猛发展，全球经济一体化的逐步实现以及中国加入世界贸易组织，对外商务合作也日益增多和频繁，商务礼仪在对外交往中的作用愈显突出。
商务人士要想成功地进行国际商务交往，就必须文化层面理解和认识国际商务礼仪，及时调整自己的礼仪行为，避免产生不必要的误会，最终存进国际商务活动的顺利开展～参考文献:[1].吴熹、陈悖，跨文化交际语言得体性分析 [J]. 江西教育学院学报,2006,27,(5). [2].卞浩宇、高永晨，论中西饮食文化的差异 [J]. 南京林业大学学报:人文社会科学版,2004,4(2).[3].汪清囡，中西文化差异对国际商务活动的影响及对策[J]. 企业经济,2006,(12). [4]李道魁:现代礼仪教程[M].成都:西南财经大学出版社，.. 2005223《商场现代化》.. 2008年.. 1月(中旬刊)总第.. 527期文案编辑词条B 添加义项 ?文案，原指放书的桌子，后来指在桌子上写字的人。