HND员工培训与开发3.PDF

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员工培训与开发-完整

员工培训与开发-完整

提升员工满意度和忠诚度,降低员工流失率
促进企业战略目标的实现,提高企业绩效
有助于增强企业的社会责任感和形象
未来发展趋势和挑战
技术不断创新,员工需要不断学习新技能
员工多样性增加,需要关注员工的个性化需求和差异 化管理
全球化趋势不断加强,需要提高员工的跨文化沟通能 力
员工培训与开发行业不断发展,竞争日益激烈
总结词
高效、便捷、灵活
详细描述
在线学习平台是一种现代化的培训方法,它提供了丰 富的学习资源,让员工能够随时随地进行自我学习。 通过在线学习平台,员工可以根据自己的需求和时间 安排学习计划,提高了学习的灵活性和效率。此外, 在线学习平台还可以实时跟踪员工的学习进度和效果 ,为培训师提供反馈和数据分析,有助于更好地制定 培训计划和调整教学内容。
培训与开发的历史
培训的起源
可以追溯到工业革命时期,当时工厂开始为员工提供基本的技能培训。
发展历程
随着技术的不断进步和社会需求的变化,培训的内容和形式也在不断演变,从简 单的技能培训到多元化的知识和能力培训,从单一的课堂授课到综合的培训方法 。
02
员工培训计划与实施
培训需求分析
1 2
确定培训需求来源
制定培训课程
根据培训目标和计划,制定具体的培训课程,包括课程名称、内容、教学方法等。
确定培训师资
选择具备相关资质和经验的师资,确保培训质量和效果。
实施培训计划
发布培训计划
将培训计划通知相关员工,确保所有需要参加培 训的员工了解培训内容和要求。
组织培训
按照培训计划组织实施培训,确保培训的顺利进 行。
要点一
领导力选拔
要点二
领导力培训
通过选拔和培养具有潜力的员工,为 公司提供充足的领导力资源。

员工培训与开发完整版

员工培训与开发完整版
求分析报告。
• 三、培训需求的调查对象 • 1.调查部门:公司人力资源部。 • 2.调查对象:公司各职能部门主要负责人、主管级以上的
中层管理职务人员(36人)。
• 四、培训需求的调查方法
• 本次培训需求调查采取访谈和问卷调查相结合的方式进行。
• 1.访谈 • 由人力资源部经理作为此次培训需求分析的主负责人,同
• 二、培训需求分析的时间安排 • 本次培训需求分析的实施按照以下时间安排进行: • (1)2008年8月1日-8月10日,准备工作。 • (2)2008年8月11日-8月26日,调查问卷设计与完善。 • (3)2008年8月27日-9月10日,问卷发放与回收。 • (4)2008年9月11日-9月30日,分析调查问卷、撰写培训需
• 六、培训需求分析的建议
• 通过培训需求的调查分析,了解到公司中层管理人员大部 分任职时间较短,在管理能力方面存在很大不足,这些不 足已经影响到公司战略目标的顺利实现,因此,特提出培 训建议,以指导中层管理人员培训计划的安排与制定。
• 1.培训对象:中层管理人员 为更好发挥培训作用,建议把培训对象划分为两个层次, 一为任职不足2年的中层管理人员,二为任职满2年以上的 中层管理人员。
• 5.团队建设
• 团队作用发挥得好,就能产生1+1>2的效果,同时又能 调动员工的积极性。但团队建设是一项复杂的工作,经 过调查,有77.78%的中层管理人员明确表示尚缺乏团队 也与领导方面的技能。
6.员工培训
• 所有作为此次培训对象的中层管理人员都表示会对员工进行培训。只 有16.67%的中层管理人员制定有员工培训计划并能有效执行, 33.33%的中层管理人员制定了员工计划,但没有落实,33.33%的 中层管理人员对员工培训的看法为可有可无,随意性较大,有 16.67%的中层管理人员认为没有时间对员工进行培训,可见,中层 管理人员对培训技巧的掌握还需要进一步学习。

HND员工培训与开发作业outcome2.doc

HND员工培训与开发作业outcome2.doc

a.Training in National ContextThe National Training Framework is made up of information from a number of sources, both government and the network of organizations, geared towards helping organizations and individuals to develop.In Scotland, the Scottish Executive identifies key priorities for achieving business development.Training National Context includes any agents:1.Scottish Enterprise / Local Enterprise CompaniesThe Scottish Enterprise Network is central to the delivery of the Scottish Executive vision for a ‘Smart Successful Scotland’. One of the key aims for the Enterprise Networks is to enable Scotland to become a nation where creating learning and connecting faster is the basis for sustained productivity growth, competitiveness and prosperity.One of the key themes for the Enterprise Network is learning and skills and the target under this heading is ‘Every Scot ready for tomorrow’s job’. To achieve this, the networks play key roles in meeting national targets for training and are responsible for the delivery of some nation training schemes.Scottish Enterprise is Scotland’s main economic development agency. The Scottish Executive funds the agency. Scottish Enterprise consists of Scottish Enterprise and 12 Local Enterprise Companies covering special geographical areas. Scottish Enterprise may provide funding for local initiatives aimed at achieving the government’s national targets for education and training. Many of these initiatives might include:●Investors in people●Modern apprenticeships●National vocational qualificationsScottish Enterprise works in partnership with companies individuals and universities, colleges, local authorities and other public sector bodies to achieve these goals.2.Learndirect ScotlandAnother key agency for achieving the Scottish Executive’s vision of a smart, successful Scotland is Learndirect Scotland. This agency offers advices to both individuals and employers to help them access the training they need.3.Sector Skills CouncilsUK-wide, independent organizations, Sector Skills Councils are develops by groups of influential employer industry or business sectors of economic of strategic significance. Employer-led and actively involve trade unions, professional bodies and other stakeholders in the sector, SSCs are licensed by the Secretary of State for Education and Skill, in consultation with government ministers in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their role is to tackle the skills and productivity needs of relevant sectors throughout the UK.The aims of SSCs are reduce skills gaps shortages; improving productivity, business and public service performance; increase opportunities to boost the skills and productivity of everyone in the sector’s workforce including action on equal opportunities; improving learning supply, including apprenticeships, higher education and national occupational standards.b.Training in National Context operates some initiatives:a)Investors in PeopleThe Investors in Peoples Standards sets out a level of good practice for the training and development of people to achieve business goals. It provides a national framework for improving business performance and competitiveness. Organization working towards the Standard must show a planned approach to setting and communicating business objectives and developing people to meet these objectives.The Investors in Peoples Standards is based on four key principles: Commitment: to invest in people to achieve business goalsPlanning: how skill, individuals and teams are to be developed to achieve these goals Action: taking action to develop and use necessary skill in well defined and continuing programme directly tied to business objectivesEvaluation: outcomes of training and development for individuals progress towardsgoals, the value achieved and future needs.Being recognized as an ‘Investor in People’ involves a number of step:●Understanding the standard and its strategic implications for your organization. ●Undertaking a review against the standard to identify any gaps in current practice.●Making the commitment to meet the standard and communicating that commitment to all members of staff.●Planning and taking action to bring about change.●Bring together the evidence for assessment against the standard.●Achievement or recognition as an investor in people.b)Get Ready for WorkGet Ready for Work supports young people to move into a job, further training or college, by helping them focus on what they want to do. Participant learn new skills and get the confidence they need to progress. People taking part in the programme get the chance to try out ‘work tasters’ and work placements-helping them decide on the job that’s best for them.Get Ready for Work helps young people identify their individual needs ands offer training in a number of skills.c)Modern ApprenticeshipsModern Apprenticeships offer people aged over 16 the chance of paid employment linked with the opportunity to train for jobs at craft, technician and management level. They are an exciting way for people to gain skills and qualification that will help to start a career without having to study full-time, and are available now across a wide range of industries. Modern Apprentices develop expertise and knowledge through on-the-job assessment as well as can also gain vital skills in areas such as teamwork and problem solving.Two of the initiative usefulness for A G Bell LtdInvestor in People is has benefits for A G Bell Ltd, has four key principles: commitment、planning、action、evaluation. This is a very important project for Bell. First, company give a promise to employee can achieve business goals, then planning how skill, individual and teams are to be development achieving these goals. Givestaff confidence to get ready for the project. After all of these, company can take action to achieve the goals. For A G Bell Ltd, through this standards can improve the company’s performance, also can let public has a good impression on company. Also this project can help organization earn more profits. And can improve the staff knowledge level.Get ready for work is suit for Bell. Get ready for work aim at help people to seek for career dream and has position to their future, then offering the training for them. Because Bell recruit the disadvantage people, let them know what they need and how to get the goals is very important. Most significantly, the training is necessary for them. Through this project can let employee has a very strong realize for their value company. And this is will a base for new staff to start work.The implementation of National Training Framework in AG BellInvestor in people, can be implement in A G Bell Ltd. It has four key principles, commitment, planning, action, evaluation.First, let employee know through this project can get any business goals. Them can know achieve the goals, can earn more profits. After this make a detailed planning to achieve the goals. Then take action to make sure the goals will be practice on time. Last evaluation the efforts of practice.If achieve the standards, company may get many help of government. The impression on public also has been increased. Then the profits must be increase. Sure, if there not, company know where should be improve. Then make more progress, is a process to improve.Get ready for work, can be implement in the A G Bell Ltd. Get Ready for Work helps young people identify their individual needs and offer training in a number of skills. In AG Bell, they need the new staff can take part in the work needs high skills.A training allowance is paid to participants. Do this can let employee suit the company’s environment. Get Ready for Work can also is suitable for recruit staff from disadvantaged group, as they can be provided good skills training when they start to work. Good for the company improve the level of staff.。

HND员工培训与开发

HND员工培训与开发

Individual ReportA6HC34 Training and Developing the workforceOutcome 3NAME:SCN:CLASS:ContentsIntroductory Preamble (3)a.Theories of Learning (4)b.The Learning Cycle (4)c.Learning Style (5)How to conduct a Selection Interview (5)a.Preparing for the interview (6)b.Conducting the interview (7)c.Advantages and disadvantages of the interview (8)d.Discrimination and how to avoid it (9)Training Session Plan (10)Costs of Preparing and Delivering for Course (10)Evaluation (12)Introductory PreambleThe report includes human resource managers to prepare for training activities, and the training time is 2 to 3 hours. The report includes the resources used by human resources managers in training and the content of the interview. The theme of the training is “How to conduct a selection interview”. The report first introduces the learning method, a good learning method can support the training. The methods of study include theories of learning the learning cycle and learning style. The second part introduces the process of the interview. The content and process of the interview include Preparing for the interview conducting the interview advantages and disadvantages of the interview and discrimination and how to avoid it. Training interview must follow the principle of equality and respect, so the place must be carefully chosen and make choice. Reflect the importance of business professionals, as much as possible to ease the pressure, to create an equal, warm and harmonious atmosphere. The report in the form reflects the training arrangements and resources used in the training, interview with what resources, training and training of the specific arrangements and resources used.The training program mainly consists of four parts:●Preparing for the interview●Conducting the interview●Advantages and disadvantages of the interview●Discrimination and how to avoid itTraining program is supported by three theories:●Theories of learning●The learning cycle●Learning style.Theories of learningLearning is a process of active engagement with experience. It is what people do when they want to make sense of the world. It may involve an increase in skills, knowledge or understanding, a deepening of values or the capacity to reflect. Effective learning will lead to change, development and a desire to learn more.The learning cycle:One theory of learning suggests that the process by which people learn is through the learning cycle. There are four main elements of the cycle and it is important to note that a learning process can begin at any point. It is also important for us to be aware that to complete the learning process learners need to work all the way around the cycle.Learning styleThere are four sessions in the learning style include activists, reflector, theorist ,pragmatists. Learning styles refer to a range of competing and contested theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. These theories propose that all people can be classified according to their 'style' of learning, although the various theories present differing views on how the styles should be defined and categorized. A common concept is that individuals differ in how they learn.Activists: Although these people do not have learning experience, their learning style is modest, take action and consider the future impact. They are active learning.Concrete experiencesFormation ofabstractconcepts and generalizationTesting the implication of concepts in new situationsObservations and reflectionsReflectors: Their learning style is to observe the situation from different angles. They like to collect data and think about any conclusions before.Theorists: They think the problem through step by step. They consider learning new knowledge through logical observation.Pragmatists:They acquire new knowledge by practice and practice. They take the initiative to acquire new ideas, theories and techniques. They positively search out new ideas and take the first opportunity to experiment with applications. They tend to be impatient with ruminating and open-ended discussions.Training Session PlanTraining of conducting a selection interviewOverall objective: Interviewing people for people customer service rolesTraining Session Plan 1Subject1: Preparing for the interview Length of Session: 40 minutes Objective: To establish a fair atmosphere and an efficient working environment.Time Title Duration Method Resources1:20pm- 1:30 pm Arrange a finalinterviewenvironment.10minutesTrainer lecture Pens;Handouts;Water1:30pm-1:40 pm Ready to usehardware andsoftwarefacilities10minutesTrainer lecture Pens;Handouts;Water;1:40pm- List the 10 Trainer lecture Pens;1:50pm questions in theinterview minutes Handouts;Water;1:50pm- 2:00pm Determine thenumber ofpeople whoneed to beinterviewed.10minutesTrainer lecture Pens;Handouts;Water;Training Session Plan 2Subject2: Conducting an interview Length of Session: 40 minutes Objective: Ask questions about the participants, listen carefully to their answers, and record the key points.Time Title Duration Method Resources2:00pm-2:10 pm Question 10minutesCase study PC; PPT;Projection;Desks;2:10pm-2:20 pm Listening 10minutesCase study PC; PPT;Projection;Desks;2:20pm-2:40 pm Observing 10minutesCase study PC; PPT;Projection;Desks;Training Session Plan 3Subject 3: Advantages and disadvantages ofthe interviewLength of Session: 20 minutesObjective: By understanding the participants to understand the interview to choose what advantage and disadvantage.Time Title Duration Method Resources 2:40pm-2:50Analysis 10 Lecture Meetingpm Advantage ofinterview minutes room;Handouts;PC; PPT;Projection;2:50pm- 3:00pm Analysisdisadvantage ofinterview10minutesLecture Meetingroom;Handouts;PC; PPT;Projection;Training Session Plan 4Subject 4:Discrimination and how to avoiditLength of Session: 30 hoursObjective:Interviewers and participants should avoid the occurrence of discrimination.Time Title Duration Method Resources3:00pm-3:20 pm Traininginstructors tellthe interviewerto avoiddiscrimination.The interviewerrespects theinterviewer.20minutesLecture PPT;Projection;Desks;Recordingpen;Conferenceroom3:20pm-3:40 pm The interviewerask questions.20minutesLecture PPT;Projection;Desks;Recordingpen;Conferenceroom3:40pm-4:00 pm Trainersummary20minutesTrainer PPT;Projection;Desks;Recordingpen;ConferenceroomEvaluationEvaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change.Level 1 Reaction: This level is assessed by the learner's perception of the training course. In the case, AG Bell Ltd.’s managers should observe how learners feel. This level can assess the course response to company representatives.Level 2 Learning: The degree to which the participants in the training program got the knowledge and skills. In the case, the trainer of AG Bell Ltd.’s can learn the skills of the trainees through the test.Level 3 Behavior: Training in the work of the training, the trainers with their training in what they have learned to carry out training.In this case, this level can assess AG Bell Ltd.'s goals, which can assess financial progress.Level 4 Results: As a result of the training to what extent the results reflect the established objectives. In this case, it can measure employee turnover and customer satisfaction. At the same time. The company can understand the company's advantages and disadvantages.Evaluation refers to the evaluation and demonstration of the program to determine whether or not to take. In the process of designing a training programmer, human resource managers should assess whether it is the goal of achieving the future.Costs of Preparing and Delivering for CourseList of appropriate cost (preparing part)Resource CostCost of buying relevant books £100Brochures £100Cost of Questionnaire £200Total cost £400List of appropriate cost(delivery part)Resource CostComputer £900Interactive whiteboards £100Handout £100Pen £50Paper £50Questionnaires £50Conference Room £200PC £300Trainer £600Total cost £2350EvaluationEvaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change.Level 1 Reaction: This level is assessed by the learner's perception of the training course.Level 2 Learning: The degree to which the participants in the training program got the knowledge and skills.Level 3 Behavior: Training in the work of the training, the trainers with their training in what they have learned to carry out training.Level 4 Results: As a result of the training to what extent the results reflect the established objectives.Evaluation refers to the evaluation and demonstration of the program to determine whether or not to take. In the process of designing a training programmer, human resource managers should assess whether it is the goal of achieving the future.ReferenceHalli er, J. and Butts, S. (2000) ‘Attempts to advance the role of training: process and context’, Employee Relations, V ol. 22, No. 4, pp. 375-402.King, N. (1994), ‘The qualitative research interview’, in Cassell, G., Symon, G. (Eds), Qualitative Methods in Organisational Research, Sage Publications, London.。

HND-员工培训与开发作业-outcome2(1)

HND-员工培训与开发作业-outcome2(1)

a.Training in National ContextThe National Training Framework is made up of information from a number of sources, both government and the network of organizations, geared towards helping organizations and individuals to develop.In Scotland, the Scottish Executive identifies key priorities for achieving business development.Training National Context includes any agents:1.Scottish Enterprise / Local Enterprise CompaniesThe Scottish Enterprise Network is central to the delivery of the Scottish Executive vision for a ‘Smart Successful Scotland’. One of the key aims for the Enterprise Networks is to enable Scotland to become a nation where creating learning and connecting faster is the basis for sustained productivity growth, competitiveness and prosperity.One of the key themes for the Enterprise Network is learning and skills and the target under this heading is ‘Every Scot ready for tomorrow’s job’. To achieve this, the networks play key roles in meeting national targets for training and are responsible for the delivery of some nation training schemes.Scottish Enterprise is Scotland’s main economic development agency. The Scottish Executive funds the agency. Scottish Enterprise consists of Scottish Enterprise and 12 Local Enterprise Companiescovering special geographical areas. Scottish Enterprise may provide funding for local initiatives aimed at achieving the government’s national targets for education and training. Many of these initiatives might include:●Investors in people●Modern apprenticeships●National vocational qualificationsScottish Enterprise works in partnership with companies individuals and universities, colleges, local authorities and other public sector bodies to achieve these goals.2.Learndirect ScotlandAnother key agency for achieving the Scottish Executive’s vision of a smart, successful Scotland is Learndirect Scotland. This agency offers advices to both individuals and employers to help them access the training they need.3.Sector Skills CouncilsUK-wide, independent organizations, Sector Skills Councils are develops by groups of influential employer industry or business sectors of economic of strategic significance. Employer-led and actively involve trade unions, professional bodies and other stakeholders in the sector, SSCs are licensed by the Secretary of State for Education and Skill, in consultation with government ministers in Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland. Their role is to tackle the skills and productivity needs of relevant sectors throughout the UK.The aims of SSCs are reduce skills gaps shortages; improving productivity, business and public service performance; increase opportunities to boost the skills and productivity of everyone in the sector’s workforce including action on equal opportunities; improving learning supply, including apprenticeships, higher education and national occupational standards.b.Training in National Context operates some initiatives:a)Investors in PeopleThe Investors in Peoples Standards sets out a level of good practice for the training and development of people to achieve business goals. It provides a national framework for improving business performance and competitiveness. Organization working towards the Standard must show a planned approach to setting and communicating business objectives and developing people to meet these objectives.The Investors in Peoples Standards is based on four key principles: Commitment: to invest in people to achieve business goals Planning: how skill, individuals and teams are to be developed to achieve these goalsAction: taking action to develop and use necessary skill in well definedand continuing programme directly tied to business objectives Evaluation: outcomes of training and development for individuals progress towards goals, the value achieved and future needs.Being recognized as an ‘Investor in People’ involves a number of step:●Understanding the standard and its strategic implications for yourorganization.●Undertaking a review against the standard to identify any gaps incurrent practice.●Making the commitment to meet the standard and communicating that commitment to all members of staff.●Planning and taking action to bring about change.●Bring together the evidence for assessment against the standard.●Achievement or recognition as an investor in people.b)Get Ready for WorkGet Ready for Work supports young people to move into a job, further training or college, by helping them focus on what they want to do. Participant learn new skills and get the confidence they need to progress. People taking part in the programme get the chance to try out ‘work tasters’ and work placements-helping them decide on the job that’s best for them.Get Ready for Work helps young people identify their individualneeds ands offer training in a number of skills.c)Modern ApprenticeshipsModern Apprenticeships offer people aged over 16 the chance of paid employment linked with the opportunity to train for jobs at craft, technician and management level. They are an exciting way for people to gain skills and qualification that will help to start a career without having to study full-time, and are available now across a wide range of industries. Modern Apprentices develop expertise and knowledge through on-the-job assessment as well as can also gain vital skills in areas such as teamwork and problem solving.Two of the initiative usefulness for A G Bell LtdInvestor in People is has benefits for A G Bell Ltd, has four key principles: commitment、planning、action、evaluation. This is a very important project for Bell. First, company give a promise to employee can achieve business goals, then planning how skill, individual and teams are to be development achieving these goals. Give staff confidence to get ready for the project. After all of these, company can take action to achieve the goals. For A G Bell Ltd, through this standards can improve the company’s performance, also can let public has a good impression on company. Also this project can help organization earn more profits. And can improve the staff knowledge level.Get ready for work is suit for Bell. Get ready for work aim at helppeople to seek for career dream and has position to their future, then offering the training for them. Because Bell recruit the disadvantage people, let them know what they need and how to get the goals is very important. Most significantly, the training is necessary for them. Through this project can let employee has a very strong realize for their value company. And this is will a base for new staff to start work.The implementation of National Training Framework in AG Bell Investor in people, can be implement in A G Bell Ltd. It has four key principles, commitment, planning, action, evaluation.First, let employee know through this project can get any business goals. Them can know achieve the goals, can earn more profits. After this make a detailed planning to achieve the goals. Then take action to make sure the goals will be practice on time. Last evaluation the efforts of practice.If achieve the standards, company may get many help of government. The impression on public also has been increased. Then the profits must be increase. Sure, if there not, company know where should be improve. Then make more progress, is a process to improve.Get ready for work, can be implement in the A G Bell Ltd. Get Ready for Work helps young people identify their individual needs and offer training in a number of skills. In AG Bell, they need the new staff can take part in the work needs high skills. A training allowance is paid toparticipants. Do this can let employee suit the company’s environment. Get Ready for Work can also is suitable for recruit staff from disadvantaged group, as they can be provided good skills training when they start to work. Good for the company improve the level of staff.。

员工培训与开发 第3章

员工培训与开发 第3章

中层管理者
·我愿意花钱搞培训 吗? ·要花多少钱?
培训者
·出席高层管理会议? ·我有资金来源购买培训 产品和服务吗? ·经理们会支持培训吗?
人员分析
·哪些人需要接受培 ·我怎样确定出需要培训 训(经理、专业人员、 的雇员? 一线雇员)? ·在哪些工作领域内 培训可大幅度的改变 产品质量或顾客服务 水平? ·哪些任务需要培训? ·该任务需要具备哪些知 识、技能或者其他特点?
组织分析的重要步骤
(2)组织的战略分析 (3)组织资源分析 (4)组织特质分析 (5)组织环境分析
与组织分析相关的信息收集
利用组织已有的信息进行 或专门进行调查
3.2
培训需求分析的框架
二、任务分析
任务分析主要是通过对工作任务和岗位责任的研究,发 现从事某项工作的具体内容和完成该工作所需具备的各项知 识、技能和能力,以确定培训项目的具体内容。 任务分析需要确定的因素 任务分析的步骤
3.2
培训需求分析的框架
一、组织层次分析
培训需求的组织分析主要是在给定公司经营战略的条件 下,通过对组织的目标、资源、特质、环境等因素的分析,准 确地找出组织存在的问题与问题产生的根源,即现有状况与应 有状况的差距和造成差距的原因,以确定培训是否是解决这类 问题的最有效的方法。 (1)组织目标分析
3.4
培训计划的制定
一、何谓培训计划
所谓培训计划是按照一定的逻辑顺序排列的记录,它是从组织的战略 出发,在全面、客观的培训需求分析基础上做出的对培训时间(When)、培 训地点(Where)、培训者(Who)、培训对象(Whom)、培训方式(How)和培训内 容(What)等的预先系统设定。
二、培训计划的作用
3.1

HND员工培训与开发outcome

I ntroductionThe main content of this report describes the difficulties faced by the A G Bell Ltd. in High town and the solutions. How to solve the problem of human resource management.This report is divided into three main parts. The three main parts are policy statement the main body of the training and strategy responsibilities for training at AG Bell Ltd Training and developing the workforce is important in company.Section 1: policy statement1.Policy StatementA G Bell Ltd. is provide 24/7 call center services. The company provides services to customers by high level of service and high technology applications. The company’s structure is flat organization structure. The department of the company is made up of teams. The company's less hierarchy is conducive to communication between organizations, Inter Organizational Communication is conducive to the development of the company and to avoid mistakes in the work.The company’s organization wants to recruit 40 new employees in High Town. The company will relocate to larger premises for the next two months. The recruitment and training of employees is very important. The company carries on the personalized training to the staff, to be trained by the company staff to improve work efficiency to meet the needs of the company. The company recruitment is diversified. The company recruiting vulnerable groups. The company give attention to vulnerable group of employees. Employees contribute to the organization through training.2.The main body of the Training StrategyA.the nature of AG Bell LtdAG Bell Ltd.’s vision is provides services to customers by high level of service andhigh technology applications. Customers are satisfied with the service from AG Bell Ltd. AG Bell Ltd development to get more market share. The company’s structure is flat organization structure. The company’s recruitment is distinctively, Ltd. AG Bell Ltd. will recruits staff from a disadvanged group, it is very important for the company to train the staff from a disadvanged group.B.the commitment and the contributionCommitment:AG Bell Ltd. come to High Town to face a lot of difficulties. The difficulties includes local economic decline, local employment rate is low and laborer’s skills is low. But AG Bell Ltd. to overcome these difficulties. The company training staff to improve skills and work efficiency. The company is committed to the fair treatment of each employee. The company encourage every employee to work better. The good performance of the staff is good for the organization to achieve the goal and profit maximization.Contribution: The AG Bell Ltd. has made a lot of contributions to the society. AG Bell Ltd. will recruits staff from a disadvanged group. AG Bell Ltd. helped High Town down the unemployment rate. The company helped d isadvanged group’s ease the burden on the family. Companies can open lectures and psychological counseling to help disadvanged group overcome psychological barriers. The Company can strengthen exchanges and cooperation between employees. The company's good reputation is good for the company to get the customer's satisfaction and more market share.Section 2: The main body of the training strategyA.the major issues of AG Bell Ltd.AG Bell Ltd. will face a lot of difficulties in the next two years. AG Bell Ltd. wants to recruit 40 new employees in High Town. High proportion of traditional industries in High Town, so High Town employee has no experience in call center services.AG Bell Ltd. concerned about disadvantage groups. AG Bell Ltd. recruitment has a characteristic, recruit staff from disadvantage groups. They may have psychological barriers. Staff from disadvantage groups may have an inferiority complex and they may not be willing to communicate with their colleagues. They need equal treatment and training.High Town’s local economic downturn. The unemployment rate of High Town’s traditional manufacturing industry is low. So the skills of the unemployed workers are low. The company takes a long time to train the staff.B.Training needsAG Bell Ltd. moved to High Town five years ago. AG Bell Ltd. needs to have a familiar process in High Town. The contents of AG Bell Ltd. training staff include personal team leadership; information technology; safety and health knowledge; Fluent communication skills.C.Resource implication of training needsAbout health and safety training and customers service training both of training for organizational group and individual. The organizational short-term training includes to understand the local cultural environment and lecture of employee psychological enlighten, organizational medium to long-term training includes cultivate customer loyalty and to update employee benefits policy. Group’s short-term training includes familiar with work flow training and the training of the employees are familiar with each other. Group’s medium to long-term training includes training for group leader; and improve the training of group work efficiency. Individual short-term training includes job skills training and mental health training Individual medium to long-term training includes the training of employees' loyalty to the company and training of employees' benefits and features.Section 3: responsibilities for training at AG Bell LtdA.ManagerManager analyzed the company's performance and achievements. Managersupports an employee who works hard.B.Team leaderTeam leader has different training for different job roles.C.Training professionalsTraining professional’s organization design training and development strategy.Training professionals designed and produced materials for training.D.IndividualDetermine individual training needs.ConclusionWith the help of human resource management, the company has solved many problems about training. A G Bell Ltd. has a good social reputation. A G Bell Ltd. is concerned about the vulnerable groups. A G Bell Ltd. helped to lighten the burden of society. Wish A G Bell Ltd. a better and better development.R eferenceHallier, J. and Butts, S. (2000) ‘Attempts to advance the role of training: process and context’, Employee Relations, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 375-402.King, N. (1994), ‘The qualitative research interview’, in Cassell, G., Symon, G. (Eds), Qualitative Methods in Organisational Research, Sage Publications, London.。

培训与开发(三级)


需 第三章 求 确 培训与开发 认 制 定 计 划
确定培训内容 确定培训方式 确定培训时间 制定培训预算及培训计划 确定大纲、教材 选择培训方法 实施培训 考核受训者 培训教师考评 应用反馈 培训总结
10 资料归档 10
确定教师及培训对象
确定培训地点
教 学 设 计 实 施 培 训 培 训 反 馈
后勤保障 培训奖惩 培训管理考评
– 以实现企业战略与经营目标为目的,考虑短期目标及未来长期目标
能力 第一节 要求
• 对培训需求分析结果的有效整合
– 组织层面的培训需求分析、员工层面的培训面求分析
• 界定清晰的培训目标
– 员工培训要达到什么样标准的问题 – 具体化、数量化、指标化和标准化 – 有效地指导培训者和受训者
• 制订培训培训方案 • 培训项目计划的沟通和确认
培训目标
培 训 需 求 分 析
培训计划 培训实施 培训评估
14
二、培训需求的调查与确认 P131
第一节
许多企业在开展培训时,不知该培训什么,因此,常常是流行什么培训什么,抓住什么培训
什么。培训没有建立在需求分析的基础上,浪费了很多的资源,做了许多无用功。只有挖掘到
真正的需求,才能对症下药,设计出具有针对性的培训课程,以达到最佳的培训效 果。
不充分的员工技能
培训解决方案
非培训解决方案
18
(四)三维培训需求分析模型 P134
是一种基于岗位胜任力和人才测评等手段的培训需求分析方法, 适合在企业中高层管理者(核心员工)的培训需求分析中应用。
第一节
19
四、培训项目原则与培训内容 P136
(一)培训项目设计的原则
因材施教原则 激励性原则 实践性原则 反馈及强化原则 目标性原则 延续性原则 职业发展性原则

HND员工培训与开发

H N D员工培训与开发3(总16页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面,使用请直接删除Individual ReportA6HC34 Training and Developing the workforceOutcome 3NAME:SCN:CLASS:ContentsIntroductory Preamble (3)a.Theories of Learning (4)b.The Learning Cycle (4)c.Learning Style (5)How to conduct a Selection Interview (5)a.Preparing for the interview (6)b.Conducting the interview (7)c.Advantages and disadvantages of the interview (8)d.Discrimination and how to avoid it (9)Training Session Plan (10)Costs of Preparing and Delivering for Course (10)Evaluation (12)Introductory PreambleThe report includes human resource managers to prepare for training activities, and the training time is 2 to 3 hours. The report includes the resources used by human resources managers in training and the content of the interview. The theme of the training is “How to conduct a selection interview”. The report first introduces the learning method, a good learning method can support the training. The methods of study include theories of learning the learning cycle a nd learning style. The second part introduces the process of the interview. The content and process of the interview include Preparing for the interview conducting the interview advantages and disadvantages of the interview and discrimination and how to avoid it. Training interview must follow the principle of equality and respect, so the place must be carefully chosen and make choice. Reflect the importance of business professionals, as much as possible to ease the pressure, to create an equal, warm and harmonious atmosphere. The report in the form reflects the training arrangements and resources used in the training, interview with what resources, training and training of the specific arrangements and resources used.The training program mainly consists of four parts:Preparing for the interviewConducting the interviewAdvantages and disadvantages of the interviewDiscrimination and how to avoid itTraining program is supported by three theories:Theories of learningThe learning cycleLearning style.Theories of learningLearning is a process of active engagement with experience. It is what people do when they want to make sense of the world. It may involve an increase in skills, knowledge or understanding, a deepening of values or the capacity to reflect. Effective learning will lead to change, development and a desire to learn more.The learning cycle:One theory of learning suggests that the process by which people learn is through the learning cycle. There are four main elements of the cycle and it is important to note that a learning process can begin at any point. It is also important for us to be aware that to complete the learning process learners need to work all the way around the cycle.Learning styleThere are four sessions in the learning style include activists, reflector, theorist ,pragmatists. Learning styles refer to a range of competing and contested theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. These theories propose that all people can be classified according to their 'style' of learning, although the various theories present differing views on how the styles should be defined and categorized. A common concept is that individuals differ in how they learn.Activists: Although these people do not have learning experience, their learning styleis modest, take action and consider the future impact. They are active learning.Reflectors: Their learning style is to observe the situation from different angles. They like to collect data and think about any conclusions before.Theorists: They think the problem through step by step. They consider learning new knowledge through logical observation.Pragmatists: They acquire new knowledge by practice and practice. They take the initiative to acquire new ideas, theories and techniques. They positively search out new ideas and take the first opportunity to experiment with applications. They tend to be impatient with ruminating and open-ended discussions.Training Session PlanEvaluationEvaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change.Level 1 Reaction: This level is assessed by the learner's perception of the training course. In the case, AG Bell Ltd.’s managers should observe how l earners feel. This level can assess the course response to company representatives.Level 2 Learning: The degree to which the participants in the training program got the knowledge and skills. In the case, the trainer of AG Bell Ltd.’s can learn the skills of the trainees through the test.Level 3 Behavior: Training in the work of the training, the trainers with their training in what they have learned to carry out training. In this case, this level can assess AG Bell Ltd.'s goals, which can assess financial progress.Level 4 Results: As a result of the training to what extent the results reflect the established objectives. In this case, it can measure employee turnover and customer satisfaction. At the same time. The company can understand the company's advantages and disadvantages.Evaluation refers to the evaluation and demonstration of the program to determine whether or not to take. In the process of designing a training programmer, human resource managers should assess whether it is the goal of achieving the future.Costs of Preparing and Delivering for CourseEvaluationEvaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change.Level 1 Reaction: This level is assessed by the learner's perception of the training course.Level 2 Learning: The degree to which the participants in the training program got the knowledge and skills.Level 3 Behavior: Training in the work of the training, the trainers with their training in what they have learned to carry out training.Level 4 Results: As a result of the training to what extent the results reflect the established objectives.Evaluation refers to the evaluation and demonstration of the program to determine whether or not to take. In the process of designing a training programmer, human resource managers should assess whether it is the goal of achieving the future.ReferenceHallier, J. and Butts, S. (2000) ‘Attempts to advance the role of training: process and context’, Employee Relations, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 375-402.King, N. (1994), ‘The qualitative research interview’, in Cassell, G., Symon, G. (Eds), Qualitative Methods in Organisational Research, Sage Publications, London.。

HND-员工培训开发作业-outcome-1

HND-员工培训开发作业-outcome-1HND-员工培训开发作业-outcome-11.Policy StatementA G Bell Ltd is a call center service company. The company prides itself on achieving exception service levels, and exploiting cutting edge technology. The company encourages a team based approach to meeting its demanding targets for response rates. And the company’s structure is flat organization structure, facilitates a supportive, enabling culture, where people are valued as a key resource and developed to meet business needs. And the company has 180 staff through the innovative way select.Training is very important for every company. In A G Bell Ltd training is to improve staff skills. Especial face with the disadvantage group. Training can motivate employees to improve work. Staff training can improve the efficiency of AG Bell Ltd. There has so many advantages so the company’s senior manager should pay more attention to it.The company mission: through the innvative apporach to select the staff. The person is most important captial to A G Bell Ltd. And it also using a unique technology company's sales and management to enable enterprises to increase market share.The company vision: is AG Bell Ltd want to increase market share, expand markets, and service more customers, sure at last make more profits.Make company develop more smoothly.For the training, company promise all employees has equal training opportunities. And every employee can get benefits from the training process.Staff training can improve their professional levels andresponsibilities for the company goals.Training is a very necessary part for AG Bell Ltd. It has a lot of benefits for company.First of all, AG Bell Ltd select staff from a varity of disadvanged group.For improve employee’s skill the training is must be. It can helps employees make up the knowledge necessary and fulfill the performance gap between the actual operation and expected situation.Beside, and the training can let AG Bell Ltd to achieve goals more easily.If the organization has the a lot of high levels employees, this can improve company’s working efficience. And help company achieve goals more quickly.Third, Training could help employees developing their problem solving abilities and enhance communication abilities these can support the mission of AG Bell Ltd .For employee also have many benefits. Through training, employee can feel organization pay a lot of attention to them, and then increase the loyalty.And this can make supervisor and staff has a good cooperation, know each other more, then increase the cohesion. Faced with the company vision, enlarge the market share, must improve the employee’s professional knowledge for meet the future needs.All of these can conclude training is a must be. For company to develop more good, AG Bell Ltd should be support training, and introduction the policy back the training.2.The Main Body of the Training Strategya.(1)Because A G Bell Ltd want to rapid expansion , the organization need toexpand workforce by 40 employees.New employees, training can let them know their responsibilities, and improve their working skill. This is the basic for working in the future for company.(2)The Investors in People Standard, Investors in People award which is thenational award for good practice of training, this project should make employee has a good knowledge about it.All staff should join in the project. To achieve this aim, training is a fastest way.(3)For AG Bell Ltd, one feature is them employ lots of disadvantaged employees.Faced with these staff, training can make them master the knowledge and equipment, health and safety knowledge and respond to questions using the techniques.b.Short Medium to long termOrganization 1)Introduction of anew company policy2)Healthy and Safetytraining1)The customersservice training2)IiP trainingGroup 1)How to use theswitchboard2)Healthy and Safetytraining1)The customersservice training2)IiP trainingIndividual 1)Basic knowledgetraining2)Induction training3)Minute Taking Skills4)Appraisal Training5)Healthy and Safetytraining1)The customersservice training2)IiP training3)Team leader trainingFor achieve the training purpose, there needs any resources.Foremost, the finance resource should satisfy the training. Before implement training, the financial resource should be calculate, make sure have enough budgets to meet the needs of training. This is the basic demand of training.Second, the training place is very important, before training implement must be confirmed. The size、condition、environment and so on, relevant items must be sure. This is the key factors of training.Then the training facility is also neccessory, such as the audio visuals、projector 、the site arrangement, the trainees need a plan outline and copy reading materials,and so on.Beside, the teacher of training should be arrangement proper. When training start everything should be taking their place.Next, about management training should be take decentralization of authority. To do so, let middle-level managermore loyalty for company. And also make staff can has a good know of their manager, can let the atmosphere in the workplace more harmonious. Contribute to a very high enthusiasm for work.All of these should be determine before training. For make sure that training be successful, every details should be embody.3.Responsibilities for Training at A G Bell LtdAccording to A G Bell Ltd’s organization chart, and the service it provide, about the responsibilities I affirm manager、team leader、training professional and individual should: Manager Team leader Trainingprofessionalindividual1)Identify trainingneeds2)Deliver traininganddevelopmentprogrammes 3)Facilitatelearning with 1)Identify trainingneeds2)Deliver traininganddevelopmentprogrammes3)Facilitatelearning with1)Identify trainingneeds2)Design theannual traininganddevelopmentplan3)Design training1)Identifytraining needsindividuals andgroups4)Monitor andevaluate thesuccess oftrainingprogrammes 5)Assess individualsachievement 6)Provide support for learnerwhen back inthe place7)Select leanersfor particulartraining eventsindividuals andgroups4)Monitor andevaluate thesuccess oftrainingprogrammes5)Assessindividualsachievement6)Provide support for learner when back inthe place7)Select leaners for particular training events and development strategies forthe organization 4)Design and produce learning materials5)Deliver training and development programmes6)Facilitate learning with individuals and groups7)Monitor and evaluate the success of training programmes8)Monitor theimplementation of managing diversity initiatives as they apply to training9)Coordinate training and development activities10)Monitor the implementation of managing diversity initiatives as they apply to training。

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At beginning of this assessment, I would introduce the interview in order to be better for designing a training programme for managers within AG Bell Ltd at first. For all managers, the interview of ready working is very important. If we do my best, not only it could keep all work convenient with developing, but also we know we need do next necessary work. Such as: What is the aim or aims throughput the interview. What kind of requirements candidates should have. How we do this programme. When and where to ask prepare the questions and tests in interview. We need choose the concrete times, place, cost and staffs. Prepare some equipment, which needed during the interview.Thus, during the interview, Interviewers must be able to apply an appropriate verity of questioning techniques. Interviewers must be able to take legible note which accurately reflect the satisfaction of the interview. Interviewers must be able to rate different candidates using the company’s candidates rating scheme. Interviewers must be able to provide information about conditions of service and company background.Interviewers must be able to apply to the company’s policy on equality of opportunity and recruitment. Interviewers must be able to observe the response of candidate to make sure whether he nervous and than change the topic of have free talk.However, during the process of the interview, we should mainly create an agreeably, friendly and comfortable environment to the interviewees in order to have a good communication with each other interviewers can ask some simple questions to help interviewees relieve stress and nervous. For us, the interview of core, it is the most important parts in this programme. In this stage, interviewers put their energies mainly on collect the inform ation about the interviewee’s work abilities. We should pay more attention on how to ask questions. There are different kinds of questions, like closing questions, opening questions and guiding questions, we should use these questions together. Interviewer s can make a judgment about the interviewee’s work abilities. Interviewees can use this stage to check themselves whether forget the core questions and information; also they can ask whether they have opportunities to take the next interviews. After this interview, interviewers can choose and decide who will take part in the next interviews. Then the suitable interviewees will have the written interviews to decide who will obtain the vacancy.At the end of interview, though evaluating the records in the interview, we would analyze the qualification of candidates, and talk about each candidate with the relevant managers who also took part in the interview.According to the theory by Kolb 1975, we could make a good use of it to evaluate the work, which suggests that the process by which people learn is through the learning cycle. There are four main elements of this cycle and it is important to note that a learning process can begin at any point. It is also important for us to be aware that to complete the learning process learners need to work all the way around the cycle. This is important for designing training Activities, as we need to guide learners through the four elements of the learning cycle. The elements in the Kolb’s Learning Cycle are contain the concrete experiences, observations and reflections, formation of abstract concepts and generalization and testing the implications of concepts in new situations. According to this training programme, it also required the trainers to usetheir concrete experiences, and pay attention on observations or reflections about the process of the training programme. After this, that required the trainers to make the information that they observed form into abstract concepts and generalization. At last, all the information has formed as one kind of experience, so the trainers or the managers in the organization could use the information to testing the implications of concepts in new situations.In this a training programme, we must pay attention to four points. Preparing for the interviewPrepare relevant the interview of information or things are necessary before the work. Before interview, the managers should make a job description to improve the effectiveness of interview. Then that need to design the objectives for the interview to know what they want to get. First, we need choose the concrete times, place, cost and staffs. Second, according to the job description, they may draw up some questions, such as working environment, attitude, experience, requirement, career ability, degree and other about the interviewees. Then make use of the right answer for the questions to evaluate the answer of interviewees.Conducting the interviewInterviewers should pay attention to the techniques when Questioning, Listening and Observing. Interviewers must be able to apply an appropriate of question techniques and demonstrate action active listening skills. They must be able to take legible note which accurately reflect the satisfaction of the interview and they must be able t o rate different candidates using the company’s candidates rating scheme. Interviewers must be able to provide information about conditions of service and company background. They must be able to apply to the company’s policy on equality of opportunity and recruitment. Interviewers must be able to apply the current legislation framework for recruitment and observe the response of candidate to make sure him never nervous.Advantages and disadvantages of the interviewThere are some many advantages of holding an interview.Through the interview it is a good way to select a suitable person to work for us it is good for our works. And it is easy for us to select a suitable person. We could make communications between interviewers and interviewees. They could ask information about interviewees. We could easy directly face them and hear their sounds.But, do this way. There are some disadvantages of holding and inappropriate interview. Compare whit the phone interview, if an interview is not arranged well, it will cost a lot but dose not absorb suitable person, and it’s time-consuming, so we waste a lot of money and time to do an ineffective thing.Discrimination and how to avoid itTraining interviewer ought to let them know the relevant legislations about discrimination: The Race Discrimination Act, The Gender Discrimination Act, The Sex Discrimination Act and so on. Or, before the face to face interview, hold a telephone interview, so interviewers will not discriminate by some points. Basing on the relevant videotapes and case study, we can have a discussion about how is the behavior of the interviewers in those documents, the purpose of using these methodsof delivering is make the managers find out good points and bad points of these resources by themselves so that they will have a good practice when they do it in the future. In order to avoid appearing the different discriminations in interview, such as sex discrimination, race discrimination, disability discrimination, etc. Everyone should try to avoid it. Before the interview, interviewers should know relevant act clearly. Like the Sex Discrimination Act; the Equal Pay Act 1975; the Race Relations Act 1976; the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, etc. And at the interview, try to use less discriminate words and avoid discrimination. It not only can help company find the suitable employees, but also can improve external image of the organization.Overall objective: the overall objectives in this programme are to choose the best learners for the role of customer service, and to improve performance of the organization. The individualsession objectives are to make each learner know correctly about theTrainer’s objective: complete the training on time, showrelevant skills, knowledge to learners using an appropriateLearner’s objective: learn and use relevant skills andknowledge to conduct a selection interview basing on an8:47 What is a selection Answers from learners Paper and pens 9:15 How is our selection Participants complete Questionnaire and9:30 Relevant skills, knowledge Customer service video Relevant video case And attitude required during Facilitator facilitates review study, film, and so onA selection interview of video and identified skills,attitude and knowledgerequired10:05 Procedures of selection Trainer input PPT Calculate in financeIf trying to complete a measurement of costs, trainers may look at the direct and indirect costs. The costs are associated with the planning and delivery of the training activity. The direct costs might include resources accommodation, equipment, materials and the indirect costs include time, loss of productivity and downtime. Then the generally cost may contain the following parts:PREPARINGComputer 10.000Paper 10Pens 20Internet 50Typewriter 500Printer 200DELIVINGComputer 9.000Projector 20.000Paper 10Pens 10Folders 50As a tool of evaluation, in order to be better, we ought to make a good use of it. Though this evaluation tools, we could know how training can be better. Thus, Evaluation can also help trainers improve training efficiency, meanwhile, based on feedback, they would do their best. What’s more, we understand that the importance of aligning training Activity with business goals and performance improvement. Thus, we just make four levels to be convenient for evaluation. Level 1: Reaction- this level evaluates the learners’ perception of the training course. We should use oral text or according to observing to know about learners’ perception. Level 2: Learning- we identified that learning objectives can be defined in relation to skills, knowledge and attitude. At this level of evaluation, participants have learned new skills, attained new knowledge or changed their attitudes.Level 3: Behavior- this level of evaluation, it could prove in behavior demonstrated by learners as a result of having the learning experience.Level 4: Result- at this final level, evaluation is focused on trying to establish the extent to which learners have been able to use their learning in new situations. The impact on the organization’s objectives is also measured. According to these four levels of evaluation, it shows the reaction of trainees on the course for managers. We could just know the result of evaluation though using four levels, which reflect the level of how they accept the knowledge, skills and so on. From it, we would analyze clearly their advantage and disadvantage. Therefore, we just understand what result is the best.。

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