系统分析与设计Chap14
系统分析与设计_管理
信息系统分析与设计10目 录信息系统开发方法概述 10.1 系统规划10.2 系统分析10.3 系统实施10.5 系统运行和维护10.6 系统分析10.4信息系统开发方法概述系统开发过程管理将软件工程和系统工程方法引入:规范的定量的系统的系统生命周期法原型法面向对象法计算机辅助软件工程法系统生命周期法什么是系统生命周期？一个信息系统从目标提出到系统设计、实现、应用直到最终完成系统使命的全过程。
系统生命周期法:在系统生命周期全过程分阶段进行开发管理。
基本思想：“自顶向下，逐步求精”生命周期法开发过程的瀑布模型 提出要求第一阶段系统规划第二阶段系统分析第三阶段系统设计第四阶段系统实施第五阶段系统运行维护可行性报告系统需求说明系统设计说明已安装的完整信息系统运行的信息系统停止研制停止研制停止研制系统生命周期法 文档审核，保证系统质量，提高可维护性。
自顶向下，强调系统开发过程的整体性和全局性。
缺点 优点 划分阶段，降低了复杂性，提高可操作性。
难以适应需求变化，不支持反复开发。
阶段互相依赖，不能并行，开发周期长。
前期错误向后传递，修正代价高。
分析重于设计，设计重于编码！原型法什么是原型法？根据最初获得的用户基本需求，快速建立一个目标系统版本，即原型，然后根据用户评价修改提高原型，最终形成实际系统。
基本思想：“模拟原型，逐步完善”原型法开发过程 第一步识别基本需求第二步建立初始模型系统完成是第三步用户评价原型用户满意第四步修改和提高原型否原型法对于业务简单的小型系统，开发周期短 流程简单，简化分析和设计 缺点 优点 用户与开发者易于沟通，鼓励用户参与易忽略测试和文档，后期维护困难 要准确理解需求，不适合复杂系统 缺乏统一规划和标准，易导致失控信息系统开发方法系统生命周期法原型法THANK YOU!系统规划系统规划 提出要求第一阶段系统规划第二阶段系统分析第三阶段系统设计第四阶段系统实施第五阶段系统运行维护可行性报告系统需求说明系统设计说明已安装的完整信息系统运行的信息系统停止研制停止研制停止研制系统规划的主要任务制定开发战略结合组织战略，确定新系统使命。
系统分析与设计概述ppt课件
运用所学的开发方法 通过实践强化对方法的理解和掌握
关于课程
教材
选用教材： 郝晓玲,韩冬梅，韩松乔,信息系统开发:方法、案例与实验，清华大学出版 社，2011.10
参考教材： 《系统分析与设计方法第六版》（Jeffrey L. Whitten ，Lonnie D. Bentley ，Kevin C. Dittman ） Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F. George, Joseph S. Valacich，《modern information system analysis and design》,the 4th edition. 刘兰娟，竺宇光.《信息系统分析与设计》，电子工业出版社 2002.8 薛华成，《管理信息系统》，清华大学出版社 1999年5月 张海藩，《软件工程导论》，清华大学出版社 2003.12
信息系统的开发过程
系统规划
1.确定信息系统及项目的优先顺序 2.组建信息系统项目团队 3.确定信息系统项目范围 4.启动项目
系统分析
1. 需求分析、理解与确定 2. 需求结构化与说明
系统设计
体系架构设计。 详细设计 数据库设计 输入和输出设计界面设计 代码设计
系统实现
信息系统边界
信息系统构件 构件之间关系 环境 信息系统接口 系统输入 系统输出
系统约束
信息系统的基本概念
说明 信息系统目标是信息系统建设的根本出发点和最终目的。一般应结合组织内外部实际情况，从业务
战略视角高度出发制定信息系统目标，将信息系统目标与业务目标结合起来。
信息系统的边界是不可见的，很难从物理角度进行区分。系统与其他系统之间一般通过接口的形式 进行连接，例如人事信息系统与财务信息系统之间存在接口。
系统分析与设计
22
5
RMO 案例中的事件 p.5-14
與顧客有關的重要外部事件
顧客想要檢查商品能否供貨、顧客下訂單、顧客變 更或取消訂單, 參考圖5-13
事件表格(event table)中與每個事件相關的資訊 :
每個使用案例的型錄資訊 (圖 5-15)
5
涉及部門的其他外部事件
寄送已完成的訂單、行銷部門想要寄送促銷內容給 顧客、商品部門更新型錄
事件分解技術 CRUD 分析技術 (建立, 讀取, 更新, 刪除)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition
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Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 4th Edition
10
5
5
在設計階段建立的模型 (圖 5-5)
3. 事件、活動與使用案例
使用案例 (use case)
Use case～activity
系統為回應使用者的要求所執行的活動 「案例」 是參與者使用系統的地方 辨識使用案例的技術 辨識使用者目標
Elementary Business Processes
基本企業流程 (EBP) 層次的目標就是使用案例 (參考圖5-6) EBP – 由一名工作人員、在一個場所執行的一項任務，目的是要回應 某個企業事件。它能夠增加可測量的企業價值，並讓系統與資料維持 一致的狀態
事件的類型
外部事件 (External event)
發生在系統之外 由外部的代理人(e.g.顧客)或參與者所啟動 , 圖5-8 事件命名: 外部代理人+動作名稱 (customer pays)
系统分析与设计方法(原书第7版)
系统分析与设计（原书第7版）配套练习目录CHAPTER 1 (2)CHAPTER 2 (4)CHAPTER 3 (6)CHAPTER 4 (9)CHAPTER 5 (11)CHAPTER 6 (14)CHAPTER 7 (16)CHAPTER 8 (19)CHAPTER 9 (21)CHAPTER 10 (23)CHAPTER 11 (26)CHAPTER 11. Management information systems (MIS)A) create and share documents that support day-today office activitiesB) process business transactions (e.g., time cards, payments, orders, etc.)C) capture and reproduce the knowledge of an expert problem solverD) use the transaction data to produce information needed by managers to run the businessE) none of the above2. The term used to describe those people whose jobs involve sponsoring and funding the project to develop, operate, and maintain the information system isA) information workerB) internal system userC) systems ownerD) external system userE) systems builder3. The person who ensures that systems are developed on time, within budget, and with acceptable quality is aA) systems designerB) project managerC) systems ownerD) external system userE) systems builder4. Which one of the following is not a business driver for an information system?A) business process redesignB) knowledge asset managementC) proliferation of networks and the InternetD) security and privacyE) collaboration and partnership5. A task of developing a technical blueprint and specifications for a solution that fulfills the business requirements is undertaken in the following phase of the system development processA) system initiationB) system implementationC) system analysisD) system designE) feasibility analysis6. If a university sets up a web-based information system that faculty could access to record student grades and to advise students, that would be an example of a/anA) CRMB) intranetC) ERPD) extranetE) none of the above7. Which of the following is not a technology driver for an information system?A) enterprise applicationsB) object technologiesC) knowledge asset managementD) collaborative technologiesE) networks and the Internet8. Which of the following is a deliverable of the system implementation phase in a formal system development process?A) technical hardware and software solution for the business problemB) business problem statementC) state ment of the system users’ business requirementsD) technical blueprint and specifications for a solution that fulfills the business requirementsE) none of the above9. An information system that supports the planning and assessment needs of executive management isA) DSSB) TPSC) ERPD) MISE) none of the above10. Decision makers who are concerned with tactical (short-term) operational problems and decision making areA) middle managersB) executive managersC) supervisorsD) mobile managersE) none of the above1. An information system is the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) and telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks).A) TrueB) False2. Internal system users include customers, suppliers, and partners.A) TrueB) False3. Business analyst focuses on only the non-technical aspects of systems analysis and design.A) TrueB) False4．Business process redesign is the continuous monitoring of business processes to effect small, but measurable improvements in cost reduction and value-added.A) TrueB) False5. Knowledge asset management is one of the technology drivers for today’s information systems.A) TrueB) False6. Systems analysts are frequently involved in the customization of the ERP applications and theredesign of business processes to use the ERP solutions.A) TrueB) False7. One of the problem-solving steps in systems analysis is to identify the problem.A) TrueB) False8. Project scope, goals, schedule, and budget requirements are determined during the system initiation phase of the system development process.A) TrueB) False9. If software programs need to be written for an information system, they are written during system analysis.A) TrueB) False10. Process management is the activity of defining, planning, directing, monitoring, and controlling a project.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 21. Contemporary Information Systems are interfacing with customers and suppliers using :A) BPRB) CRMC) SCMD) Both A and BE) Both B and C2. Information systems that support the business functions that reach out to suppliers are known as:A) back office information systemsB) decision support systemsC) expert information systemsD) front office information systemsE) none of the above3. Which of the following is not a class of information system applications?A) database management systemB) decision support systemC) expert systemD) management information systemE) office automation system4. Who are the people that actually use the system to perform or support the work to be completed?A) system analystsB) system designersC) system ownersD) system buildersE) none of the above5. Which is not a typical business function?A) SalesB) ServiceC) ManufacturingD) AccountingE) Benefits and Compensation6. The flow of transactions through business processes to ensure appropriate checks and approvals are implemented is called:A) proceduresB) work flowC) process flowD) process requirementsE) procedures7. Language-based, machine-readable representations of what a software process is supposed to do, or how a software process is supposed to accomplish its task is known as:A) prototypingB) software specificationsC) application programsD) human engineeringE) none of the above8. A specification of how the user moves from window to window, interacting with the application programs to perform useful work is called:A) interface specificationsB) software specificationsC) user dialogD) prototyping specificationsE) navigation specification9. Examples of keyless interfaces include:A) bar coding, OCR, pen, and voice recognitionB) mouse, OCR, pen, and voice recognitionC) keyboard, OCR, pen, and voice recognitionD) all of the aboveE) none of the above10. Open database connectivity (OBDC) tools are an example of:A) layerwareB) tool kitC) interfacewareD) middlewareE) none of the above1. Front and back office information systems feed data to management information systems and decision support systems.A) TRUEB) FALSE2. Information sys tems architecture caters solely to the perspectives of the Organization’s top management.A) TRUEB) FALSE3. Business knowledge is derived from data and information.A) TRUEB) FALSE4. System designer's view of data is never constrained.A) TRUEB) FALSE5. Business functions are a group of related processes that support the business.A) TRUEB) FALSE6. System owners specify the business processes in terms of process requirements for a new system.A) TRUEB) FALSE7. A policy is a set of rules that govern a business process.A) TRUEB) FALSE8. An application program is a machine readable representation of what a hardware process is supposed to do.A) TRUEB) FALSE9. Examples of keyless interfaces include bar coding, optical character recognition, digital pen and voice or handwriting recognition.A) TRUEB) FALSE10. Open database connectivity (ODBC) tools allow application programs to work with different database management systems without having to be re-written. This is an excellent example of middleware.A) TRUEB) FALSECHAPTER 31. The first CMM level at which measurable goals for quality and productivity are established isA) Level 1B) Level 2C) Level 3D) Level 4E) Level 52. Project Management ensures thatA) project’s risk is assessedB) project’s feasibility is assessedC) system is developed at minimum costD) both A and BE) none of the above3. The deliverable of the problem analysis phase isA) system improvement objectivesB) problem statementC) statement of constraintsD) statement of workE) none of the above4. Which one is NOT a category of problems represented by the PIECES framework?A) controlB) efficiencyC) serviceD) economicsE) technology5. Which one is NOT a phase of the systems development life cycle?A) problem analysisB) scope definitionC) requirements analysisD) post-implementation reviewE) decision analysis6. A cross life-cycle activity of system development isA) object modelingB) prototypingC) fact-findingD) data modelingE) data flow diagram modeling7. An ongoing activity of systems support isA) assisting usersB) adapting the system to new requirementsC) recovering the systemD) fixing software defectsE) all of the above8. Rapid Application Development (RAD) strategy includes all of the following, exceptA) actively involves system users in the analysis, design, and construction activitiesB) uses waterfall development approach to evolve system conceptC) organizes systems development into a series of focused, intense workshopsD) reduces the amount of time that passes before the users begin to see a working systemE) accelerates the requirements analysis and design phases9. Request for quotation (RFQ) isA) a document that compares business and technical requirements of a commercial application package against the capabilities and features of a specific commercial application packageB) a document that communicates business, technical, and support requirements for an application software package to vendors that wish to compete for the sale of that application package and servicesC) a document that communicates business, technical, and support requirements for an application software package to a single vendor that has been determined as being able to supply that application package and serviceD) a contract with management and the user community to develop or enhance an information systemE) none of the above10. Which of the following phases is unique to the commercial application package implementation strategy as opposed to the rapid application development strategyA) problem analysisB) construction and testingC) scope definitionD) requirements analysisE) business process design1. The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework intended to help organizations improve the maturity of their project management processes.A) TrueB) False2. A standard systems development process is purchased or developed at Level 3 of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).A) TrueB) False3. Rapid Application Development (RAD) and Rational Unified Process (RUP) are two examples of system development methodologies.A) TrueB) False4. Cost-benefit analysis ensures that an information system is developed at minimum cost.A) TrueB) False5. A data flow diagram is one example of a process model.A) TrueB) False6. Correcting or improving efficiency of people and processes is one of the potential problems that may be addressed by an information systems development project.A) TrueB) False7. Divide and conquer is one of the underlying principles of systems development.A) TrueB) False8. A steering committee is comprised of system owners, IT managers, system designers, and system builders, all of whom determine which requests and projects get approved and scheduled.A) TrueB) False9. Statement of work is one of the deliverables of the problem analysis phase.A) TrueB) False10. Rapid application development (RAD) strategy accelerates the requirements analysis and design phases through an iterative construction approach.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 41. Process management isA) the ongoing activity of recording facts and specifications for a system for current and future referenceB) the activity of scoping, planning and staffing the development of a systemC) the activity of organizing the development of a systemD) the activity of calculating the prediction of the costs and effort required for system developmentE) the activity of documenting, managing, and continually improving the process of systems development2. From a project management perspective, a project is considered a success ifA) the system is delivered on timeB) the system is developed within budgetC) the system is acceptable to the customerD) the system is developed using either product-driven or model-driven methodologyE) all of the above3. All of the following are the project management causes of failed projects, exceptA) lack of organization’s commitment to the system development methodologyB) lack of project documentationC) premature commitment to a fixed budget and scheduleD) failure to adopt to business changeE) failure to establish upper-management commitment to the project4. Which one is NOT a project management activity?A) identify tasksB) estimate task durationC) assign resourcesD) assess risksE) direct the team effort5. Which of the following is a graphical network model that depicts a project’s tasks and the relationships between those tasks?A) PERT chartB) WBSC) Gantt chartD) Line chartE) Bar chart6. An inter-task dependency in which two tasks must finish at the same time is referred to asA) Start-to-finish (SF)B) Finish-to-finish (FF)C) Finish-to-start (FS)D) Start-to-start (SS)E) None of the above7. Which of the project management charts is most effective when you want to study the relationships between tasks?A) Gantt chartB) PMBOK chartC) WBS chartD) PERT chartE) Network chart8. Which of the following is the estimated amount of time required to complete a task, based ona weighted average of pessimistic, optimistic, and expected duration?A) minimal durationB) earliest completionC) weighted average durationD) most likely durationE) none of the above9. All of the following are the guidelines for selecting and recruiting team members, exceptA) select the best task for each personB) promote harmony by selecting team members who will complement and work well with each otherC) plan for the futureD) keep the team size as small as is reasonable to minimize communication overhead and difficultiesE) recruit team members with extensive systems development experience10. A model-based technique for estimation wherein standard parameters based on prior projects are applied to the new project is known asA) COCOMOB) decompositionC) resource levelingD) function pointsE) reverse scheduling1. The term project is defined as a sequence of activities that must be completed on time, withinbudget, and at a minimal cost.A) TrueB) False2. The scope of process management is all projects, whereas the scope of project management isa single project.A) TrueB) False3. A project is considered successful if the resulting information system is developed at the lowest possible cost.A) TrueB) False4. Feature creep is the unexpected and gradual growth of requirements during an information systems project, while scope creep is the uncontrolled addition of technical features to a system.A) TrueB) False5. Among the basic functions of a project manager are scoping, planning, directing, estimating, scheduling, programming, and closing.A) TrueB) False6. A PERT chart is a graphical network model that de picts a project’s tasks and the relationships between those tasks.A) TrueB) False7. One of the key objectives of Joint Project Planning (JRP) is to have all stakeholders reach consensus on the business requirement statement for the project.A) TrueB) False8. Statement of work depicts the hierarchical decomposition of a project into phases, activities, and tasks.A) TrueB) False9. Pessimistic duration is the estimation of the maximum amount of time that it would take to perform a task.A) TrueB) False10. A Gantt chart is the most commonly used project scheduling and progress evaluation tool.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 51. A model-driven analysis approach that focuses on the structure of stored data in a system rather than on processes isA) structured analysisB) information engineeringC) rapid architected analysisD) object-oriented analysisE) none of the above2. All of the following are phases of systems analysis, exceptA) decision analysis phaseB) requirements analysis phaseC) design analysis phaseD) problem analysis phaseE) scope definition phase3. Which of the following analysis techniques derive system models from existing system or discovery prototypes?A) rapid architected analysisB) object-oriented analysisC) data modelingD) discovery prototypingE) structure analysis4. Prototypes are used inA) model-driven analysisB) object-oriented analysisC) traditional approachesD) accelerated systems analysisE) structured analysis5. Which of the following is NOT a feasibility analysis criterion?A) technical feasibilityB) schedule feasibilityC) operational feasibilityD) economic feasibilityE) resource feasibility6. Which of the following phases identifies and expresses requirements, prioritizes requirements, updates project plan, and communications the requirements statement?A) logical design phaseB) decisions analysis phaseC) problem analysis phaseD) systems analysis phaseE) none of the above7. The tasks of defining acceptance tests, structuring functional requirements, and validating functional requirements are performed in which one of the phases?A) problem analysis phaseB) decision analysis phaseC) systems analysis phaseD) logical design phaseE) none of the above8. The task of establishing system improvement objectives is performed in which phase of systems analysis?A) problem analysis phaseB) logical design phaseC) scope definition phaseD) physical design phaseE) requirements analysis phase9. The task of identifying and expressing system requirements is performed in which phase of systems analysis?A) problem analysis phaseB) logical design phaseC) scope definition phaseD) requirements analysis phaseE) none of the above10. Cause-and-effect analysis is performed in the following phase of systems analysisA) scope definition phaseB) logical design phaseC) requirements analysis phaseD) physical design phaseE) problem analysis phase1. Information systems analysis emphasizes business issues, not technical or implementation issues.A) TrueB) False2. Information Engineering is one example of a process-driven analysis.A) TrueB) False3. Object-oriented analysis emphasizes the construction of prototypes to more rapidly identify business user requirements for a new system.A) TrueB) False4. Structured analysis, a process-driven analysis approach, focuses on the flow of data through software processes.A) TrueB) False5. Discovery prototyping and rapid architected analysis are examples of accelerated systems analysis approaches.A) TrueB) False6. Requirements discovery and management can be significantly accelerated through the use of fact-finding techniques aimed at collecting information about system problems, opportunities, solution requirements, and priorities.A) TrueB) False7. The scope definition phase looks at the questi on of “Is a new system really worth building?”A) TrueB) False8. The task of developing a baseline schedule and budget is the responsibility of the steering body.A) TrueB) False9. A preliminary problem statement is one of the deliverable of the problem analysis phase.A) TrueB) False10. System models and/or prototypes are the deliverables of the logical design phase.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 61. A property or quality the system must have is called a:A) scopeB) functional requirementC) preliminary requirementD) nonfunctional requirementE) none of the above2. The process of requirements discovery consists of the following activities, exceptA) requirements managementB) sampling of existing documentation, forms and filesC) requirements discoveryD) problem discovery and analysisE) documenting and analyzing requirements3. Which one is NOT a common fact-finding technique?A) prototypingB) interviewsC) research and site visitsD) sampling of existing documents, forms, databasesE) reverse engineering4. A fact-finding technique that involves a large number of observations taken at random intervals is called:A) randomizationB) stratificationC) people samplingD) work samplingE) none of the above5. Which one of the following fact-finding techniques is an inexpensive means of gathering datafrom a large number of individuals?A) observationsB) work samplingC) interviewsD) proxemicsE) none of the above6. Randomly sampling ten invoices based on a given sample size would be an example ofA) stratificationB) closed-ended samplingC) observationD) open-ended samplingE) none of the above7. All of the following are examples of requirements problems, exceptA) missing requirementsB) overlapping requirementsC) costly requirementsD) conflicting requirementsE) ambiguous requirements8. Which of the following types of questions should not be asked on an interview?A) closed-ended questionsB) biased questionsC) open-ended questionsD) loaded questionsE) both (b) and (d)9. Which of the following is an advantage of discovery prototyping?A) serves as a training mechanism for usersB) allows users and developers to experiment with the software and develop an understanding of how the system might workC) aids in building system test plans and scenariosD) aids in determining the feasibility and usefulness of the system before high development costs are incurredE) all of the above10. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for successfully conducting a JRP session?A) stay on scheduleB) allow for ample breaksC) encourage user and management participationD) brainstorm technical alternatives to problems identified in a JRP sessionE) ensure that the scribe is able to take notes1. A nonfunctional requirement of effectiveness represents the system’s ability to produce outputs at a minimal cost.A) TrueB) False2. Ishikawa diagram is used to identify, explore, and depict problems and the causes / effects ofthose problems.A) TrueB) False3. Requirements management is the process of identifying and categorizing system requirements.A) TrueB) False4. Stratification is a systematic sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling or by avoiding very high or low estimates.A) TrueB) False5. An observation technique is typically more expensive compared to other fact-finding techniques.A) TrueB) False6. Interviewing is highly dependent on the systems analyst’s human relations skills.A) TrueB) False7. Structured interviews tend to involve asking open-ended questions.A) TrueB) False8. The following is an example of a closed-ended question: “Who are the individuals performing the credit checks?”A) TrueB) False9. In a typical JRP session, project sponsor plays the role of leader or facilitator.A) TrueB) False10. One of the benefits of Joint Requirements Planning (JRP) is that it helps reduce the amount of time required to develop systems.A) TrueB) FalseCHAPTER 71. Which of the following is an actor of a temporal event?A) external server actorB) primary business actorC) the system itselfD) timeE) none of the above2. A bank customer stops by her bank’s ATM to withdraw money from her checking account. In this case, who is the primary system actor?A) the bank tellerB) the bankC) the bank customerD) the money withdrawal authorization companyE) none of the above3. A bank customer stops by her bank’s ATM to withdraw money from her checking account. In this case, who is the primary business actor?A) the bank tellerB) the bankC) the bank customerD) the money withdrawal authorization companyE) none of the above4. Which of the following would be the best name for a use case?A) withdraw moneyB) withdrawalC) withdrawMoney( )D) money withdrawalE) money5. Which of the following is NOT a good source for identifying business actors?A) existing requirements documentsB) user manual for the existing systemC) context diagramD) entity relationship diagramE) minutes of project meetings6. Which use case relationship is used to model the relationship between a use case and an actor?A) depends onB) inheritanceC) extendsD) usesE) none of the above7. A constraint on the state of the system before the use case can be executed is called a(n):A) triggerB) prior conditionC) post conditionD) open issueE) none of the above8. A use case that captures the interactions between a user and the system free of technology and implementation detail is:A) business requirements use caseB) logical requirements use caseC) extension use caseD) abstract use caseE) none of the above9. The event that initiates the execute of the use case is called a(n):A) preconditionB) post conditionC) prior eventD) initializing eventE) none of the above10. A use case consisting of steps extracted from a more complex use case in order to simplify the complex use case is called a(n):A) temporal use caseB) functional use caseC) abstract use caseD) extension use caseE) business requirements use case1. Use case modeling is the process of modeling a system’s functions in terms of business events, who initiates the events, and how the system responds to those events.A) TrueB) False2. A use case narrative is a sequence of steps, both automated and manual, for the purpose of completing a single business task.A) TrueB) False3. A temporal event is triggered by a temporal action.A) TrueB) False4. An abstract use cased is an excellent tool for reducing redundancy among use cases.A) TrueB) False5. Business requirements use case depicts the interactions between a user and the system free of technology and implementation details.A) TrueB) False6. When performing requirements use case modeling, the first step is to identify business requirements use cases.A) TrueB) False7. Functional decomposition is the act of breaking a system apart into its subcomponents.A) TrueB) False8. According to the use case ranking and priority matrix, uses cases that are easy to implement and have minimal functionality should be developed first.A) TrueB) False9. When constructing a use case dependency diagram, all use cases must have dependencies.A) True。
《系统分析与设计(UML)》教学大纲.doc
《系统分析与设计（UML）》教学大纲一、课号：00503504二、总学时：64学时三、适用专业：高等工程专科三年制计算机软件类专业四、选用教材：《面向对象软件工程与UML》张京等编著人民邮电出版社2008年9月五、课程的目的及要求：《系统分析与设计（UML）》是计算机软件和计算机信息管理专业的一门核心专业课程，同时，该课程在计算机应用、计算机网络等诸多计算机类专业中也是一门非常重要的专业学习领域课程。
软件开发是建立计算机应用系统的重要环节，通过软件工程学把软件开发纳入工程化的轨道，而系统分析与设计是用以指导软件人员进行软件的开发、设计的科学。
《系统分析与设计（UML ）»作为计算机软件类教学体系中的一门核心课程，其教学效果直接决定学生毕业以后从事实际工作期间的软件开发设计能力。
该课程的主要任务是：通过课堂教学和实习指导使学生较全面地了解软件开发和维护各个阶段的具体工作步骤及使用的技术和方法（特别是要具有系统分析与设计的能力），为学生今后从事软件开发打下良好基础。
该课程釆用教学与实践相结合，在教学设计中按照实际的软件企业开发流程让学生自主完成项目开发的形式，组队合作完成（每队3-4,少数工作量大的可以5人，原则上不得少于3人）。
本课程的目标是使学生掌握系统分析与设计的基本概念、基本原理、面向对象的软件开发方法和CASE技术，了解软件工程各领域的发展动向；开发软件项目的工程化的方法及在开发过程中应遵循的流程、准则、标准和规范等，使学生掌握开发高质量软件的方法，加强学生软件开发和系统设计能力的培养，提高学生撰写项目技术文档能力，综合实践软件技术专业课程中所学习的理论、方法和技术，获得软件项目开发经验，熟悉软件开发环境和掌握具体的CASEX具的使用。
通过本课程的教学，应使学生达到下列基本要求：1 .掌握软件生存周期模型及软件工程的基本概念2.掌握软件生产的管理手段3.掌握需求分析的方法，掌握数据流图和数据字典的用途和编写4.掌握总体设计和详细设计的方法和工具5.掌握面向对象的分析和设计方法6.掌握Power Designer的使用7.能熟练地用PD工具绘出实际的概念数据模型（CDM）、物理数据模型（PDM）、面向对象模型（00M）图。
1 绪论 (系统分析与设计)
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与科学研究的比较
• 从经济的角度来说，科学家不必关心经济问题，他们只要设法获 得必要的经费(如政府拨款、企业投资、私人赞助等)，然后专心 去研究即可 • 工程师则相反，他们必须使制造出来的物体，在经济上是可行的， 否则就没有任何的用处
• 如果一件产品的成本高于其市场价值，使得无人光顾，这种产品 就无法生产。所以，对工程师来说，经济观念是必备的
• 因此，分析员首先应该是一个商业专业人员，这就要 求有广博的技术性、商业性和人事的知识和技能 • 分析员还要有高屋建瓴的思维和工作能力及方式，能 够在战略的高度提出系统解决的方案，最低限度是能 够预见到系统今后可能的发展或扩充
22
软件开发面临的实际问题
23
软件开发面临的实际问题
24
软件开发面临的实际问题
13
解决问题
• 工程师一般在全面生产过程前，就尝试预测他们的设计如何达到规格
• 他们会使用：原型、比例模型、模拟、破坏性试验、非破坏性试验、 强度测试等方法来完成设计
• 并对产品进行测试，以保证产品能按期望值运行 • 当然，测试的目地是确保产品能符合预计的要求 • 工程师作为专业人员会尽量制造符合预计要求的产品，并达到对社会 无害 • 工程师往往需要在设计中考虑安全因素来降低意外的故障。不过，考 虑的安全因素越高，设计的效率也通常会越低
– 课后通读教材。教材十分优秀，可以给你带来无限的启示 – 结合自己以往曾经的工作案例，再读教材，可以给你带来新的启发 – 结合教材及其案例介绍，剖析自己以往工作的案例，总结工作成败 原因，并提出改进的方向和方法 – 积极参加课程实践活动
• 课程过程实践的结果是最后考核的主要内容，该部分内容主 要在课后自行完成 • 最后学习成效的获取，主要来自对参加课程实践活动评价和 个人对课程学习的总结，当然成绩还是主要取决于卷面考试 的结果
第三章系统分析与设计
材料定额 材料库存 收集供应商 资料 供应商评价 供应商资信
物资供应部门 业务流程图
6
（5）管理方式及有关条例 （6）决策方式和决策过程 （7）可用资源和限制条件 （8）现存问题和改进意见
2017/12/6
管理信息系统
7
2、系统调查的原则 （1）自顶向下全面展开 （2）采用工程化的工作方式 所谓工程化的方法就是将工作中的每一步工 作事先都做好计划，对多个人的工作方法和调查 所用的图表都采取统一、规范化的标准和形式， 使群体之间能方便地相互沟通和协调工作。另外， 所有调查结果都进行规范化整理后归档，以便进 一步工作时使用。 （3）全面铺开与重点调查相结合
2017/12/6 管理信息系统 23
（1）数据汇总分析 数据汇总分析的主要任务是对收集到的数据进行汇 总、整理和分类，并使之协调统一。 ① 数据汇总 将收集到的数据按业务过程整理分类，按处理过程 顺序摆放。 ② 数据项分析 分析每个数据的意义和作用，明确该数据中哪些是 原始数据项、原始数据项来自何方、哪些是统计项、每 个统计数据项的计算公式是什么、与该计算公式有关的 数据是否齐备、该数据一式几份、分别送往何处等问题。
2017/12/6 管理信息系统 15
பைடு நூலகம்
（1）组织结构分析—组织结构图
院长 药 剂 科 供 应 组 总 务 科 药 库 器 械 科 药 …… 房 医 务 科 护 理 部 人 事 科 财 务 科
……
某医院组织结构示意图
2017/12/6 管理信息系统 16
（2）组织/业务分析—组织/业务矩阵
部门 业务 药品采购 药品保管
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（1）图形符号
系统分析与设计01
Decision support / knowledge-based systems (DSS/KBS)
Explore impact of available options or decisions (what-if scenarios) Automate routine decision making
的方法解决问题
Has fundamental curiosity富有好奇心 Wants to make things better想要让事情变得更好 Is more of a business problem solver than a technical programmer企业问题解决者的成分比技术性程序设
Communication support systems
Facilitate communication internally and with customers and suppliers
Office support systems
Help employees create and share documents
的利益超过所投入的成本
1
Verify benefits of solving problem outweigh the costs研 究与了解问题 Define the requirements for solving the problem定义解 决问题的需求 Develop a set of possible solutions (alternatives)开发 一组可能的解决方案（备选方案） Decide which solution is best and recommend定义所选 择之解决方案的详细内容 Define the details of the chosen solution Implement the solution Monitor to ensure desired results
系统分析与设计
商業流程
第一章 系統分析與設計簡介 第11-12頁
Slide 13
了解業務(2/3)
圖1-11 簡單的商業模型可能包含一個事件、三個不同流程及一個結果。
第一章 系統分析與設計簡介 第12頁
Slide 14
了解業務(3/3)
新型公司
傳統的：
產品導向 (product-oriented)公司。 服務導向(service-oriented)公司。
一套資訊系統具有五項重要的成分：硬體、軟體、資料、流程、 及人員。
第一章 系統分析與設計簡介 第8頁
Slide 8
資訊系統的元件(2/5)
硬體
硬體(hardware) 包含資訊系統內所有 具體事物。 摩爾定律(Moore’s Law)：積體電路(IC) 上的晶體管(transistor)數量，每24個月 將倍增。
業務概況(business profile)
描述了公司的使命、功能、組織、產品、服務、顧客、競爭者、限制， 以及未來方向等。 商業流程(business process)。 商業流程模型(business process model)。 商業流程模型標記法(business process modeling notation) 。
軟體
系統軟體(system software)。 應用軟體 (application software)：包含 共用軟體(例如Excel, Word)及企業資訊 系統(例如ERP系統)。
水平系統、垂直系統、及老舊系統。
圖1-9 多部伺服器提供的運算能力與速 度才能應付現今 IT 系統的需求。
Chap14=环境保护=西华师范大学解读
7
清洁生产思想的产生过程：P319
1976年，欧共体在巴黎举行了“无废工艺研讨会”； 1979年，欧共体理事会宣布推行清洁生产的政策；
1984 年～1987年，欧共体环境事务委员会拨专款支 持建立清洁生产示范工程；
1990年，美国国会通过《污染预防法》 1992年～1994年，推行ISO14000，实施清洁生产。
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1 清洁生产的基本思想和内容
P322-323
清洁生产的思想是将整体预防的环境战略持续应用 于生产过程、产品和服务中，以增加生产效率和减 少对人类及环境的风险。 对生产过程，要求节约原材料和能源，淘汰有毒材 料，减少和降低废弃物的数量和毒性。 对产品，要求减少其在生命周期内对环境的不利影 响。 对服务，要求将环境因素纳入设计和所提供的服务 中。
方案阶段：确立目标，提出方案，可行性分析；
实施阶段：设计，施工，安装，效益评估，验收。
2019/2/25
16
ISO14000基本概念： P337
⑴、 ISO简介 ISO—国际标准化组织成立于1946年， 总部设在瑞士日内瓦，有100多个国家的标 准化组织，是世界上最大的非政府国际组织。
2019/2/25
2019/2/25
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⑵、ISO14000的框架结构
1992年ISO成立了一个技术委员会TC207，这 是一个为制定环境管理国际标准而成立的一 个综合性管理委员会。 TC207下设6 个分委员会SC1—SC6，每个分委 员会下又设立若干个工作组，具体起草一个 标准。 ISO秘书处为TC207安排了100个标准代号，即 ISO14001—ISO14100。统称ISO14000系列 标准——环境管理国际标准。
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14-17
Database Architecture
Database architecture – the database technology used to support data architecture
Primary key – a field that uniquely identifies a record. Secondary key – a field that identifies a single record or a subset of related records. Foreign key – a field that points to records in a different file. Descriptive field – any nonkey field.
14-12
File and Table Design
• Older file design methods required analyst to specify precisely how records should be:
• Sequenced (File organization) • Accessed (File access)
• The administrative structure set up to manage the data resource
14-14
Data Architecture (continued)
Data is stored in some combination of:
• Conventional files • Operational databases – databases that support day-to-day operations and transactions for an information system. Also called transactional databases. • Data warehouses – databases that store data extracted from operational databases. • To support data mining • Personal databases • Work group databases
14-10
Files and Tables
File – the set of all occurrences of a given record structure. Table – the relational database equivalent of a file.
14-11
Types of conventional files and tables
Database – a collection of interrelated files
• Records in one file (or table) are physically related to records in another file (or table). • Applications are built around the integrated database
• Database technology usually predetermines and/or limits this
• Trained database administrator may be given some control over organization, storage location, and access methods for performance tuning.
14-2
14-3
Conventional Files versus the ase
File – a collection of similar records.
• Files are unrelated to each other except in the code of an application program. • Data storage is built around the applications that use the files.
• Including the database engine, database utilities, CASE tools, and database development tools.
Database management system (DBMS) – special software used to create, access, control, and manage a database.
Fields
Field – the smallest unit of meaningful data to be stored in a database
• the physical implementation of a data attribute
14-8
Fields (continued)
• Master files – Records relatively permanent though values may change • Transaction files – Records describe business events • Document files – Historical data for review without overhead of regenerating document • Archival files – Master and transaction records that have been deleted • Table lookup files – Relatively static data that can be shared to maintain consistency • Audit files – Special records of updates to other files
14-9
Records
Record – a collection of fields arranged in a predetermined format.
• Fixed-length record structures • Variable-length record structures
Blocking factor – the number of logical records included in a single read or write operation (from the computer’s perspective).
14-13
Data Architecture
Data architecture – a definition of how:
• Files and databases are to be developed and used to store data
• The file and/or database technology to be used
14-4
Files versus Database
14-5
Pros and Cons of Conventional Files
Pros
• Easy to design because of their single-application focus • Excellent performance due to optimized organization for a single application
14-7
Cons
• More complex than file technology • Somewhat slower performance • Investment in DBMS and database experts • Need to adhere to design principles to realize benefits • Increased vulnerability due to consolidating in a centralized database
14-6
Cons
• Harder to adapt to sharing across applications • Harder to adapt to new requirements • Need to duplicate attributes in several files.
Pros and Cons of Databases
Chapter 14
Database Design
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
• Compare and contrast conventional files and modern, relational databases. • Define and give examples of fields, records, files, and databases. • Describe modern data architecture of files, operational databases, data warehouses, personal databases, and work group databases. • Compare roles of systems analyst, database administrator, and data administrator. • Describe architecture of database management system • Describe how a relational database implements entities, attributes, and relationships from a logical data model. • Transform a logical data model into a physical, relational database schema. • Generate SQL to create the database structure in a schema.