美国经济(英文版)

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美国经济大国的英文介绍

The Most Powerful Economics Nation ——The United StatesThe United States is a young capitalistic country. At the beginning, it was a small agricultural country which was consisted of a 3 million population and an only 89 million square kilometers country area. Nowadays, the United States has more than 9.37 million square kilometers of land and over 250 million of population. Its national GDP exceeded 10 trillion, is about 28.6% of the world's total GDP in 2004. The United States has revealed its superpower since the medium-term of nineteenth century. A British scholar said, throughout the ages, has no one been such a powerful country like the United States. Therefore, it is interesting to analyze how the United States becomes the most powerful economics nation in the world. In this analysis, I will explain the reasons one by one.1. Good natural condition and various geography environmentsThe United States has a vast land and rich mineral resources. Approximately 90% of its land can be farming. In addition, the Great Lakes contain about half of fresh water in the world that can be offered to the United States. Engels said that, “The United States has the massive resources and the excellent conditions which any European country does not have”. What’s more,the United States occupies the good geographical position. North with Canada, south with Mexican, two weaker countries is neighboring with it. It is separated by two oceans, Atlantic and Pacific. Hence, the United States did not losing anything in the two world wars and it took advantage of the opportunity to amass wealth in the wars on the contrary.2. Innovation and development of national spiritThe United States has always been known as the multi-ethnic country. Currently, the citizens of the United States come from as many as 156 countries and regions. Due to historical reasons, the Americans form their particular features, which are self-improvement, hard-working, and have spiritual and scientific truth-seeking attitude. They contemn the feudal tradition and have a strong desire of the spirit of innovation and autonomy. Engels pointed out, "The United States starts from the democratic republic of the country without traditions except for religious traditions. It is a nation with more energetic than an y other nations.” “V olatility is our life”, Americans often say this. Their constant changes help to break the stagnation and rigidity.3. The bourgeois constitution——"Federal Constitution"Constitution is the fundamental law of the country for running and bringing peace. The stability of the constitution is the essential attribute of law. The constitution-making process and the characteristics of authority and relative stability both play an important role in the development of the United States. Constitution evolved with the evolution of times. The separation of powers keeps executive, legislative and judicial balances, which is considered to be proud of America's founding fathers. Constitution clearly stipulates that the executive, legislative and judicial are independent of each other. They are in charge of part of the power, but no one can exercise their power away from the others. The separation and balance of powers is an important part in maintaining the bourgeois state system stably in the United States. The achievement in itself changes the America's position in the world.4. T wo times revolutions and reforms of the economyIn 1775, War of Independence of the United States overthrew the ruling of British colony. It was the first great liberation of the productivity in America. Civil war abolished slavery during the period from 1861 to 1865, so that the productivity was liberated for the second time. The industrial revolution was completed in the 19th century. In this sense, social movements and reforms constitute a major force to the development of the United States, which also reflects the American society’s self-regulation on the maintenance and development of the capitalism.5. Attaching importance to the person with economy, education or technology talentAs a purely capitalistic country, the United States has a strong desire to understand the fundamental economy for the proliferation expansion and strengthening of capitalism. With the disintegration of the bipolar pattern in 1991, an American scholar used “the sources of strength of the United States” stressed the fundamental economy again.Agriculture is the foundation of economy in the United States. Over the past 200 years, the agriculture has taken a great change remarkably. In the 18th century, over 95% of the population worked in agriculture during the War of Independence. Today, less than 2% people are engaged in agriculture. But one third of the arable agricultural products are used for export in United States.The United States has an emphasis on education. Especially it has the world's largest higher education system which gives it the core of competitiveness in the information age. And in generally its higher education has reached the top level in the world. What’s more, the United States encourages people learning science and invention with award. It also encourages the development of practical knowledge and recruits creative talent from all over the world. So the United States becomes the most powerful country of technology. It is closely related to the immigrants from other countries. In this way the United States not only absorb their cultural, technological and other processes, but also gained a lot of excellent scientists and technical personnel. During the World War II, the third technological revolution was born in the United States. At the same time, It put a larger number of investments in science and technology than other countries. So in 1990s, the United States caught up with other developed capitalistic countries and stepped into the knowledge economic society firstly.These are the reasons why the United States is the most powerful economics nation in the world, and how it took the lead into the knowledge economic society in 1990s. Innovation, education and science, they are well known as three foundations when the United States founded its own nation. So if China wants to be stronger, it can learn from the United States. And in quite a long period of time, the United States will still remain the most powerful economics nation in the world.。

美国经济的英文作文

美国经济的英文作文英文：The U.S. economy is a complex and dynamic system that is influenced by a variety of factors. One of the key drivers of the U.S. economy is consumer spending. When consumers are confident about the state of the economy, they are more likely to spend money on goods and services, which in turn drives economic growth. For example, during the holiday season, many Americans go on shopping sprees, which boosts retail sales and stimulates the economy.Another important factor in the U.S. economy is government spending. The government plays a significantrole in providing public goods and services, such as infrastructure, education, and defense. When the government invests in these areas, it creates jobs and stimulates economic activity. For instance, the construction of new roads and bridges not only improves transportation but also creates employment opportunities for workers in theconstruction industry.Additionally, the U.S. economy is heavily influenced by the performance of the stock market. When stock prices are rising, it creates a wealth effect, leading to increased consumer spending. Conversely, a decline in stock pricescan have a negative impact on consumer confidence and spending. For instance, when the stock market crashed in 2008, it led to a significant decrease in consumer spending, which contributed to the economic recession.Moreover, global events and international trade also play a crucial role in shaping the U.S. economy. The U.S.is a major player in the global economy, and events such as trade agreements, tariffs, and geopolitical tensions can have a significant impact on the U.S. economy. For example, the imposition of tariffs on imported goods can lead to higher prices for consumers and disrupt supply chains for U.S. businesses.In conclusion, the U.S. economy is a multifacetedsystem that is influenced by consumer spending, governmentinvestment, stock market performance, and global events. These factors interact in complex ways to shape the overall economic landscape.中文：美国经济是一个复杂而动态的系统，受到各种因素的影响。

美国经济(英文版).ppt

Meanwhile the textile industry and heavy industry also developed.
American Economy Industries ------Cities
New York Pittsburgh Chicago Detroit Dallas and Houston Seattle San Francisco and Los Angeles
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
Aviation
1. US has the largest aviation industry in the world.
2. Major aircraft companies:
Boeing, McDonald Douglas
American Economy Industries ------Distribution
Distribution of Industries
1. Northeastern America , the most important industrial region.
New England and Great Lakes
American Economy
Industrial Revolution
“The Wealth of Nations”
Adam Smith
American Economy General Survey
1. The structure of the economy 2. The position in the world 3. Inflation and Deficit
2. it stands by the Ohio River which finally joins the Mississippi River.

美国经济(英文版)ppt

Chapter 3 American Economy
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American Economy
Contents: 1. Industrial Revolution 2. General Survey 3. Industries 4. Agriculture
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American Economy
Industrial Revolution
Position of the American Economy 1. “superpower” in world affairs 2. dominant position of the dollar
“Bretton Woods System”
布雷顿森林体系/布莱登国际货币制度
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American Economy General Survey
Bretton Woods System 1. most major currencies are pegged to the US dollar 2. the dominant position of the dollar was formally
established in the Bretton Wood system which was held in 1945 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire and attended by 45 countries. 3. The conference also set up the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, and GATT( the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), later known as WTO, it is a world trading system.

Economy of the United States美国经济

Economy of the United StatesPresemt EconomyThe United States of America is the world's largest national economy. The United States has a mixed economy and has maintained a stable overall GDP growth rate, a moderate unemployment rate, and high levels of research and capital investment. The US has abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. The U.S. is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas. It is the second-largest trading nation in the world as well as the world's second largest manufacturer, representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output. The United States has one of the world's largest and most influential financial markets. The New York Stock Exchange is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization. The United States has the largest consumer market in the world, with a household final consumption expenditure five times larger than Japan's. The labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the highest in the world. The U.S. is one of the top-performing economies in studies such as the Ease of Doing Business Index, the Global Competitiveness Report, and others. The US economy is currently embroiled in the economic downturn which followed the financial crisis of 2007–08, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office.The Development of American EconomyColonial eraThe economic history of the United States has its roots in European settlements in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The American colonies went from marginally successful colonial economies to a small, independent farming economy, which in 1776 became the United States of America. In 180 years, the US grew to a huge, integrated, industrialized economy that made up around one fifth of the world economy. As a result, the US GDP per capita converged on and eventually surpassed that of the U.K., as well as other nations that it previously trailed economically. The economy maintained high wages, attracting immigrants by the millions from all over the world.1800sIn the 19th century, recessions frequently coincided with financial crises.1900sThe United States has been the world's largest national economy since at least the 1920s.From the New Deal era that began in 1933, to the Great Society initiatives of the 1960s, national policy makers relied principally on fiscal policy to influence theeconomy. The economy since 1973, however, has been characterized by both slower growth (averaging 2.7%), and nearly stagnant living standards, with household incomes increasing by 10%, or only 0.3% annually. The worst recession in recent decades, in terms of lost output, occurred during the financial crisis of 2007–08, when GDP fell by 5.0% from the spring of 2008 to the spring of 2009. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was popular in the U.S. to believe that Japan's economy would surpass that of the U.S., but this did not happen. The North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, created one of the largest trade blocs in the world in 1994.2000sThe United States economy experienced a crisis in 2008 led by a derivatives market and subprime mortgage crisis, and a declining dollar value.Business cultureA central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces. This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement,as well as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts.From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. As a result, the United States has been the birthplace of 161 of Britannica's 321 Great Inventions, including items such as the airplane, internet, microchip, laser, cellphone, refrigerator, email, microwave, personal computer, LCD and LED technology, air conditioning, assembly line, supermarket, bar code, electric motor, ATM, and many more.参考资料：可可英语，谷歌，维基百科。

美国经济小论文纯英文

As we know, the strongest economic country is America .Since we learned from the class we must have known more about it .Over the 200 years, from 1776 up to now, the country has advanced a lot and become the most eye-catching nation. To some extent, the United States is leading the times .Not even me, I think the majority of us, wa nt to ask the same question “Why does the development of American economy go so leaps and bounds ?what advantages factors help them? And what we should do to develop our economy c an catch up with them?” America’s rise has provided us with a lot of meaningful experience. We should learn from it and promote our own country.Of course, there are many other measures that contribute to the rise of America .Then I will explain the reasons in the following parts1. Industrial revolution.It’s no doubt that the developments of American economy are begin with industrial revolution. Science and technology are the first productivity and of great importance to the development of society. With out exception, America’s development largely depends on science and technology. The industrial revolutions were so important to it.There are five develop stage of industrial revolution.First development was the introduction of the factory system ,which gathered many workers together in one workplace and produced goods for distribution over a wide area .The first factory in the United States is generally dated to 1793. It was a cotton textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, that combined carding, roving and spinning operation. An English man named Samuel Slater came to American to build a cotton cloth factory. He built the machinery from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of Slater’s factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center. The making of textiles also meant increased demand for cotton, grown in the southern region of the United States. As a result, the nation became a major cotton producer.Second development was the “American system” of mass production which originated in the firearms industry about 1800. The new system required precision engineering to create that were interchangeable. This, in turn, allowed the final product to be assembled in stages, each worker specializing in a specific operation. The cotton gin -----that rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of the cotton. The “moving assembly line” made possible a major saving in labor costs by improving efficiency. During the first half of the 20th century, mass production of consumer goods such as cars, refrigerators and kitchen ranges.Third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks. Large water wheels and water turbines drove the machinery of early factories. As the steam engine was perfected, it provided an alternative source of energy, first for mobile operations such as powering steamboats and locomotives, then for factories. The textile industry, the dominant American industry for many decades, completed the switch to steam power after 1860.The economic activity increased as a result of new inventions. Such as sewing machines, the telegraph, railroads, food-processing plant, the telephone, the perfection of the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the camera, moving picture and many others devices.The fourth development was the emergency of new forms of business organization, notably the bank and the cooperation, which facilitated the growth of industry. The first American commercial bank appeared in the 1780s and more banks soon followed. For many years, the only paper money consisted of “bank notes” that represented a particular bank’s promise to pay. Banking policy was highly controversial and early attempts to establish a national or central bank wereshort-lived. Not until 1863 did the United States create a truly national banking system with a standard paper currency.Then we can draw a conclusion as follows. In the first revolution, America went on very well because of its natural resources. And in a very short time, regional economy developed. It is deserved to be mentioned that the government’s policies were so powerful, such as establishing national banks, encouraging technological advancement and so on. These really mad e great contributions to the nation’s rise.During the second revolution, Americans took the most use of new energies, such as electricity. On the one hand, it directly promoted the progress of heavy industry. On the other hand, it made mass production possible and laid a foundation for economic monopoly. It not only added a lot financial income but also strengthened the economic system. What’s more, the world science and technology center moved from Europe to America.Then, America began to lead the world industrial revolutions. The most meaningful reason for its improvement might be that Americans are good at absorbing advanced technology and innovating breakthroughs. Therefore, American productivity and enterprise management system are in continuous innovation process. As a result, in the science and technology, America has being playing a leading role around the world.2. Free enterpriseMost Americans think that the rise of their nation as a leading producer of manufactured goods, food and services could not occurred without the economic freedom capitalism---which many prefer to call free enterprise.A most important factor is capital. On my point of view, they can divide to two main parts. One is money borrower, the people who need money to buy the land and build the factory. As a result, investor appeared---the other part. They find that they could make money by lending it to those who wanted to start or to expand a business. That led to the creation of an important part of the current economic scene: the selling of stock, or shares, in a business. So the stock trading was greatly increased in the vigorous free-market climate of the young America.Then many places are called stock exchanges are appeared, the best-known is perhaps he New York Stock Exchange, located in the Wall Street area of New York City, the nation’s largest city and a major business center. The government has conducted many economic policies to promote the development .American lost no time in industrializing their new nation and in building trade with other countries .it attracts and absorb foreign investment, establishing a financial reserve system to make the market creative and powerful. Besides, Americans do well in paying attention toadjusting measures to economically underdeveloped areas. There they implement a diversified economy. Having experienced the Great Depression, the government strengthened the intervention to the market and improved the economic system.3. ConclusionThe rise of the United States is a result of so many reasons from every aspect. However, the process is not as right as rain. America has faced quite a few difficulties and problems. Americans are not defeated. They just keep moving and creating their own mythologies.Although China is quite different from the United States, we Chinese can still learn from its experience. In the wave of international economy, we should learn from it and grasp the chances and be willing to take challenges.First, Innovation is the spirit of a nation’s advancement. We should encourage it and make our nation more energetic and creative. Second, we should put enough money to education so that we c should put enough money to education so that we can train more excellent people. At the same time, improve the technology. What’ more, we should make full use of our resources and recycle using them.In a word, China should keep pace with the times and adhere to the policy of reformation and opening.American Economy----The leader of the world’s economyMajor: International economy and tradeGrade and glass :2011.01Student number :1107010101Name ：Zhou Bi Rong 周必荣Time :2013.06.20。

美国经济评论（英文）

American Economic Review美国经济评论V olume 100, Issue 4，20101. Title: Morally Motivated Self-Regulation.Authors: Baron, David P.Abstract: Self-regulation is the private provision of public goods and private redistribution. This paper examines the scope of self-regulation motivated by altruistic moral preferences that are reciprocal and stronger the closer are citizens in a socioeconomic distance. The focus is on the role of organizations in increasing self-regulation by mitigating free-rider problems. Social label and certification organizations can expand the scope of self-regulation but not beyond that with unconditional altruism. Enforcement organizations expand the scope of self-regulation farther, and for-profit enforcement is more aggressive than non-profit enforcement. Enforcement through social pressure imposed by NGOs also expands the scope of self-regulation.2. Title: Identifying the Elasticity of Substitution with Biased T echnical Change. Authors: León-Ledesma, Miguel A; McAdam, Peter; Willman, Alpo.Abstract: The capital-labor substitution elasticity and technical biases in production are critical parameters. The received wisdom claims their joint identification is infeasible. We challenge that interpretation. Putting the new approach of 'normalized' production functions at the heart of a Monte Carlo analysis we identify the conditions under which identification is feasible and robust. The key result is that jointly modeling the production function and first-order conditions is superior to single-equation approaches especially when merged with 'normalization.' Our results will have fundamental implications for production-function estimation under non-neutral technical change, for understanding the empirical relevance of normalization and variability underlying past empirical studies.3. Title: Social Comparisons and Contributions to Online Communities: A Field Experiment on MovieLens.Authors: Chen, Yan; Harper, F. Maxwell; Konstan, Joseph; Li, Sherry Xin. Abstract: We design a field experiment to explore the use of social comparison to increase contributions to an online community. We find that, after receiving behavioral information about the median user's total number of movie ratings, users below the median demonstrate a 530 percent increase in the number of monthly movie ratings, while those above the median decrease their ratings by 62 percent. When given outcome information about the average user's net benefit score, above-average users mainly engage in activities that help others. Our findings suggest that effective personalized social information can increase the level of public goods provision.4. Title: Are Health Insurance Markets Competitive?Authors: Dafny, Leemore S.Abstract: To gauge the competitiveness of the group health insurance industry, I investigate whether health insurers charge higher premiums, ceteris paribus, to more profitable firms. Such 'direct price discrimination' is feasible only in imperfectly competitive settings. Using a proprietary national database of health plans offered by a sample of large, multisite firms from 1998-2005, I find firms with positive profit shocks subsequently face higher premium growth, even for the same health plans. Moreover, within a given firm, those sites located in concentrated insurance markets experience the greatest premium increases. The findings suggest health care insurers are exercising market power in an increasing number of geographic markets.5. Title: Wage Risk and Employment Risk over the Life Cycle.Authors: Low, Hamish; Meghir, Costas; Pistaferri, Luigi.Abstract: We specify a life-cycle model of consumption, labor supply and job mobility in an economy with search frictions. We distinguish different sources of risk, including shocks to productivity, job arrival, and job destruction. Allowing for job mobility has a large effect on the estimate of productivity risk. Increases in the latter impose a considerable welfare loss. Increases in employment risk have large effects on output and, primarily through this channel, affect welfare. The welfare value of programs such as Food Stamps, partially insuring productivity risk, is greater than the value of unemployment insurance which provides (partial) insurance against employment risk.6. Title: The Law of the Few.Authors: Galeotti, Andrea; Goyal, Sanjeev.Abstract: Empirical work shows that a large majority of individuals get most of their information from a very small subset of the group, viz., the influencers; moreover, there exist only minor differences between the observable characteristics of the influencers and the others. We refer to these empirical findings as the Law of the Few. This paper develops a model where players personally acquire information and form connections with others to access their information. Every (robust) equilibrium of this model exhibits the law of the few.7. Title: Technology Capital and the US Current Account.Authors: McGrattan, Ellen R; Prescott, Edward C.Abstract: The US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) estimates that the return on investments of foreign subsidiaries of US multinational companies over the period 1982-2006 averaged 9.4 percent annually after taxes; US subsidiaries of foreign multinationals averaged only 3.2 percent. BEA returns on foreign direct investment (FDI) are distorted because most intangible investments made by multinationals are expensed. We develop a multicountry general equilibrium model with an essential role for FDI and apply the BEA's methodology to construct economic statistics for the model economy. We estimate that mismeasurement of intangible investments accounts for over 60 percent of the difference in BEA returns.8. Title: Sovereign Risk and Secondary Markets.Authors: Broner, Fernando; Martin, Alberto; Ventura, Jaume.Abstract: Conventional wisdom says that, in the absence of default penalties, sovereign risk destroys all foreign asset trade. We show that this conventional wisdom rests on one implicit assumption: that assets cannot be retraded in secondary markets. Without this assumption, foreign asset trade is possible even in the absence of default penalties. This result suggests a broader perspective regarding the origins of sovereign risk and its remedies. Sovereign risk affects foreign asset trade only if default penalties are insufficient and secondary markets work imperfectly. To reduce its effects, one can either increase default penalties or improve the working of secondary markets.9. Title: Pavlovian Processes in Consumer Choice: The Physical Presence of a Good Increases Willingness-to-Pay.Authors: Bushong, Benjamin; King, Lindsay M; Camerer, Colin F; Rangel, Antonio. Abstract: This paper describes a series of laboratory experiments studying whether the form in which items are displayed at the time of decision affects the dollar value that subjects place on them. Using a Becker-DeGroot auction under three different conditions-(i) text displays, (ii) image displays, and (iii) displays of the actual items-we find that subjects' willingness-to-pay is 40-61 percent larger in the real than in the image and text displays. Furthermore, follow-up experiments suggest the presence of the real item triggers preprogrammed consummatory Pavlovian processes that promote behaviors that lead to contact with appetitive items whenever they are available.10. Title: Determinants of Redistributive Politics: An Empirical Analysis of Land Reforms in West Bengal, India.Authors: Bardhan, Pranab; Mookherjee, Dilip.Abstract: We investigate political determinants of land reform implementation in the Indian state of West Bengal. Using a village panel spanning 1974-1998, we do not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that land reforms were positively and monotonically related to control of local governments by a Left Front coalition vis-à-vis the right-centrist Congress party, combined with lack of commitment to policy platforms. Instead, the evidence is consistent with a quasi-Downsian theory stressing the role of opportunism (reelection concerns) and electoral competition.11. Title: Monopoly Price Discrimination and Demand Curvature.Authors: Aguirre, Iñaki; Cowan, Simon; Vickers, John.Abstract: This paper presents a general analysis of the effects of monopolistic third-degree price discrimination on welfare and output when all markets are served. Sufficient conditions-involving straightforward comparisons of the curvatures of the direct and inverse demand functions in the different markets-are presented for discrimination to have negative or positive effects on social welfare and output.12. Title: Strategic Redistricting.Authors: Gul, Faruk; Pesendorfer, Wolfgang.Abstract: Two parties choose redistricting plans to maximize their probability of winning a majority in the House of Representatives. In the unique equilibrium, parties maximally segregate their opponents' supporters but pool their own supporters into uniform districts. Ceteris paribus, the stronger party segregates more than the weaker one, and the election outcome is biased in the stronger party's favor and against the party whose supporters are easier to identify. We incorporate policy choice into our redistricting game and find that when one party controls redistricting, the equilibrium policy is biased towards the preferences of the redistricting party's supporters.13. Title: A Price Theory of Multi-Sided Platforms.Authors: Weyl, E. Glen.Abstract: I develop a general theory of monopoly pricing of networks. Platforms use insulating tariffs to avoid coordination failure, implementing any desired allocation. Profit maximization distorts in the spirit of A. Michael Spence (1975) by internalizing only network externalities to marginal users. Thus the empirical and prescriptive content of the popular Jean-Charles Rochet and Jean Tirole (2006) model of two-sided markets turns on the nature of user heterogeneity. I propose a more plausible, yet equally tractable, model of heterogeneity in which users differ in their income or scale. My approach provides a general measure of market power and helps predict the effects of price regulation and mergers.14. Title: Consumption Taxes and Redistribution.Authors: Correia, Isabel.Abstract: This study considers replacing the current US tax system with only a flat tax consumption tax, showing, in contrast to the literature, that such a reform leads to a decline in inequality and increase in welfare for the welfare-poor. The results are obtained from a simple model that identifies the main channels through which the reform affects the economy. It is shown also that these novel results depend on the distribution of wealth and earnings, and that they hold for the relevant empirical distributions.15. Title: When Does Communication Improve Coordination?Authors: Ellingsen, Tore; Östling, Robert.Abstract: We study costless pre-play communication of intentions among inexperienced players. Using the level-k model of strategic thinking to describe players' beliefs, we fully characterize the effects of preplay communication in symmetric 2×2 games. One-way communication weakly increases coordination on Nash equilibrium outcomes, althoug h average payoffs sometimes decrease. Two-way communication further improves payoffs in some games but is detrimental in others. Moving beyond the class of symmetric 2 × 2 games, we find that communication facilitates coordination in common interest games with positive spillovers and strategic complementarities, but there are also games in which any type of communication hampers coordination.16. Title: Kinship, Incentives, and Evolution.Authors: Alger, Ingela; Weibull, Jörgen W.Abstract: We analyze how family ties affect incentives, with focus on the strategic interaction between two mutually altruistic siblings. The siblings exert effort to produce output under uncertainty, and they may transfer output to each other. With equally altruistic siblings, their equilibrium effort is nonmonotonic in the common degree of altruism, and it depends on the harshness of the environment. We define a notion of local evolutionary stability of degrees of sibling altruism and show that this degree is lower than the kinship-relatedness factor. Numerical simulations show how family ties vary with the environment, and how this affects economic outcomes.17. Title: Elections, Capital Flows, and Politico-Economic Equilibria.Authors: Chang, Roberto.Abstract: We study an open economy where a pro-labor and a pro-business candidate compete in an election. The winner chooses taxes, which affect investment returns. Electoral outcomes depend on the size of the foreign debt, but the debt itself reflects expectations about the election. The resulting interaction is novel and has several implications. Elections are associated with increased volatility. Politico-economic crises can occur. Inefficiencies vanish if the candidates commit to an appropriate tax policy, but such commitments have predictable effects on the election. Empirical evidence supporting the theory is discussed.18. Title: Preemption Games: Theory and Experiment.Authors: Anderson, Steven T; Friedman, Daniel; Oprea, Ryan.Abstract: Several impatient investors with private costs C<sub>i</sub> face an indivisible irreversible investment opportunity whose value V is governed by geometric Brownian motion. The first investor i to seize the opportunity receives the entire payoff, V-C<sub>i</sub>. We characterize the symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium for this game. A laboratory experiment confirms the model's main qualitative predictions: competition drastically lowers the value at which investment occurs; usually the lowest-cost investor preempts the other investors; observed investment patterns in competition (unlike monopoly) are quite insensitive to changes in the Brownian parameters. Support is more qualified for the prediction that markups decline with cost.19. Title: Watta Satta: Bride Exchange and Women's Welfare in Rural Pakistan. Authors: Jacoby, Hanan G; Mansuri, Ghazala.Abstract: Can marriage institutions limit marital inefficiency? We study the pervasive custom of watta satta in rural Pakistan, a bride exchange between families coupled with a mutual threat of retaliation. Watta satta can be seen as a mechanism for coordinating the actions of two sets of parents, each wishing to restrain their son-in-law. We find that marital discord, as measured by estrangement, domestic abuse, and wife's mental health, is indeed significantly lower in watta satta versus 'conventional' marriage, but only after accounting for selection bias. These benefits cannot be explained by endogamy, a marriage pattern associated with watta satta.20. Title: Self-Interest through Delegation: An Additional Rationale for thePrincipal-Agent Relationship.Authors: Hamman, John R; Loewenstein, George; Weber, Roberto A.Abstract: Principal-agent relationships are typically assumed to be motivated by efficiency gains from comparative advantage. However, principals may also delegate tasks to avoid taking direct responsibility for selfish or unethical behavior. We report three laboratory experiments in which principals repeatedly either decide how much money to share with a recipient or hire agents to make sharing decisions on their behalf. Across several experimental treatments, recipients receive significantly less, and in many cases close to nothing, when allocation decisions are made by agents.21. Title: The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence.Authors: Aizer, Anna.Abstract: Three quarters of all violence against women is perpetrated by domestic partners. This study exploits exogenous changes in the demand for labor in female-dominated industries to estimate the impact of the male-female wage gap on domestic violence. Decreases in the wage gap reduce violence against women, consistent with a household bargaining model. These findings shed new light on the health production process as well as observed income gradients in health and suggest that in addition to addressing concerns of equity and efficiency, pay parity can also improve the health of American women via reductions in violence.22. Title: Constrained School Choice: An Experimental Study.Authors: Calsamiglia, Caterina; Haeringer, Guillaume; Klijn, Flip.Abstract: The literature on school choice assumes that families can submit a preference list over all the schools they want to be assigned to. However, in many real-life instances families are only allowed to submit a list containing a limited number of schools. Subjects' incentives are drastically affected, as more individuals manipulate their preferences. Including a safety school in the constrained list explains most manipulations. Competitiveness across schools plays an important role. Constraining choices increases segregation and affects the stability and efficiency of the final allocation. Remarkably, the constraint reduces significantly the proportion of subjects playing a dominated strategy23. Title: Financing Development: The Role of Information Costs.Authors: Greenwood, Jeremy; Sanchez, Juan M; Wang, Cheng.Abstract: To address how technological progress in financial intermediation affects the economy, a costly-state verification framework is embedded into the standard growth model. The framework has two novel ingredients. First, firms differ in the risk/return combinations that they offer. Second, the efficacy of monitoring depends upon the amount of resources invested in the activity. A financial theory of firm size results. Undeserving firms are over-financed, deserving ones under-funded. Technological advance in intermediation leads to more capital accumulation and a redirection of funds away from unproductive firms toward productive ones. With continued progress, the economy approaches its first-best equilibrium.24. Title: Efficiency Gains from T eam-Based Coordination-Large-Scale Experimental Evidence.Authors: Feri, Francesco; Irlenbusch, Bernd; Sutter, Matthias.Abstract: The need for efficient coordination is ubiquitous in organizations and industries. The literature on the determinants of efficient coordination has focused on individual decision making so far. In reality, however, teams often have to coordinate with other teams. We present a series of coordination experiments with a total of 1,101 participants. We find that teams of three subjects each coordinate much more efficiently than individuals. This finding adds one important cornerstone to the recent literature on the conditions for successful coordination. We explain the differences between individuals and teams using the experience weighted attraction learning model.25. Title: Social Identity and Preferences.Authors: Benjamin, Daniel J; Choi, James J; Strickland, A. Joshua.Abstract: Social identities prescribe behaviors for people. We identify the marginal behavioral effect of these norms on discount rates and risk aversion by measuring how laboratory subjects' choices change when an aspect of social identity is made salient. When we make ethnic identity salient to Asian-American subjects, they make more patient choices. When we make racial identity salient to black subjects, non-immigrant blacks (but not immigrant blacks) make more patient choices. Making gender identity salient has no effect on intertemporal or risk choices.26. Title: Bidding with Securities: Comment.Authors: Che, Yeon-Koo; Kim, Jinwoo.Abstract: Peter DeMarzo, Ilan Kremer, and Andrzej Skrzypacz (2005) analyzed auctions in which bidders compete in securities. They show that a steeper security leads to a higher expected revenue for the seller, and also use this to establish the revenue ranking between standard auctions. In this comment, we obtain the opposite results to DKS's by assuming that a higher return requires a higher investment cost. Given this latter assumption, steeper securities are more vulnerable to adverse selection, and may yield lower expected revenue, than flatter ones.。

美国经济大国的英文介绍

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9
American Economy General Survey
Inflation Inflation is a general rise in the prices
of goods ad services, the real or purchasing power value of money is reduced. E.g. Three dollars are necessary today to buy what two dollars bought yesterday.
2. The South was traditionally an agricultural region because of its favorable climate for crops.
The South developed its oil-refining and Petrochemical industry.
2. it stands by the Ohio River which finally joins the Mississippi River.
3. it has developed a big steel-making industry, and is now the largest producer of iron and steel in the U.S.
18
American Economy Industries ------Distribution
Distribution of Industries
1. Northeastern America , the most important industrial region.
New England and Great Lakes
structure of the employees 1. self-employed (75%) 2. government workers (21%) 3. employees of nonprofit organizations
(4%)
7
American Economy General Survey
“ Ford” “General Motors ( GM) ” and “ Chrysler”
2. large, spacious and high-powered
3. the influx of Japanese cars and spare parts is the main cause of America’s $60 billion trade deficit with Japan.
5
American Economy General Survey
Structure of the economy
1. Privately-owned business 2. State-owned business 3. non-profit organizations
6
American Economy General Survey
13
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
Manufacturing
The US manufacturing industry is the largest in the world, almost 3 times the size of Japan.
3. largest food-processing center
4. famous for its clothing industry.
23
American Economy Industries ------Cities
1. Sectors of American Industries 2. Distribution of industries 3. Major Industrial Cities 4. Factors of the Development of
Industries
12
American Economy Industries ------Sectors 1. Manufacturing 2. High Technology 3. Heavy Industry 4. Aviation 5. Car Industry
20
American Economy Industries ------Cities
New York
1. the largest city
2. the largest seaport
21
American Economy Industries ------Cities
Pittsburgh
1. another important industrial city in Pennsylvania
10
American Economy General Survey
Deficit
American economy is deficit financing.
1. $23 billion during WWⅠ
2. $13 billion more during the 1930s
3. $200 billion more during WWⅡ
1. one of the world leaders in the high technology, in the areas of telecommunication, electronics, computer chip research and manufacturing and software development.
22
American Economy Industries ------Cities
Chicago
1. border on lake Michigan and the third largest city in US.
2. most important industrial and commercial city in the Middle West.
Adam Smith Alexander Hamilton Early American industries Second development A Third development A fourth development New era for the United States
Bretton Woods System 1. most major currencies are pegged to the US dollar 2. the dominant position of the dollar was formally
established in the Bretton Wood system which was held in 1945 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire and attended by 45 countries. 3. The conference also set up the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, and GATT( the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), later known as WTO, it is a world trading system.
4. By 1998 the gross federal debt has reached $ 2 trillion
5. interest on the federal debt is over $ 150 billion a year.
11
American Economy Industries
Meanwhile the textile industry and heavy industry also developed.
19
American Economy Industries ------Cities
New York Pittsburgh Chicago Detroit Dallas and Houston Seattle San Francisco and Los Angeles
3
American Economy
Industrial Revolution
“The Wealth of Nations”
Adam Smith
4
American Economy General Survey
1. The structure of the economy 2. The position in the world 3. Inflation and Deficit
1. one quarter of GNP
2. one quarter of the national income
3. over 1/5 of the US work force
14
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
High Technology
Position of the American Economy 1. “superpower” in world affairs 2. dominant position of the dollar
“Bretton Woods System”
布雷顿森林体系/布莱登国际货币制度
8
American Economy General Survey
2. US is the world major producer of highspeed computers.
Apple Computer Corporation and

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