厦门大学博士入学考试人文社科类学科基本素质历年真题

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厦门大学博士入学考试试题

厦门大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part ADirections:There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decied on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos” rather than “might-dos”, and who feel that academia bas not been suffciently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers'possible contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unani mity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientsts and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and .industry. Above all, we have tomake sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it.1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage?A.He believes that there are too many MBAsB.He believes that the degree is over-valuedC.He believes that standards are inconsistentD.He believes that the degree has dubious value2. According to the passage, employers_________.A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needsB.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualificationC.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselvesD.feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinkingmanagement structures3. According to the passage_________.A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicateB.training need to be done in groups to be successfulC.managers today must have good communication and leadership skillsD.industrial managers do not need to write letters.4. In the writer's opinion_________.A.science increases competitionB.scientists are undervaluedC.the management of science needs reassessmentD.management feels smug about its status5. Which of the information is true according to the passage?A.Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more trainingB.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential abilityC.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAspanies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in theirown staffPassage 2One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant once. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons aften they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learningtheory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to_________.A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholismB.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes theirdependence upon alcoholC.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholismD.help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of theirdrinking are very unpleasant?B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terns of shock therapy?C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming thesignal for another bout of alcohol abuse?8. Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholies.C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism?Ⅰ. the need to reduce tensions and anxietiesⅡ. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking boutsⅢ. punishment for alcoholic behaviorA.Ⅰ onlyB.Ⅰ and Ⅱ onlyC.Ⅰ, Ⅱ,and ⅢD.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulusgeneralization has occurred.B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order toinduce him to drink.D.The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage themto abstain from drinking.Part BSummary and TRUE or FALSE question. (10 points)Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学)is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.Two such answers have arisen. Firstly cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in may households. Secondly, a tiny amonut of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的)bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since tile early 1900's —have been indicated in a number of studies.In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cerealbased porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in tile form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.Whatever tile underlying mechanisms, the fact is that tile exercise reduces contamination without adding to tile household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to tile child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on tile use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify, whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.13. Fermented foods are free of contamination.14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations.Directions:Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below; according to the passage. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineMalnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)_________but also from infections caused bycontaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)_________. Both of these methods are, or were used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have highter (20)_________and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)_________is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)_________is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. These is, however, a trend away from this (23)_________to commercial products.Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center1. Susan prefers to have her left_________photographed as she believes that's her better side.A.veilB.viewC.fringeD.profile2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_________her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.A.proscribedB.inscribedC.prescribedD.described3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_________the question.A.evadeB.deludeC.secludeD.invade4. The policeman tried to_________the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure5. Y ou must_________yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.A.promoteB.strengthenC.assertD.assess6. This teaching method is a _________ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country.A.symposiumB.symphonyC.spectrogramD.synthesis7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too_________.A.preoccupiedB.onerousC.triflingD.omnipresent8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women_________this field is climbing.A.shammingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be_________from a straight line.A.distractedB.deviatedC.intriguedD.permeated10. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston_________a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.A.intent onB.provokedC.elatedD.pruned11. People of all countries are expected to _________ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world.A.inspectB.expeditedC.upholdD.reinstall12. She never_________to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.A.indulgedB.troubledC.exertedD.frustrated13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _________ disputes among his employees.A.rectifyB.rebukeC.negotiateD.reconcile14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's_________.A.assuranceB.warrantC.guaranteeD.insurance15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _________ his post in time of war is to be shot.A.desertsB.deflectsC.detainsD.threw16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _________ to Christmas as candles and holly.A.integralB.suitableC.inevitablepatible17. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _________ love.A.extravagantB.prominentC.prescientD.eternal18. The magician picked out several persons_________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.A.by accidentB.on averageC.on occasionD.at random19. We need one hundred more signatures befoe we take the _________ to the governor.A.pleaB.petitionC.patentD.claim20. Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _________ out-breaks of diseases.A.previewB.forestallC.igniteD.fluctuateⅢ. Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success.As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 3. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, lean Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.4. The communications revolution, the shiftfrom a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans'private lives.More andmore of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990.Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence.5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics.Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois dominion Publique, the Frech affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of Frenchrespondents vi ewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. “I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures,” says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.Ⅳ. Writing (15%)Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.试题详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part A1.C 从文中第三段可知；A，B，D三项文中提到过，但只是某些人的观点，作者并未完全赞同。

厦门大学历届试题word精品文档12页

厦门大学2019年招收读硕士学位研究生管理学原理部分一, 名词解释(12分)职能工长制秩序原则权威接受理论直线部门二, 简答题(18分)1,有效的管理为什么说是既要使组织适应环境,又要为组织创造和选择一个良好的外部环境? 2,请简述非正式组织的存在对正式组织目标实现的影响作用.3,请你对”合作社会系统学派”的观点进行评价.三,论述题(20分)请结合实际,特别结合是现代社会经济与科学技术的发展对管理的影响,谈谈你对管理既是一门科学又是一门艺术的认识和看法.财务管理部分一,名词解释(15分)资本结构直接筹资融资租赁财务风险净现值二,问答题(24分)1,企业公积金来源.2,你认为企业财务目标是什么?为什么?3,中国人民银行重新界定的流动资金贷款种类及其内容.4,长期借款与长期债券比较分析.三,计算题(11分)东方公司向银行贷款800万元,期限5年,年利率10%.银行要求按年度等额还本付息(年末支付),①按复利计算,每年偿还额应为多少?②按单利计算每年偿还额又是多少?(PVIFA10%,5=3.791)市场营销学部分一,名词解释(每题3分,共12分)市场市场营销社会市场营销观念市场营销组合二,简答题(每题6分,共18分)1,请比较无差异性目标市场策略,差异性目标市场策略和集中性目标市场策略三者的异同点,并分析各自的应用条件.2,请分析快速渗透战略的应用条件.3,请阐述日用消费品的销售渠道策略.三,论述题(20分)为什么说以消费者需求为中心的营销观念的产生是一场重要的思想革命?人力资源管理部分一,名词解释(每题5分,共20分)1,何谓人事管理2,人类的三大需要是什么?3,人事部主任的作用4,何谓工作满意度二,简答题(每题8分,共16分)1,人事管理面临怎样的挑战?2,人事考核的基本原则.三,论述题(14分)何谓能力考核与态度考核?请你论述能力与态度之间的相关与区别,并举例说明你个人的观点:选拔人员时是能力更重要,还是态度更重要?2019年企业管理专业课试题厦门大学2019年招收读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题一管理学原理部分(50分)(一)名词解释(12分)共享权力组织界限社会人前馈控制(二)简述题(28分)1,请用马克思的管理二重性理论对西方管理理论中的“诱因≥贡献”理论进行评析.2,请简述你对人际关系学说的评价与认识.3,你对管理理论走出理论丛林的认识.4,请谈谈目标在整个管理过程中的地位与作用.(三)论述题(10分)有人认为,我国当前的管理水平还不如当年泰罗的“科学管理理论”,对此,你是如何认识的?请谈谈你对我国当前企业管理水平的看法与评价.二财务管理部分(50分)(一)名词解释(12分)权益资本财务危机成本EBIT 内含报酬率(二)简述题(28分)1,简述可转换债券的一般特点及我国现行可转换债券的特征.2,简述营业租赁与融资租赁的区别.3,举例说明财务杠杆的作用.4,简述长期贷款合同中银行对借款企业的一般性限制条款.(三)计算题(10分)1996年环宇公司信用条件为30天付款,无现金折扣,平均收现期为40天,销售收入为10万元,预计2019年的销售利润率与1996年相同,仍保持15%.现为了扩大销售,公司财务部门制定了两个方案.方案一:信用条件”3/10,n/20”，预计销售收入将增加3万元，增加的销售额中，坏账损失率为3%，客户获得现金折扣的比率为60%，平均收现期为15天。

【免费下载】厦门大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案

厦门大学研究生入学考试历年真题及答案点击蓝色字体查看原文温馨提示：内容较多，(Ctrl+H)搜索所需内容2015年厦门大学701语言文学基础全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。

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2015年厦门大学313历史学基础全套资料本专业课考试科目的全套资料主要包括：1．历年考研真题及详解（即考研拥有的本专业课考试科目的全部考研真题，部分可能由于官方未公布而无法取得，但是我们在不断更新，如有会第一时间补发给学员）；2．本科生、研究生课堂笔记；3．本科生、研究生课堂作业；4．教师授课讲义及课件；5．期中期末考试试题；6．指定教材（参考教材）配套资料（课后习题答案、模拟试题等）。

厦门大学考博几年真题资料合辑(博士生考试英语+人文社科综合+专业课案例)+考博成功经验

资料目录：厦门大学近年考博真题+考博经验分享1.2018厦门大学考博经验分享2.2019厦门大学考博经验分享3.2018双非学姐的厦大考博逆袭之路——本硕求学生涯历程2018厦门大学考博经验分享初试1英语：词汇：比较难，但没有考语法阅读理解：比较简单，反正比考研英语简单翻译：好像是2010年的真题写作：类似雅思的命题思路，可参照雅思的方法准备2人文基本素质客观题：不是行测那种，基本都不会，有考考研政治的哲学题，还有考厦大校训的出处。

感觉比较难准备主观题：三选一。

文科——国学热为主题写作2500字；经济——中国经济与世界经济平衡1500字；管理学——忘了3西方经济学，能回忆起的只有以下几题价格下降对产出的影响简述总供给三种模型标准费排污许可证IS-LM模型计算MC不等的情况下古诺、斯塔伯格模型感觉没有偏题，和前几年的真题有许多重复的地方，只要认真复习就不会考的太差。

可是要考比较好，就必须复习的时候尽量深刻理解。

复试笔试：分专业。

各专业有道统一的金融英译汉。

国际金融专业是——汇率决定论；人民币扩大波幅评述；欧债危机；还有些想不起来了，反正把国际金融的教科书及当前热点都准备了就差不多了。

但这是考博，准备的程度要比考研尽量深入一些。

英语口试：与外教对话几分钟。

除了自我介绍，还会针对个人情况问一些问题，以及经济方面的问题综合面试：陈述个人科研成果（这个环节非常重要，以往成果越多越加分）；外汇储备管理；银行盈利问题2.2019厦门大学考博经验分享2019年厦大国贸系的拟录取名单已经公布，虽然早已得知自己被录取，但还是长长地舒了一口气，不为别的，就是为自己一路以来的坚持而倍感欣慰。

3年前，当我还是那个长彻案椅，为考研而发奋的孩子时，厦大就是我的目标，但最终我成为了失败者。

尽管如此，在调剂的硕士学校读研期间，为了厦大的梦想，我还是努力坚持着。

今年我报了厦大和暨大两个学校，专业都是国际贸易学，两所学校考分竟然相同，都为231。

厦大文学考博之论述题及标准答案

1你对《尚书‧尧典》中〝诗言志〞的诗歌理论有什么看法?《尧典》是《尚书》开卷第一篇，记述尧舜执政时言论及行事。

“诗言志”是在先秦时代对文艺本质的一个基本认识，初见于今文《尚书·尧典》，为中国学术史、文学史上一大课题，是我国古代文论家对诗的本质特征的认识。

《诗经》的作者关于作诗目的的叙述中就有“诗言志”这种观念的萌芽。

各家所说的“诗言志”含义并不完全一样。

《尧典》的“诗言志”是说“诗是言诗人之志的”，这个“志”的含义侧重指思想、抱负、志向。

“诗言志，歌咏言”等观点成为中国诗乐理论的本原。

朱自清曾给予诗言志以中国历代诗论开山纲领的高度评价。

《尚书•尧典》中最早纪录了“诗言志”观点。

《尚书•尧典》中记舜的话说：“诗言志，歌永言，声依永，律和声”，提出的"诗言志"，其内容始初应当与祭祀天地鬼神、祖宗社稷的活动有关。

它反映了古代人们对于诗歌的一种认识：作者通过诗歌表露自己的内心世界，表达对于社会中的人和事的观点和态度，并且希望诗歌对社会，政治发生影响。

“诗言志”是人们对诗歌性质，功能的认识的一种概括新的表述，对后代这方面形成比较系统的理论具有奠基作用。

诗是用语言写成的，“在心为志，发言为诗”。

诗以言志为本，志是诗的本原。

诗言表现为文辞，文辞言志而成诗。

《尧典》的“诗言志”，是说“诗是言诗人之志的”，这个“志”的含义侧重指思想、抱负、志向。

从先秦一直到今天，“诗言志”始终是中国文论最重要的传统之一。

我们从以下几个方面分析：首先，从艺术表现上探究。

如果说“诗言志”主要强调诗歌表现人的情志，那么“歌咏言”则强调诗歌的吟咏诵唱。

“歌咏言”所强调的是对言辞的涵咏。

而声依咏则是诗歌在咏唱的过程中，声调依附于歌咏。

通过对声调抑扬顿挫意义的深入体会。

律和声。

现代音乐所谓“和声”指两个以上的音按一定的规律同时发声。

古代“和声”指调和声调，协和声律。

“和声入于耳，而藏于心。

”“律和声”是说：歌咏“依声律和乐”，“正言与和声同发”。

（完整版）厦大真题

（完整版）厦大真题2002年西哲一，解释题（5×4）1. 斯多亚派的世界主义2. 温和的唯实论3. 有学问的无知4. 霍布斯的公民哲学二，简答题（10×4）1. 莱布尼茨是怎样修正笛卡尔的天赋观念论的2. 拉美特利是怎样解释人的心灵和肉体的关系的3. 如何评价康德的现象学说4. 费尔巴哈批判宗教的思想方法是什么三，论述题（20×2）1. 评述亚里士多德的实体学说2. 试论述黑格尔的辩证法的否定性特征2002年中哲一，解释题（5×4）1. 无往不复2. 知己知彼，百战不殆3. 三人行必有我师焉4. 天不变，道亦不变5. 理一分殊二，简答题（10×4）1. 孔子的中庸思想2. 王弼的贵无论3. 禅宗的由来与特点4. 王夫之太虚即气的思想三，论述题（20×2）1. 先秦道家本体论及其历史影响2. 从新兴修养看中国哲学的现代意义。

2003年西哲这一年西哲和马哲是一张和卷，这里不写出马哲的考题。

一.解释题（5×3）1. 上帝存在的本体论证明（安瑟尔谟）2. 研究自然的三种主要方法（狄德罗）3. 抽象同一与具体同一（黑格尔）二.简答题（12×2）1. 简要评述苏格拉底的概念论和方法论.2. 斯宾诺莎是怎样克服笛卡尔的二元论的?三.论述题（20×1）1.试析康德解决先天综合判断如何可能问题的思路2003年中哲一.简答（10×7）1. 盘古开天神话的哲学意义2. 老子自然无为思想3. 为政以德4. 韩愈的道统说5. 理一分殊6. 王守仁的致良知思想7. 王夫之的辩证法思想二.论述（40×2）1. 简要说明中国哲学的基本特点2. 从自我修养角度看宋明理学的思想价值2005年西哲这一年的西哲与上一年一样，包括分值，这里只写出西哲部分一. 名词解释（5×3）1. 教父哲学2. 洛克的第一性质和第二性质3. 异质元素说（狄德罗）二. 简答题（12×2）1. 简要评述亚里士多德的“四因”说2. 简要评述康德的二律背反学说三.论述题（20×1）1.概述黑格尔关于逻辑思维形式的三个阶段的思想2005年中哲一.简答题（18×4）1.简论周易及其对中国哲学的历史影响2.简论论语的仁学思想3.简论郭向独化论及其意义4.试论佛教中国化及其意义二.将下列话语标点，翻译，评述（18）道可道，非常道。

厦门大学博士考试教育学原理真题2006年

厦门大学2006年教育学原理试题及参考答案一、概念比较题1．教育与自我教育2．导生制与导师制3．学历与学力4．毛入学率与净入学率5．全民教育与终身教育二、论述题1．我国当代教学理论的发展经过了哪几个阶段?2．当代世界出现了哪几种教育思潮?三、评论题1．高考升学率是衡量学校教学质量的重要手段。

2．在大城市出现的“农民工子弟学校”是教育不平等的表现。

[参考答案]一、概念比较题1．教育与自我教育教育：广义的教育指凡是增进人们的知识和技能，影响人们的思想观念，具有教育意义的活动，除了包括我们通常所说的学校教育之外，还包括社会教育、家庭教育以及其他各种形式的教育活动。

狭义的教育主要是指学校教育，是教育者根据一定的社会要求，有目的、有计划、有组织地通过学校教育工作对受教育者的身心施加影响，促使他们朝着所期望的变化的活动。

自我教育：广义的自我教育指受教育者以一定的世界观和方法论，认识主观世界和教育自己的全部过程，又称自我修养。

即人们以自己已经形成的思想品德为基础，而提出一定的奋斗目标，监督自己去实现这些目标，并评价自己实践结果的过程。

狭义的自我教育即自我批评，是德育的一种方法。

自我教育应届于教育，教育同自我教育是统一的过程。

自我教育在一定意义上来说是教育的结果，又是进一步教育的条件或内部动力。

因此，在教育过程中要充分发挥受教育者自我教育的主体作用。

2．导生制与导师制导生制：19世纪中期，英国的“星期日”学校已有250万学生，师资成为问题，于是教会人士贝尔·兰喀斯特在伦敦创立了“导生制”学校。

其基本方法是先将学生编成小组，每组10人，再指定一个年龄较大且成绩突出者为“导生”，教师先教“导生”，“导生”再对小组进行教学。

导师制：早在19世纪，牛津大学就实行厂导师制，其最大特点是师生关系密切。

导师不仅要指导他们的学习，还要指导他们的生活。

近年来，国内各高校都在探索研究生教育以外的高等教育也能建立一种新型的教育教学制度——导师制。