毕业设计英文资料翻译

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毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。

金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。

然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。

这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。

因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。

毕业设计外文翻译译文

1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。

如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术，我们现在的文明绝不会前进。

第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。

那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。

那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。

2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用，例如物理和数学。

许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息，这些经验信息取决于观察和经历，而不是理论知识。

这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子，虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解，但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。

3 从16、17世纪当代初期，量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。

另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。

量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。

这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。

4 从19世纪开始，它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。

机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。

他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。

工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。

从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。

5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。

到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。

这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。

我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。

每种工程领域之内都有细分。

6 例如，土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分：涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。

机械工程主要的细分是工业工程，它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统，这些系统是工业上的，而非单独的机器。

现代包装机械设备毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

1 英文文献翻译1.1 Modern PackagingAuthor：Abstract1. Changing Needs and New RolesLooking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1988s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.In the second half of the 20th century， the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself. Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product rather than the competitor’s. In some in instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of theretailer’s label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, competing brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products/brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations.2. Packaging and the Modern Industrial SocietyThe importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life.A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and season-ally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvest during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging，we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each. It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from them, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole,canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be waste by products of the processed food industry from the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly mill and treated, can be fed back to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane from sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging.A product's cost is directly related to production volume. The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the need to ensure an. efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs that communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and/or environmentally aware attributes. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distributionpackaging, is a key part of the system.Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market (which would account for perhaps one unit every several years) could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the sale packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself. In response to changing consumer lifestyles, the large retail groups and the food service industry development. Their success has been involved in a competition fierce hybrid logistics, trade, marketing and customer service expertise, all of which is dependent on the quality of packaging. They have in part led to the expansion of the dramatic range of products offered, technology innovation, including those in the packaging. Supply retail, food processing and packaging industry will continue to expand its international operations. Sourcing products around the world more and more to assist in reducing trade barriers. The impact of the decline has been increased competition and price pressure. Increased competition led to the rationalization of industrial structure, often in the form of mergers and acquisitions. Packaging, it means that new materials and shapes, increased automation, packaging, size range extension of lower unit cost. Another manufacturer and mergers and acquisitions, the Group's brand of retail packaging and packaging design re-evaluation of the growing development of market segmentation and global food supply chain to promote the use of advanced logistics and packaging systems packaging logistics system is an integral part of, and played an important role in prevention in the food supply or reduce waste generation.3. World Packaging.This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankind's global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today. Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000 years ago.Packagers from the more developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30 or so variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for over packaging, and certainly over-packaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the world's cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95%of family income.4. The status and development trend of domestic and international packaging machineryWorldwide, the history of the development of the packaging machinery industry is relatively short, science and technology developed in Europe and America in general started in the 20th century until the 1950s the pace greatly accelerated.From the early 20th century, before the end of World War II World War II，medicine，food, cigarettes，matches，household chemicals and other industrial sectors, the mechanization of the packaging operations; the 1950s, the packaging machine widely used common electric switches and tube for the main components of the control system to achieve the primary automation; 1960s, Electrical and optical liquid-gas technology is significantly increased in the packaging machine, machines to further expand on this basis a dedicated automated packaging line; the 1970s, the micro- electronic technology into the automation of packaging machines and packaging lines, computer control packing production process; from the 1980s to the early 1990s, in some field of packaging, computer, robot application for service, testing and management, in preparation for the over-flexible automatic packaging lines and "no" automatic packaging workshop.Actively promoted and strong co-ordination of all aspects of society, and gradually establish a packaging material, packaging, printing, packaging machinery and other production sectors, and corresponding to the research, design, education, academic, management and organization, and thus the formation of independent and complete. The packaging of light industrial system, and occupies an important place in the national economy as a whole.Based on recent years data that members of the World Packaging Alliance output value of the packaging industry accounts for about 2% of the total output value of the national economy; in which the proportion of packaging machinery, though not large, but the rapid development of an annual average of almost growing at a rate of about 10%. Put into use at the packaging machine is now more than thousand species of packaging joint machines and automated equipment has been stand-alone equate. According to the new technological revolution in the world development trend is expected to packaging materials and packaging process and packaging machinery will be closely related to obtain the breakthrough of a new step, and bring more sectors into the packaging industry.China Packaging Technology Association was established in 1980. Soon, the China National Packaging Corporation have been born. Since then, one after another in the country organized a national and international packaging machinery exhibition, seminars, also published I had the first ever "China Packaging Yearbook and other packaging technology books. All this indicates that China is creating a new packaging historical perio d.1.2中文翻译现代包装1、不断变化的需求和新的角色,回顾以往,包装所带来明显的历史性变化是可以理解的, 一个产品包装方式的给他们的销量带来的影响也是显而易见的。

毕业设计中英文翻译

Bridge Waterway OpeningsIn a majority of cases the height and length of a bridge depend solely upon the amount of clear waterway opening that must be provided to accommodate the floodwaters of the stream. Actually, the problem goes beyond that of merely accommodating the floodwaters and requires prediction of the various magnitudes of floods for given time intervals. It would be impossible to state that some given magnitude is the maximum that will ever occur, and it is therefore impossible to design for the maximum, since it cannot be ascertained. It seems more logical to design for a predicted flood of some selected interval ---a flood magnitude that could reasonably be expected to occur once within a given number of years. For example, a bridge may be designed for a 50-year flood interval; that is, for a flood which is expected (according to the laws of probability) to occur on the average of one time in 50 years. Once this design flood frequency, or interval of expected occurrence, has been decided, the analysis to determine a magnitude is made. Whenever possible, this analysis is based upon gauged stream records. In areas and for streams where flood frequency and magnitude records are not available, an analysis can still be made. With data from gauged streams in the vicinity, regional flood frequencies can be worked out; with a correlation between the computed discharge for the ungauged stream and the regional flood frequency, a flood frequency curve can be computed for the stream in question. Highway CulvertsAny closed conduit used to conduct surface runoff from one side of a roadway to the other is referred to as a culvert. Culverts vary in size from large multiple installations used in lieu of a bridge to small circular or elliptical pipe, and their design varies in significance. Accepted practice treats conduits under the roadway as culverts. Although the unit cost of culverts is much less than that of bridges, they are far more numerous, normally averaging about eight to the mile, and represent a greater cost in highway. Statistics show that about 15 cents of the highway construction dollar goes to culverts, as compared with 10 cents for bridge. Culvert design then is equally as important as that of bridges or other phases of highway and should be treated accordingly.Municipal Storm DrainageIn urban and suburban areas, runoff waters are handled through a system of drainage structures referred to as storm sewers and their appurtenances. The drainage problem is increased in these areas primarily for two reasons: the impervious nature of the area creates a very high runoff; and there is little room for natural water courses. It is often necessary to collect the entire storm water into a system of pipes and transmit it over considerable distances before it can be loosed again as surface runoff. This collection and transmission further increase the problem, since all of the water must be collected with virtually no ponding, thus eliminating any natural storage; and though increased velocity the peak runoffs are reached more quickly. Also, the shorter times of peaks cause the system to be more sensitive to short-duration, high-intensity rainfall. Storm sewers, like culverts and bridges, are designed for storms of various intensity –return-period relationship, depending upon the economy and amount of ponding that can be tolerated.Airport DrainageThe problem of providing proper drainage facilities for airports is similar in many ways to that of highways and streets. However, because of the large and relatively flat surface involved the varying soil conditions, the absence of natural water courses and possible side ditches, and the greater concentration of discharge at the terminus of the construction area, some phases of the problem are more complex. For the average airport the overall area to be drained is relatively large and an extensive drainage system is required. The magnitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineeringprinciples based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most economical design. Overdesign of facilities results in excessive money investment with no return, and underdesign can result in conditions hazardous to the air traffic using the airport.In other to ensure surfaces that are smooth, firm, stable, and reasonably free from flooding, it is necessary to provide a system which will do several things. It must collect and remove the surface water from the airport surface; intercept and remove surface water flowing toward the airport from adjacent areas; collect and remove any excessive subsurface water beneath the surface of the airport facilities and in many cases lower the ground-water table; and provide protection against erosion of the sloping areas. Ditches and Cut-slope DrainageA highway cross section normally includes one and often two ditches paralleling the roadway. Generally referred to as side ditches these serve to intercept the drainage from slopes and to conduct it to where it can be carried under the roadway or away from the highway section, depending upon the natural drainage. To a limited extent they also serve to conduct subsurface drainage from beneath the roadway to points where it can be carried away from the highway section.A second type of ditch, generally referred to as a crown ditch, is often used for the erosion protection of cut slopes. This ditch along the top of the cut slope serves to intercept surface runoff from the slopes above and conduct it to natural water courses on milder slopes, thus preventing the erosion that would be caused by permitting the runoff to spill down the cut faces.12 Construction techniquesThe decision of how a bridge should be built depends mainly on local conditions. These include cost of materials, available equipment, allowable construction time and environmental restriction. Since all these vary with location and time, the best construction technique for a given structure may also vary. Incremental launching or Push-out MethodIn this form of construction the deck is pushed across the span with hydraulic rams or winches. Decks of prestressed post-tensioned precast segments, steel or girders have been erected. Usually spans are limited to 50～60 m to avoid excessive deflection and cantilever stresses , although greater distances have been bridged by installing temporary support towers . Typically the method is most appropriate for long, multi-span bridges in the range 300 ~ 600 m ,but ,much shorter and longer bridges have been constructed . Unfortunately, this very economical mode of construction can only be applied when both the horizontal and vertical alignments of the deck are perfectly straight, or alternatively of constant radius. Where pushing involves a small downward grade (4% ~ 5%) then a braking system should be installed to prevent the deck slipping away uncontrolled and heavy bracing is then needed at the restraining piers.Bridge launching demands very careful surveying and setting out with continuous and precise checks made of deck deflections. A light aluminum or steel-launching nose forms the head of the deck to provide guidance over the pier. Special teflon or chrome-nickel steel plate bearings are used to reduce sliding friction to about 5% of the weight, thus slender piers would normally be supplemented with braced columns to avoid cracking and other damage. These columns would generally also support the temporary friction bearings and help steer the nose.In the case of precast construction, ideally segments should be cast on beds near the abutments and transferred by rail to the post-tensioning bed, the actual transport distance obviously being kept to the minimum. Usually a segment is cast against the face of the previously concerted unit to ensure a good fit when finally glued in place with an epoxy resin. If this procedure is not adopted , gaps of approximately 500mm shold be left between segments with the reinforcements running through andstressed together to form a complete unit , but when access or space on the embankment is at a premium it may be necessary to launch the deck intermittently to allow sections to be added progressively .The correponding prestressing arrangements , both for the temporary and permanent conditions would be more complicated and careful calculations needed at all positions .The pricipal advantage of the bridge-launching technique is the saving in falsework, especially for high decks. Segments can also be fabricated or precast in a protected environment using highly productive equipment. For concrete segment, typically two segment are laid each week (usually 10 ~ 30 m in length and perhaps 300 to 400 tonnes in weight) and after posttensioning incrementally launched at about 20 m per day depending upon the winching/jacking equipment.Balanced Cantiulever ConstructionDevelopment in box section and prestressed concrete led to short segment being assembled or cast in place on falsework to form a beam of full roadway width. Subsequently the method was refined virtually to eliminate the falsework by using a previously constructed section of the beam to provide the fixing for a subsequently cantilevered section. The principle is demonsrated step-by-step in the example shown in Fig.1.In the simple case illustrated, the bridge consists of three spans in the ratio 1:1:2. First the abutments and piers are constructed independently from the bridge superstructure. The segment immediately above each pier is then either cast in situ or placed as a precast unit .The deck is subsequently formed by adding sections symmetrically either side.Ideally sections either side should be placed simultaneously but this is usually impracticable and some inbalance will result from the extra segment weight, wind forces, construction plant and material. When the cantilever has reached both the abutment and centre span,work can begin from the other pier , and the remainder of the deck completed in a similar manner . Finally the two individual cantilevers are linked at the centre by a key segment to form a single span. The key is normally cast in situ.The procedure initially requires the first sections above the column and perhaps one or two each side to be erected conventionally either in situ concrete or precast and temporarily supported while steel tendons are threaded and post-tensioned . Subsequent pairs of section are added and held in place by post-tensioning followed by grouting of the ducts. During this phase only the cantilever tendons in the upper flange and webs are tensioned. Continuity tendons are stressed after the key section has been cast in place. The final gap left between the two half spans should be wide enough to enable the jacking equipment to be inserted. When the individual cantilevers are completed and the key section inserted the continuity tendons are anchored symmetrically about the centre of the span and serve to resist superimposed loads, live loads, redistribution of dead loads and cantilever prestressing forces.The earlier bridges were designed on the free cantilever principle with an expansion joint incorporated at the center .Unfortunately，settlements , deformations , concrete creep and prestress relaxation tended to produce deflection in each half span , disfiguring the general appearance of the bridge and causing discomfort to drivers .These effects coupled with the difficulties in designing a suitable joint led designers to choose a continuous connection, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the loads and reduced deflection. The natural movements were provided for at the bridge abutments using sliding bearings or in the case of long multi-span bridges, joints at about 500 m centres.Special Requirements in Advanced Construction TechniquesThere are three important areas that the engineering and construction team has to consider:(1) Stress analysis during construction: Because the loadings and support conditions of the bridge are different from the finished bridge, stresses in each construction stage must be calculated to ensurethe safety of the structure .For this purpose, realistic construction loads must be used and site personnel must be informed on all the loading limitations. Wind and temperature are usually significant for construction stage.(2) Camber: In order to obtain a bridge with the right elevation, the required camber of the bridge at each construction stage must be calculated. It is required that due consideration be given to creep and shrinkage of the concrete. This kind of the concrete. This kind of calculation, although cumbersome, has been simplified by the use of the compiters.(3) Quality control: This is important for any method construction, but it is more so for the complicated construction techniques. Curing of concrete, post-tensioning, joint preparation, etc. are detrimental to a successful structure. The site personnel must be made aware of the minimum concrete strengths required for post-tensioning, form removal, falsework removal, launching and other steps of operations.Generally speaking, these advanced construction techniques require more engineering work than the conventional falsework type construction, but the saving could be significant.大桥涵洞在大多数情况中桥梁的高度和跨度完全取决于河流的流量，桥梁的高度和跨度必须能够容纳最大洪水量.事实上，这不仅仅是洪水最大流量的问题,还需要在不同时间间隔预测不同程度的水灾。

本科毕业设计外文文献翻译

（Sheaｒ waｌl ｓt ｒuctural desigｎ ofh ｉgh-ｌev ｅl fr ａmeworkＷｕ Jiche ｎgＡbstract ： In t ｈis pape ｒ the basic c ｏｎcepts of ｍａn ｐow ｅr ｆｒom th ｅｆra ｍｅ sh ｅａr w ａｌl str ｕc ｔｕｒｅ, analy ｓis of the ｓtruct ｕr ａｌ des ｉgn ｏf th ｅ c ｏnt ｅnt ｏｆ t ｈe fr ａme she ａr wall, in ｃｌudi ｎg the ｓeism ｉc wa ｌl she ａr spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码： 10128学号：题目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名：学院：土木工程学院系别：建筑工程系专业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向）班级：土木08-（5）班指导教师： (副教授)ｎratiｏdesign, ａnd a concrｅtｅｓtruｃtuｒe in thｅmｏst co ｍmonｌy useｄframe shear walｌstｒｕcturｅtｈｅdesign of p ｏiｎｔs to note.Keyworｄs: cｏncrｅｔｅ; fｒaｍｅshｅａｒwall sｔｒucｔｕre；hiｇh－risｅbuildｉｎｇsThe wall is aｍoｄern high－rｉｓe buiｌdiｎgs is an iｍpo ｒｔant buiｌdinｇconｔｅnt, the ｓize of thｅfraｍe sheａr wall must comｐly with buildｉng reguｌａtｉons. The pｒｉnｃipｌe is ｔhat the largeｒsｉzｅbｕt the thｉｃknessｍuｓt ｂｅsmaller gｅoｍetric featｕrｅｓshoｕlｄｂe ｐｒeｓented ｔo the pｌatｅ,ｔｈe forｃe is close to cylｉndrｉcal.Ｔhe waｌl sｈｅar wa ｌl strｕｃｔure ｉs a flaｔcomｐonent. Itｓeｘposure to tｈe force aｌoｎg ｔhe ｐlane leｖｅl of theｒole ofｓｈear and momｅｎt, must also take ｉｎtｏａccounｔthe veｒｔical preｓsure.Opeｒate unｄer thｅcomｂiｎed actｉｏn oｆbenｄing momeｎts and axial force aｎｄsheａr forcｅbｙthe caｎtilｅｖｅr deep beａm uｎder ｔｈe acｔion of the force leveｌｔo lｏo ｋinto ｔｈe bottom mouｎted on ｔhe basｉs of. Sheaｒｗaｌl ｉｓdiｖidｅｄinｔo a whole walｌand ｔheａssoｃiated ｓｈeａr wall in thｅactual project,a wholｅwａlｌfor ｅxａmpl ｅ, suｃh as ｇenｅraｌhｏusiｎｇｃonstｒuction in tｈe gablｅｏr fish bｏne strｕcture ｆｉlｍwａｌls ａnd small opｅningｓwall.Cｏupled Sｈeａr ｗalls are ｃonnｅcted bｙｔhｅcｏupｌing ｂeam shｅａr wall.Buｔｂecause tｈeｇｅnerａlｃｏupling beaｍstｉｆfness is less thaｎｔhe wall stiｆfnｅsｓof the lｉmbs，ｓｏ. Wａlｌliｍb aｌonｅis obviｏus.The ｃｅntral beam of tｈeｉnflｅｃtion pｏｉnｔtｏpay aｔtenｔiｏｎto tｈeｗaｌl pressｕre thａn the limiｔs of the lｉmb axis. Will forｍa shortｗiｄe beａms，widｅcolｕmn wａll liｍｂｓhear wａll ｏpｅnings toｏlarge ｃomｐonｅnt aｔbothｅn ｄs ｗith jｕst the domain of vａｒiabｌe crosｓ－ｓecｔｉon ro ｄin ｔhe intｅrｎａｌforcｅｓｕnder tｈｅaｃtioｎof maｎy Ｗalｌlｉmb iｎflｅcｔion point Ｔhｅｒeｆoｒe, ｔhe cａｌcula ｔions ａｎd consｔruction sｈouldAccordinｇtｏappｒoxiｍａｔe tｈe framｅstｒucｔure to ｃonsideｒ.Tｈe desｉｇｎof ｓhｅａr walls ｓhoulｄbe based on the cｈａractｅrisｔics ｏf ａvａｒｉｅty oｆwall itseｌｆ,ａnd dｉfferｅnｔmeｃhanical ch ａrａcteｒisｔｉcｓand requireｍents,wall oｆthｅinternａｌforceｄistrｉbutｉon and failurｅmoｄｅs ｏf sｐecific and cｏmprehensive ｃonｓideration of the design rｅinｆorcemｅnt aｎd stｒuctural measｕres. Ｆrame sｈear wall ｓｔrｕctuｒe deｓiｇn is to cｏｎsider the ｓtructｕre of the oｖerall ａnａｌysis for ｂoｔh dｉrecｔｉｏｎsｏｆthｅhｏrｉzontal and vｅrtiｃalｅfｆects. Oｂtain thｅinternal force ｉs reｑuirｅd in ａccｏrdancｅｗｉｔｈtｈe bias or paｒtｉal ｐull normal sｅcｔｉon forｃｅｃaｌculatiｏn.The waｌl strｕcture oｆtheｆｒame sｈear ｗall ｓｔructural dｅsign of ｔhe coｎtent frame hｉgh-rise buildings, in ｔhe actual ｐrｏjeｃｔiｎｔhｅuse of thｅｍoｓt seisｍic ｗａlls have suffiｃient quantitｉeｓto meｅt ｔheｌｉmitsｏf the lａyer displacement, the loｃation iｓｒelａtiｖely flexiblｅ. Seiｓmic wａll for cｏntinuous layout，ｆulｌ-length ｔhroｕgh．Should bｅdesigned to avoid the waｌl mutaｔioｎs ｉn limb ｌｅｎgth and alignment is noｔuｐａnd down the ｈolｅ. The samｅtｉme．Tｈe inｓide of ｔhe hole marginｓcｏlｕｍｎshｏｕld not ｂｅｌｅssｔhan３00mm ｉｎordｅｒtｏguaraｎteｅtheｌengtｈof the colｕｍn ａs the edgｅof tｈe coｍponent and constｒａiｎt eｄgｅcｏｍponeｎts．Thｅbi-direc ｔiｏnal laｔerａl forｃe ｒesiｓting strucｔurａl fｏrm of verticａl aｎｄhorｉzontaｌwalｌcoｎnected.Eａｃh ｏｔhｅr as ｔhe ａffiｎiｔｙof the shｅar wall. Ｆor ｏnｅ, two seismic frａme sｈe ａr ｗalｌｓ,ｅｖen beam highｒatio ｓhould noｔgreateｒthan 5 aｎd a height of nｏt less thaｎ400mm.Midline colｕmnａnd beａmｓ,wall ｍｉdline shouｌdｎoｔbe greaｔer tha ｎthe ｃoｌｕmｎwidｔｈof1/4，ｉn ordｅr ｔｏreｄuce thｅtoｒsional eｆfect of the sｅiｓmｉｃacｔion ｏnｔｈｅｃolｕmn．Oｔhｅrwｉsｅcan be taken tｏstrengthｅn theｓtirruprａｔｉo iｎｔhe cｏlｕmn tｏmake ｕp.If thｅshear wａｌl sheａｒsｐａn ｔhａnｔhe ｂig twｏ. Ｅveｎthe beａｍcro ｓs-heｉｇht ratiｏgreateｒthan 2.5, ｔhen tｈe design presｓｕｒe ｏf thｅｃｕt shoulｄnoｔmａkｅａｂig 0.2. Howevｅｒ, ｉf the sheａｒwallｓheａr sｐａｎｒatiｏof ｌess than two couｐlinｇｂeａms sｐan of ｌeｓs than ２．5, then the shear coｍｐres ｓiｏn rａｔiｏis noｔgreaｔer thａn 0.15. Thｅｏther haｎｄ，ｔhe bｏttom oｆthe fraｍe ｓhｅar walｌstructure ｔo enhａnce tｈｅdｅsign sｈould ｎoｔbe leｓs thaｎ２０0mmａnd noｔlesｓthaｎstorey 1/１6，othｅｒｐaｒtｓｓhｏulｄnot be lｅss than 160mm ａnd ｎｏt ｌｅss thaｎｓtoｒey １/20. Arounｄthe wall of the frame ｓhｅar ｗall strucｔure sｈｏulｄbe set ｔo the beａm or dark bｅamａnd the sｉｄe columｎｔｏform a borｄｅr. Ｈoｒizｏntａl ｄｉｓtrｉbuｔioｎoｆsｈear waｌls cａn from the sheａr effect，tｈｉs design wｈen ｂuilｄｉng higｈｅr longeｒor fｒaｍｅｓtructｕre reinfoｒcｅment shｏuld be aｐprｏpｒiatelｙincｒeａｓed, ｅspｅcｉａlｌy in the sｅnｓitivｅｐarts of the beam pｏsition ｏr teｍperaｔuｒe, stiffnｅsｓchａnge is besｔappｒopriatｅly increased, ｔｈeｎcｏnsidｅration sｈoulｄbe ｇｉveｎｔo the wａlｌvertｉcaｌreiｎforｃemeｎt,becaｕse ｉt is mａinly fｒom the bｅnding efｆecｔ, aｎｄtake in ｓome ｍｕlti-ｓtorｅｙshｅａｒｗａll structuｒereinforcｅｄreｉnｆorceｍent rate -likｅlｅsｓconｓtｒained edgｅｏｆｔhｅcomｐonent or components reinforｃemeｎt of thｅedge ｃomｐｏnent.Referｅnces: [1 sad Hａyaｓhi,He Yaming. Ｏn the shorｔshｅar ｗall ｈigh-riｓe bｕilｄinｇｄesign ［J]．Kｅｙｕaｎ, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。

而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。

计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译——java对象

1 . Introduction To Objects1.1The progress of abstractionAll programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。

By “kind” I mean，“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed （such as FORTRAN，BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。

These languages are big improvements over assembly language，but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。

The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space，” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language，produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain，and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry.The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译

软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译1000字本文将就软件工程专业毕业设计的外文文献进行翻译，能够为相关考生提供一定的参考。

外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。

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毕业设计英文资料翻译篇一：毕业设计(论文)外文资料与译文大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文姓名：准考证号：专业：助学单位：大连东软信息学院Dalian Neusoft University of Information张校辉020*********项目管理大连东软信息学院继续教育学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、装订要求1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。

2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。

3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。

二、撰写要求1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。

2、译文汉字字数不少于3000字。

三、格式要求1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times NewRoman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。

2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。

3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）译文”。

-1--2--3-篇二：毕业设计外文资料翻译毕业设计外文资料翻译题目静压轴承密封件的水压特性水泵和电机学院专业机械工程及自动化班级学生王道国学号指导教师王栋梁二〇一三年六月五日济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译静压轴承/密封件的水压特性水泵和电机。

第1部分：理论和实验X 王 A山口横滨国立大学工学部，日本横滨240-8501XX年11月26日，在修订后的XX年2月25日收到XX 年3月7日接受摘要在这项研究中，磁盘型静压推力轴承的特性支承同心的负载，模拟的主要水液压泵和马达，轴承/密封件。

该轴承是由不锈钢，钢/不锈钢和不锈钢/塑料组成。

通过研究作为载荷之间的关系的特性进行评估容量，口袋压力，膜厚，泄漏流率。

对于弹性材料的杨氏模量是一个非线性应力作用在密封件上表面和压缩应变之间的关系。

他们有很多优势，因为它们是无公害，无火灾造成风险，成本低，并提供高功率密度之间等。

他们可以很容易地使用在药物和食品产业，海洋产业和救援设备。

要开发活塞式液压泵和水电机的基本结构部分的水液压系统中，有必要使用新的材料和最佳的结构，以克服锈，泄漏和低润滑能力固有的水。

为了提高活塞式水压的效率和可靠性泵和电机，轴承/密封部，显著影响它们的性能和可靠性，必须是深入研究。

一些研究已经开展了静压推力轴承。

Sasaki等人。

[1]的特性的配套轴承具有高stiffnessYamaguchi[2]和山口和王[3]澄清从流体混合润滑轴承的性能范围内。

风间和山口[4,5]油润滑金属轴承，同时优化设计包括弹性变形的影响。

然而，本流体静力平衡的承载能力研究率超过统一使用不锈钢制成的轴承钢/热塑性塑料尚未见报道。

这是一个有效的设计紧凑，重量轻的水的方法液压泵和马达。

摩擦学性能的研究水润滑条件下的轴承/密封材料通过执行摩擦磨损试验是众所周知的。

Ronkainen等人。

[6]报道的摩擦和磨损性能不同的DLC（类金刚石碳）涂层在蒸馏水中的磁盘上的球的测试配置。

黄等人。

[7]研究了表面粗糙度的影响陶瓷在水中的摩擦。

使用板垫和引脚磁盘上的测试，结合先进的工程陶瓷纤维增强的聚合物上滑动水评价布鲁克斯等人。

[8]。

在这些研究摩擦磨损机理，进行根据流体动力润滑水润滑滑动，在工作中所进行的不同状态使用静压推力轴承/密封件。

- 1 -济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译B1 磁盘标本厚度 B2块的厚度保持磁盘试样圆柱形喷嘴流量系数D 外径圆柱形喷嘴EP塑料的杨氏模量Es 不锈钢的杨氏模量ê等效的杨氏模量H0代表膜厚?ˉ = h/h0 膜厚度Hc= HC/ H0 膜的厚度中心He=he /H0 垫的弹性变形m周围细胞的数量n 细胞半径P0大气油膜压力内压供应压力Q 指数数值积分Qˉ= Q / PS 漏电流量R2轴承的外半径内径比üˉm 平均径向速度V=Ω R2 有代表性的速度承载能力αˉ= αR2/ H0垫的倾斜角度δ弹性变形ε压应力静力平衡比率Θ旋转角Θm=2π/（m-1）Μ流体粘度VP塑料泊松比Vs 不锈钢的泊松比Ρ流体密度ζ应力Φ垫的最大倾斜角度的方位角ωˉ=ω /Ω焊垫的角速度- 2 -济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译代表角速度调查人类的流体动力润滑关节或软支承材料，道森和泰勒，[9]上承载的elastohydrostatic行为报告人类和动物的关节，包括一软关节软骨上的相对刚性的背衬的衣料骨。

卡斯泰利等。

[10]进行分析和静水轴对称的实验研究符合表面的推力轴承。

然而，elastohydrostatic软质材料的性能评估在低承载状态下是不同于静水水液压泵的高压，高负荷下操作，和低粘度的条件下的推力轴承。

在本文中，圆盘型的特点静水推力轴承配套同心负载，模拟主要轴承/密封件的水压泵和马达，介绍。

轴承由不锈钢/不锈钢的组合钢和不锈钢/塑料。

要了解准确的轴承中，特性的影响实验澄清的喷嘴，和塑料材料理论上。

数值的分析，这是为一个二维elastohydrostatic的进行问题的基础上的弹性变形模型由Christensen的[11]和等效杨弹性模量[12,13]，也是适合的非轴对称的荷载推力轴承。

其特点是评价的承载之间的关系容量，口袋压力，膜厚，和泄漏流速。

2 实验1.3.12.1 测试设备图1示出的实验装置的示意图圆盘型静压推力轴承。

的装置包含的静压推力轴承，圆柱油嘴，机油液压缸给同心负载试验轴承和电动机进行旋转操作。

止推轴承（轴承1）组成上试样的口袋和下盘试样（垫）连接到电机。

的形状上试样的大小和喷嘴示于图2和表2。

上试样是由不锈钢钢SUS420（JIS G4303），和较低的试样SUS420和工业热塑性PEEK（聚醚醚酮）制成的450FC30，：PEEK EXL6，AURUM JCL3030。

要避免的倾斜之间的间隙的上部和降低试样，试样上部万向支架连接安装在直线轴承。

另一个静水止推轴承（轴承2）被安装到测量摩擦迫使准确和传输同心负载适用于从油缸。

有没有扭曲测试样品的表面通过表面拉平粗糙度测量记录器，和表面粗糙度测试样品是0.25 SUS4200.50mmfor，和0.71，对应前0.85毫米和实验后。

的机械属性所使用的材料示于表1[14-16]，和测试装置的尺寸和参数列于表2。

- 3 -济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译静压轴承1 静压轴承2①油缸②称重传感器（负载）③旋转接头④直线轴承⑤间隙传感器⑥上试样⑦泄漏口⑧下试样⑨压力传感器1 ⑩压力传感器2⑾称重传感器（摩擦）⑿喷嘴⒀供应压力端口B⒁供应压力端口A图1测试设备图2上试样和喷嘴1.3.22.2。

实验方法该测试方法如下[17]：首先，产生的负载由油缸作用于上部试样然后，这两个试样与对方联系。

敲击为3mm的绝对过滤器过滤的水，这是粒径，加压至试验压力和供给到静压槽通过圆筒形喷头。

在这个过程中，仔细调整，直到负载整个轴承间隙泄漏流量几乎等于零，零参考点间隙传感器（精度1mm以内）设置。

然后，负载，泄漏流量，供给和口袋的压力，并随着负载的减小膜厚度的测量逐步。

泄漏的温度控制于25±2℃。

的负载的测量是由负载单元传感器，测量筒泄漏流率，由压力传感器，压力和膜厚由间隙传感器。

这些传感器校准前实验。

- 4 -篇三：毕业设计外文文献翻译毕业设计文文献翻译专业学生姓名班级学号指导教师优集学院外外文资料名称： Knowledge-Based Engineeri- -ng Design Methodology外文资料出处： Int.J.Engng Ed.Vol.16.No.1 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文基于知识工程(KBE)设计方法D. E. CALKINS1. 背景复杂系统的发展需要很多工程和管理方面的知识、决策，它要满足很多竞争性的要求。

设计被认为是决定产品最终形态、成本、可靠性、市场接受程度的首要因素。

高级别的工程设计和分析过程(概念设计阶段)特别重要，因为大多数的生命周期成本和整体系统的质量都在这个阶段。

产品成本的压缩最可能发生在产品设计的最初阶段。

整个生命周期阶段大约百分之七十的成本花费在概念设计阶段结束时，缩短设计周期的关键是缩短概念设计阶段，这样同时也减少了工程的重新设计工作量。

工程权衡过程中采用良好的估计和非正式的启发进行概念设计。

传统CAD工具对概念设计阶段的支持非常有限。

有必要，进行涉及多个学科的交流合作来快速进行设计分析(包括性能，成本，可靠性等)。

最后，必须能够管理大量的特定领域的知识。

解决方案是在概念设计阶段包含进更过资源，通过消除重新设计来缩短整个产品的时间。

所有这些因素都主张采取综合设计工具和环境，以在早期的综合设计阶段提供帮助。

这种集成设计工具能够使由不同学科的工程师、设计者在面对复杂的需求和约束时能够对设计意图达成共识。

那个设计工具可以让设计团队研究在更高级别上的更多配置细节。

问题就是架构一个设计工具，以满足所有这些要求。

2. 虚拟(数字)原型模型现在需要是一种代表产品设计为得到一将允许一产品的早发展和评价的真实事实上原型的过程的方式。

虚拟样机将取代传统的物理样机，并允许设计工程师，研究“假设”的情况，同时反复更新他们的设计。

真正的虚拟原型，不仅代表形状和形式，即几何形状，它也代表如重量，材料，性能和制造工艺的非几何属性。

设计人员希望设计的表述，将成为一个既有几何又有非几何属性的物理原型确切的表示。

产品表示法已经从二维的形状和几何的形式字形绘画的表示法移动向充分的三维几何模型表示法。

设计工具，用于设计工程领域的需要，显然必须有刚才讨论的所有工具的属性。

它必须结合计算机辅助设计系统的几何表示法，能做对程序语言的工程分析和代表设计知识在一个专家系统。

一个真正的虚拟原型包含此全方位设计知识。

3. 启用的技术设计3.1. 知识类型如同适用于KBE那样，知识能分成四种类型：.事实，.程序，.判断，.控制。

在手册找到的形式化的知识例如原材料明细表，设计data，ASTM标准和设备规格被认为事实知识。

算法的和操作的知识是程序上的知识的两种形式。

数字的和非数字的解决问题一或者完成中的一些末端的过程是所有的算法的程序上的知识(APK)的原理。

事实被APK通过工程和分析算法改变。

有效的程序知识(OPK)被用于创造，删除和运输事实。

OPK节目的例子是有限元素分析、优化和数据库管理系统[1]。

经验法则和共同的实践是评断知识的实例。