毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院专业：工商企业管理学生姓名：方智立学号：010*********指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院姓名：朱芸芸职称：讲师2016年 4 月 1 日Marketing Strategy Analysis of SportsAbstractSports market is a special industry market, which for provide exchange of sports tangible products and services market. Sports market including fixed type, such as sports facilities, sports goods market, Mobile market, such as all kinds of sports service provided by the fitness club. Sports tourism and advertising business, sports goods should be consumers to accept, and occupy a larger market. If success of the sports marketing involves many factors. According to the specific characteristics of sports marketing, develop and implement appropriate marketing strategy is very important. Sports marketing strategy is to the sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making.This paper argues that the marketing strategy can be further subdivided into market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, Choose a strategy, must conform to the enterprise's own competitive position, product status, to grasp the market opportunity, determined according to the demands of consumers. In this paper, the sports market segmentation marketing strategy for the market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, and discusses the sports marketing how to carry out strategic choice.Keywords: Sports bazaar ; Sports marketing; Marketing strategy1.Sports marketing strategy and characteristics1.1Sports marketing strategyStrategy refers to the planning of overall and profound things. Sports marketing strategy refers to the commodity business units under the guidance of modern marketing concept, to achieve its economic goal for enterprise in a certain period of the overall design and planning of marketing development.Inan increasingly competitive market circumstances, sports business units in order to effectively carry out business activities, to achieve its business objectives, must understand and based on the characteristics of marketing concepts and strategies, and Target the demand of the market, comprehensive analysis and marketing of various environmental factors, choose effective market strategy in the background.1.2The characteristics of the sports marketing strategySports marketing strategy has sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making. It has the characteristics of the following.(1) Overall importance.Sports marketing strategy is a matter of the global business units, including two aspects the meaning of this global:on the one hand, Sports marketing strategy is the overall design, the development of the business units, including overall planning and the overall strategy and means.On the other hand, Sports marketing strategy decision is a matter of global business units and their all-round development in the future.(2)Secular.Sports marketing strategy is really about the future of sports business units: to achieve the goals of sports marketing strategy, will make the sports business units to produce qualitative leap, but this is not usually that can be done in the short term.Important, sports business units of marketing strategy on the strategic period not only very important to enterprise's survival and development, but also to the long-term development of enterprises play an important role.(3) Systematicness.Sports systemic marketing refers to business units, each part of the work of each link is a contact each other, are closely related to the organic unity of the whole.System have layers, the size and the primary and secondary division, at the next lower level to obey and serve at the next higher level.For a certain sports and business operation entity, the strategy of the whole enterprise as a whole system engineering to overall arrangement, the pursuit of the overall development of the biggest benefits.(4)Adaptability.Sports marketing adaptability, refers to the sports marketing and business operation entity is easily affected by external and internal environment, when the environment changes, sports business units made to adapt themselves to the new environment of the characteristics of rapid response.Sports marketing of the external environment including the market demand, political or economic situation changes, policy and law changes. Similarly, sports business entities internal conditions change will impact on marketing.(5)Risk.Due to sports marketing strategy is the business unit for the marketing activities during the period development collection of expected decision, and this decision is absolutely impossible in various conditions fully mature and information fully, make and sports market, especially the intangible product variety and complexity of the market, make sports marketing strategy has the characteristics of uncertainty and instantaneity, many market opportunities tend to be a passes, no longer to, opportunity and risk coexist.2.Sports marketing strategy comprisedand choiceSports marketing strategies mainly include market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy.2.1 Market orientation strategyMarket positioning refers to the sports business units according to the condition of market competition situation and its own resources, establish and develop differentiated competitive advantage, to make their own products in the consumer formed in the difference between each product unique image and is superior to the competition.This unique image can be tangible or intangible.Enterprise after analyzing the market environment, should highlight its own market advantage, establish market position, Which companies need to know on a certain level of paper generalizes, consumers mind what is the best sports products as expected.2.2 Market entry policyMarket entry strategy is the sports business units at the right time to capture the target market, how to appropriately in the two aspects of production capacity and sales ability to make reliable measures and guarantee, to ensure the decision-making of sports products successfully enter the market.Its content mainly includes the production capacity of decision-making and sales ability to form two aspects.(1) Capacity Decision. In the necessary time, sports business entities formtargetmarket capacity, is one of the important conditions to achieve market goal.Regardless of whether they are sports tangible products and intangible products, generally there are two alternative strategies.①Independent development strategy refers to both tangible products, the development of sports and development of sports intangible products. All on its own strength to expand production scale, enhance the comprehensive production capacity or adjust the structure of the comprehensive production capacity of enterprise, to adapt the demand of product combination structure. ②Comprehensive development strategy, mainly depend on the sports business units of the external forces, namely, through joint, collaboration, subcontract, form a new comprehensive production capacity. Due to participating in planning, control, coordination, etc, are more difficult. Therefore, sports business units must be good at optimizing collaborator, deal with the various cooperation of responsibility, right and benefit, to maintain good relations of cooperation.(2) Sales ability decision. A sports product to enter and occupy the market, production enterprise must have the necessary sales ability and the ability to penetrate the market.Sales ability decision-making main consideration circulation channels and sales, product should be considered when making decisions, market, enterprise, social environment and the factors such as economic effect.2.3 Market development strategyMarket development strategy refers to the perspective of market prospects, the choice of market development means, usually includes two kinds of intensive development and diversified development main form.(1)Intensive development.When some kind of sports products in the market has the potential of further development, the choice of market penetration, product development and market development of three kinds of intensive development form. As the tangible products market, in sports and intangible products are common market and applicable.①Market penetration. on the basis of the existing market scale, increase the sales of existing products. Can use a variety of measures, consolidate old customers, increase the new user. ②Product development Is through developing and improving existing products, make its have some new properties and USES, meet the social demand more. ③market development. Refers to an enterprise that open up new product sales market, in order to increase sales.(2) Diversified development.Diversity is also called the diversification, basically have concentricity scattered scattered, horizontal dispersion and the integrityof three. ①Concentricity is sports business unit USES the original dispersed development technology and the characteristics, with its as the core, the development use different structure similar products. ②Scattered level of sexual development.Was used in the original market advantage, has occupied the market development of technology, nature and purpose of different products. For example, Sports club olicy makers, can through the player transfer channels, to sell players, profit.Others use their sports club or the player's social awareness to participate in the sales promotion of goods, in order to obtain profits. ③Integrity of dispersed development. Refers to the sports business units to expand the business into its original business, technology, market and the product has no connection in the industry. Such as the sports department construction and run a catering and service hotels, hotels, entertainment city, charge for parking lot, etc., is the form of scattered holistic development. Implement the diversification development, can improve the ability of sports business units to adapt to the environment, reduce the risk of a single business, at the same time, may be more fully use of all kinds of resources within the enterprise, make its have more potential development opportunities. However, the development of decentralized often leads to complication of operation and management, and business operation entities such as diversifying some problems.2.4Strategic Marketing CompetitionThe rules of the development of the market is superior bad discard, its characteristic is the petition can promote the economic development of the enterprise and the improvement of economic benefits.Enterprises should establish a clear concept of competition, flexible use of price and non-price competition means, take a man without I have, people have my good, good people knew, new I cheap, cheap I turn the principle and method of making enterprise competitive strategy, must accomplish know fairly well the competition environment and competition situation, can with ease.Enterprise competition environment factors mainly refers to the enterprise in addition to the social and cultural environment stress factors of various aspects, such as management scientist professor Michael porter of Harvard University famous the competitive offer slightly above, an enterprise usually exist competition pressure from five aspects, namely the industry competition pressure, potential to join the pressure from the industry, suppliers forward pressure (by providing raw materials or semi-finished products, to develop into their production products), buyers.(1) The overall competitive strategy. Under different conditions, the enterprise facing the pressure of competition is different, the analysis of the pressure of competition is to understand the purpose of each kind of competition situation of power, so as to make effective competition strategy.Under normal circumstances, the sports business units of competition strategy in general have a low cost strategy, product differentiation strategy and intensive strategy. ①low-cost strategy. Low cost strategy is to point to in under the premise of guarantee the quality of products and services, efforts to reduce the cost of production and sales so that the enterprise product prices lower than competitors' prices, with rapidly expanding sales increase market share. ②Product differentiation strategies. Product differentiation strategy is to point to create a unique characteristic of the enterprise products, to develop unique products or marketing programs, for in such aspects as product or service than competitors are unique. Thus to obtain the difference advantage.The United States, for example, "NIKE" brand sports shoes, NIKE production due to the appearance of novel design, the innovation of the use function and unique, and exquisite packaging, etc., although the price is surprisingly expensive, but occupies considerable market in China, the teenagers are very loving. ③Intensive strategy. Intensive strategy refers to the enterprises focus on one or several market segments provide the most effective service, better meet certain customers with different needs, so as to strive for the local competitive advantage. It is little different from the above three kinds of overall competition strategy, successfully implement these three strategies need different resources and decision-making, also should have different requirements on organization and management.(2) The competitive strategy of enterprises of different competitive position. Where the status of enterprise in market competition, the enterprise can be divided into: market leader, market challenger, market follower. Different competitive position of enterprises, should choose different market competitive strategy.①Dominant market competition strategy. Market power refers to the related products has the highest market share. Such as the current market position and stable dominated by clothing JinMeiLong, "ADIDAS", they are price changes, new product development, sales channel width and promotional efforts in a dominant position, recognized by other sports enterprises. ②The challenger market competition strategy. Market challenger refers to those in a secondary position in the market of the enterprise, such as "lining" brand garment enterprises .Market challenger to choosechallenge object is closely related to the strategic target, for a same object has different goals and strategies Such as attack market leader to gain the market share and product advantage ;Attack power with yourself quite seize its market position; Attacking small businesses taking their customers even small business itself."Lining" to win market price advantage to the international brand, with product quality advantages to gain "anta" challenger "peak" brand's market share. ③Followers of the market competition strategy. Market followers is to point to in a secondary position, under the conditions of "coexistence" market for as much as possible the benefit of the enterprise. Market followers don't need a lot of money, less risky and can obtain high profits, so many enterprises adopt this strategy, especially the sort of small or no fame and status of sports clothing enterprises. As the current sports "philharmonic" brand clothing enterprise in the enterprise.Reference[1] LiJianJun,WangCuiHua:The Research on Marketing Environment Enterprise of Things for Sports Use in China[J] Journal of NanJing institute of sport (social science edition) 2013.(10),36 ~ 48.[2] Discuss Sports market, products and marketing characteristics. [J] journal of xi ' an institute of physical education,2012.(3)101 ~109.[3] HuZhengMing Ed. Marketing Management[M].Shandong people's publishing house，2012.302 ~325.[4] [US]Kotler write. YuLiJun translate. Introduction to Marketing[M].Huaxia Publishing House,2011.333~389.[5] ZhangTongYao.Application areas to promote the marketing advantage analysis of third party logistics[J].Market of China,2010(3)128 ~136.[6] WangHuaiShu.The influence of the logistics quality of marketing[J].Teacher's Journal,2010(3)31 ~38.[7] WangChenWen.Shallow theory of logistics strategy in the role of marketing management[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2009(7)175 ~178.。
本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文原文题目：Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目：高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计（论文）题目：阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名：任有健学院：生命学院班级：06210501指导教师：李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号，Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要：本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法，胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒，与悬浮介质（0n ）相比，分别低于（0L n n <）、高于（0H n n >）悬浮介质的折射率。
球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获，捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。
这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。
我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水（0 1.33n =）中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳（ 1.2L n ≈）和聚苯乙烯微珠（ 1.57H n =）的独特性质。
©2004 美国光学学会光学分类与标引体系编码：（140.7010）捕获、（170.4520）光学限制与操作和（230.6120）空间光调制器。
1 引言光带有动量和角动量。
伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。
过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
盐城师范学院毕业论文（设计）外文资料翻译学院：（四号楷体_GB2312下同）专业班级:学生姓名:学号:指导教师：外文出处：(外文）(Times New Roman四号) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文1．外文资料翻译译文译文文章标题×××××××××正文×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………….＊注：（本注释不是外文翻译的部分，只是本式样的说明解释）1. 译文文章标题为三号黑体居中，缩放、间距、位置标准，无首行缩进，无左右缩进,且前空（四号)两行，段前、段后各0.5行间距,行间距为1。
25倍多倍行距;2. 正文中标题为小四号，中文用黑体,英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准,无左右缩进，无首行缩进，无悬挂式缩进，段前、段后0。
5行间距,行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；3。
正文在文章标题下空一行，为小四号，中文用宋体，英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准，无左右缩进,首行缩进2字符（两个汉字)，无悬挂式缩进,段前、段后间距无，行间距为1。
南邮外文翻译一范例
南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：经济与管理学院专业：学生姓名：班级学号：外文出处：Journal of Occupational Psychology,1977, Vol.50附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件：1.外文资料翻译译文重新评估工作满意度和工作生活质量——詹姆斯.C.泰勒有用的工作满意度的措施在评估工作的特点以及改善工作生活质量中是有问题的。
根据民意调查和组织调查显示，多年以来，虽然在高和稳定的工作满意度水平下，雇员的挫折感和异化迹象却一直在增加。
经过更密切的检查，这似是而非的调查导致的结论是：无论再严谨的工作满意度调查及测量，得到的只是修改工作和减少员工的挫折感方面的没必要的信息。
根据以往的经验以及对工作生活质量的研究表明，为了克服这个缺陷，在测量工作满意度的时候，雇员本身需要更多地参与测量。
工作满意度已经成为一个模糊不清的尴尬概念。
许多代表着工业人文主义利益的社会科学调查员都对工作满意度十分有兴趣，他们建议要去关注和改善人与职位的关系，提高工作满意度。
从20世纪30年代开始，这种关注已经从制造业扩展到服务和文职部门。
然而，我们可以断言，大部分对工作满意度的研究都无法仅通过对工作及工作本身的研究。
历史上曾经有过对工作满意度的研究，这或许可以支持或者攻击现状，这种趋势还将继续下去。
尴尬的是，在对美国雇员的工作满意度的继续调查研究中，用极高的百分比来衡量他们工作的满意程度，而在同一时间内降低对工人的承诺，雇员所表达的通过增加缺勤率（特别是部分周缺勤），罢工（因其他原因除了工资）而拒绝谈判达成的合同以及破坏产品的比率显然变得更大。
雇员异化的这些问题已经提起公众的注意，但是如果公众关注继续增长，为什么雇员安静的绝望与工作越来越被看作是与压力之间的和解，这些事实和精心准备将使对工作满意度的严格调查成为必然。
前言本文的目的是在不减少抽样误差和防范反应的情况下，使用更精密的统计测试，在不同的模式下对满意度数据进行界定和衡量。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
重金属污染存在于很多工业的废水中，如电镀，采矿，和制革。
2.实验
2.1化学药剂
本实验所使用的药剂均为分析纯，如无特别说明均购买自日本片山化工。铅离子储备液通过溶解Pb(NO3)2配制，使用时稀释到需要的浓度。HEPES缓冲液购买自Sigma–Aldrich。5 mol/L的HCl和NaOH用来调整pH。
附5
华南理工大学
本科毕业设计（论文）翻译
班级2011环境工程一班
姓名陈光耀
学号201130720022
指导教师韦朝海
填表日期
中文译名
（1）巯基改性纤维素对葡萄糖溶液中铅的吸附（2）黄原酸化橘子皮应用于吸附水中的铅离子
外文原文名
（1）Adsorption of Pb(II) from glucose solution on thiol-functionalized cellulosic biomass
2.5分析方法
铅离子的浓度用分光光度计在616 nm波长处用铅与偶氮氯膦-III络合物进行分析。葡萄糖含量采用苯酚—硫酸分光光度法测定。所有的实验均进行三次，已经考虑好误差。
3.结果和讨论
3.1FTIR分析和改性脱脂棉对铅（II）的吸附机制
图1是脱脂棉、改性脱脂棉在400-4000 cm-1(A)和2540-2560 cm-1(B)范围内的红外光谱图。可以看出，改性后改性脱脂棉的红外光谱图中在1735.71 cm-1处出现了一个新的吸收峰是酯基C=O的拉伸振动峰，可见改性脱脂棉中已经成功引入巯基官能团。同时，在2550.52 cm-1出现的一个新吸收峰代表的是S-H官能团的弱吸收峰，更深一层的证明了巯基已经嫁接到脱脂棉上。图1(b)是2540-2560 cm-1光谱范围的一个放大图像，可以清楚的观察到S-H官能团的弱吸收峰。进一步证明了酯化改性脱脂棉引入巯基是成功的。而从吸附后的曲线可以看到，2550.52cm-1处S-H的吸收峰消失，证明了硫原子和Pb(II)络合物的形成，同时1735.71cm-1处C=O的吸收峰强度看起来有轻微的减弱可能也是和Pb(II)的络合吸附有关。
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华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
理想的是，这些特性更稳定,比原始签名数据本身也规矩的多.特性还提供减少数据集的应用模式识别和跟踪技术。
原料的预处理是指从原料或空调从传感器信号计算的特点.这些功能所需要的唯一的预处理是调节信号或去除信号的平均值。
信号调理是简单地将所有的数据点的校准常数，基于加速度传感器和放大器。
在这一组的特点是:均方根,峰度，三角洲RMS,波峰因数,包络和解调。
TSA预处理需要时间同步平均的原始数据。
时间同步平均是一种信号处理技术，用于提取重复信号附加噪声。
这个过程需要一个准确的知识重复频率的期望信号或信号与期望信号的同步.原始数据被划分成段长度相等块相关同步信号和平均值。
当足够的平均值,随机噪声被抵消了,留下一个改进的估计所需的信号。
在信号分割之前，系列中数据点的数量增加了插值的方法。
这将提供一个更紧密的近似信号分割和平均.所述传感器信号分割是基于同步信号.例如,可以使用测速信号作为旋转机械的同步信号。
每一部分将开始基于环脉冲的前沿，在相应的数据点结束,预示着下一个环脉冲。
因为轻微的速度变化的样例和错误性心动过速脉冲，在每一段的数量可能略有不同.一直使用的一个方法是选择最低的段数分,只有平均在这个长度。
这可能被认为是证明数据左边和剪切数据超出了平均长度.最后一步是平均所有的片段,毁掉回到最初的采样率。
TSA组的特性是：FM0 Comblet.有三个参数涉及与TSA可以影响结果：插值因子，转数级联在一起的对齐,和平均值。
增加插值因子被认为可降低“端部效应”中的错误定位，但这极大提高计算时间。
使用一个革命期间的数据对齐应该提供最准确的平均因为它是按照轴率保持一致。
然而,这种方法是有限的轴频分辨率。
增加的数量的平均值应该在平均以上的非同步组件和提高同步组件提高平均,但它是计算密集型的。
McClintic等显示这些参数如何影响残余和差异分析特性加工在机械诊断测试床(MDTB)数据。
RES预处理计算残余信号,它由平均的时间同步信号与主网格和轴组件以及它们的谐波移除.从文学是什么，不清楚有多少谐波,消除的主网格和轴组件。
一段时间同步平均数据超过一圈,这意味着在频率域最小分辨率是轴的频率.因此,这意味着消除光谱的每一个点.产生有利的结果显示什么是通过一些数据的频率高,只有消除啮合频率和谐波。
高通滤波器的截止频率将取决于系统，但它应该介于直流和基本啮合频率之间的.同时,删除五网谐波产生了非常相似的结果删除所有谐波产生的结果,但这可能是对系统的依赖。
RES组的特性是:NA4和NA4 ＊。
DIF预处理部分计算的差分信号通过去除正常啮合元件从时域同步平均信号。
常啮合组件包括轴频及其谐波，谐波的主要啮合频率和沿与第一阶边带。
由于残余信号是删除主啮合轴频率与谐波的结果，DIF处理部分可以包括从RES信号去除的主要啮合频率的边带.假设一个高通滤波器或有限数量的轴频谐波被拆除,这意味着只有边的啮合频率及其谐波需要删除.对于其中超过一圈执行时间同步平均的情况下，边带将是一个箱柜上的啮合频率的两侧。
该DIF组中的特点是:FM4，M6A和M8A。
在BPM预处理部分仅用于一个处理功能，NB4。
本节中的TSA的信号是带通滤波围绕初级齿轮啮合频率，包括尽可能多的边带.希尔伯特变换，然后应用到滤波后的信号，以产生一个复合的时间序列。
实部是带传递信号和虚部是希尔伯特变换的信号。
一些特性产生多个值或品质因数的数字（FOM），而且是可以在不同的预处理阶段来计算多个功能的功能.能源，解调和包络功能等功能，返回多个参数的例子，而功能,如峰度和RMS可以在不同的预处理层次进行.每个功能的简要概述在下面的章节中讨论.特征提取技术说明RMS和Delta RMS均方根（RMS）的振动信号的值是一个时间分析的特征是在振动信号的功率含量的措施.这个功能是很好的跟踪的整体噪音水平，但它不会提供任何信息，这部分是失败的。
它可以检测一个主要的平衡旋转系统非常有效。
下面是用于计算的方程的均方根值数据系列,xn 长度n .三角洲RMS的区别仅仅是当前的均方根值和前面的。
峰度峰度被定义为分布的第四时刻，并测量一个分布的相对峰度或平坦度相比正态分布.峰度提供分布的尾部的大小的量度,被用来作为主要的峰中的一组数据的一个指标。
波峰因数最简单的时域测量缺陷的方法是使用RMS的方法。
然而，RMS水平可能不会显示明显的早期阶段的变化齿轮和轴承损伤。
更好的方法是使用“波峰因素”,它被定义为输入信号的峰值水平的比率到RMS的水平。
因此,峰值时间序列信号波峰因素将导致增加价值。
对于正常操作,波峰因素之间可能达到2和6。
一个值高于6通常是与机械有关的问题.这个功能是用来检测信号的变化模式由于脉冲振动来源如牙齿断裂齿轮或轴承外环上的一个缺陷。
波峰因素特性不被认为是一个非常敏感的技术.包络包络是用于监控的高频响应机械系统周期性影响齿轮或轴承等缺点。
冲动产生每次加载滚动体接触使轴承的另一个表面缺陷或故障齿接触另一个牙齿。
这种冲动有一个极短的持续时间比脉冲之间的时间间隔。
缺陷脉冲的能量将分布在一个非常低的水平在一个广泛的频率。
正是这种能源的广泛分布，使轴承缺陷难以发觉传统的频谱分析时的振动从齿轮和其他机器组件。
幸运的是，通常影响激发系统的共振频率远高于振动产生的其他组件。
这种结构性能量通常集中在一个狭窄的频段比广泛分布的能量更容易检测的轴承缺陷频率。
牙齿磨损和破损,边带等关键频率输出轴频率附近活动预计将增加.整个光谱含有非常高的周期性信号与齿轮啮合频率有关。
包络或高频技术着重于结构共振，以确定一个齿轮的健康或失败的轴承的类型。
这种技术由处理结构共振能量与包络检测器。
通过带通滤波的结构谐振频率周围的数据获得的结构共振.带通滤波的信号,然后由一个包络检波器，它由一个半波或全波整流器和一个峰值保持和平滑部分的处理。
带通滤波器的中心频率的选择应与所研究的结构的共振频率一致。
滤波器的带宽应至少两倍的最高特性的缺陷频率.这将确保该过滤器将通过载波频率和至少一对调制边带。
在实践中,该带宽应该稍大,以容纳所述第一两对围绕载波频率调制边带。
在包络检测器的整流器导滤波信号变成单极波形的双极性。
然后峰值保持平滑部分将通过平滑/过滤的快速转换的信号中去除的载波频率。
然后将剩余的信号将包括的缺陷频率。
这个特性会产生一些数据分析使用的优点。
主图的优点是功率谱密度的峰值频率和振幅笼罩的数据。
价值的其他数据包括过滤部分的RMS和峰度值和标准偏差的输出整流和平滑块.信封技术已广泛应用于许多应用,并表现出在早期检测轴承故障的成功的结果.除了早期发现，这个过程可以帮助被检查的实际轴承故障频率分辨轴承失效的真正原因.解调一个正常的齿轮在一个齿上，推动另一个没有滑动。
当牙齿磨损，出现侧滑。
该进入前推的能量现在将进入推动和滑动,从而导致振动的振幅或振幅调制的所述齿轮啮合频率（GMF）及其谐波的改变。
解调处理识别周期性的载波的调制。
在这个处理中使用的载体为GMF和2*转基因食品。
解调技术检测在一个单一的频率的区域通过齿轮磨损引起的振幅调制成分,在这种情况下，转基因食品或2 * GMF。
这不同于包络，其检测频率范围内的综合影响。
为了实现解调技术,原始数据是高通滤波在85％＊ GMF和115%* GMF那么低通滤波。
经滤波的信号的功率谱密度被搜索，以获得实际的载波频率（GMF）.实际的载体被用于振幅解调滤波的载波信号。
所得到的信号的功率谱密度被搜索范围内的输出轴频率为+/—5％左右。
优点的提取这种技术的数字峰值和幅度平方振幅的频率。
宾夕法尼亚州立大学的ARL CBM工具箱煤层气的工具箱是一个聚集所有的传统特色探讨连同一些非传统的特性,如小波变换、间质和Comblet.这个工具箱在Matlab为研究人员提供了一组标准的处理例程机械预测。
工具箱的灵活性允许用户轻松地添加特性和输入/输出数据文件格式.通过使用INI文件界面,用户可以很容易地更改参数和过程数据分析与Matlab命令。
或直接用户可能传递数据到任何个人的特性。
INI文件是文本文件格式存储参数和加速度计信息,信号调节,预处理参数和特性参数.确保没有问题的数据进行处理,所有的参数和信息存储在INI文件放置在输出数据文件连同特性数据。
煤层气工具箱目前有19个内置的功能,提供了优异的40个数据。
所有的分析特性和输入/输出数据的文件被经由单个命令行控制，以使批量处理一件轻而易举的。
结论虽然有许多方法来处理振动数据煤层气的目的，在预处理步骤的细节必须标准化，以便于可靠和可重复的评估。
在煤层气社区需要给定功能分析的具体要求进行预处理的常用术语进行了讨论.本文列出了一些用于机械诊断和预测最传统的特点和提出了一些的信号处理参数，影响他们的敏感性。