考博英语翻译技巧

英语翻译技巧（一）2008年01月16日11:06 阅读次数：1833被动语态翻译英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。

英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：一、译成汉语主动句。

1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。

例如：Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。

Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。

2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。

Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。

Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。

3．译成带表语的主动句。

Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。

4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。

以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。

例如：Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。

Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。

Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours．众所周知，自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。

这类句型还有：it is said that... ／It is supposed that...／It must be pointed out that...／It is asserted that...／It is generally considered that... 二、译成汉语被动句为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。

1．汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。

Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain，which caused severe flooding．华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击，引起了严重的水灾。

Eg. The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。

2．译成“为……所”的结构。

Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child labourer at the age of twelve. 王大妈为家境所迫，十二岁就到上海一家针织厂作童工。

Eg. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了。

三、译成“招”、“使”和“由”字句Eg. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。

Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。

Eg. By evening the occupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew. 至傍晚，占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。

四、译成无主语句Eg. Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。

Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again. 现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用的方法。

综上所述，英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句，只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。

我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯，又保持上下文连贯的译法。

同时，既要注意语态转换的一般规则，也要注意其例外情况，有的被动语态形式已习语化了，更是不可忽视的。

英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。

但是，也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译，或者完全不译出来。

这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。

以下分别举例说明。

1）等值翻译：Eg. a drop in the ocean沧海一粟Eg. within a stone's throw一箭之遥Eg. ki11 two birds with one stone一箭双雕Eg. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.．吃一堑，长一智。

2）不等值翻译：Eg. at sixes and sevens乱七八糟Eg. on second thoughts再三考虑Eg. by ones and twos两两地，零零落落地Eg. Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。

Eg. --Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all.你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价.Eg. He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine.他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。

英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12）等，见圈码）很容易译错――其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。

现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加(一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①）A is n times greater （longer，more，…）than B.（②）A is n times the size （length，amount，…）of B.(③)以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，……）n-1倍].Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。

注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。

（二）increase to n times（④）increase n times／n-fold（⑤）increase by n times（⑥）increase by a factor of n（⑦）以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。

Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986．化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。

The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。

注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。

（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧）应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。

这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。

（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。

(⑨)Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled．这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as B.（⑩）应译为：A比B多（大，长，……）1倍。

A is half as much （large，1ong，…)again as B.【= A is one and a half times as much （large，1ong，…）as B.】（11）应译为:A比B多（大，长……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。

倍数减少（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12）A is n times smaller （lighter，slower，…) than B.（13）以上两句均应译为：A的大小（重量，速度，……）是B的1/n[或A比B小（轻，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。