词汇学教案

Chapter I

The definition of “word”

Bloomfield:

forms which can occur as sentences

可以自由地即不依赖于其他词自由运用的形式。

必须附属于其他词才能使用的形式。

Woods wood (free) -s (bound)

consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms (a phrase)

Poor John John ran away

A minimum free form 词是最小的自由形式，是音、形、义的结合体。

Antoine Meillet:

A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use. Minimal free form

A fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function

1. The Development of English V ocabulary

Vocabulary: all the words in a language together constitute its vocabulary

A. The historical development of English vocabulary:

449-1100 OE 5-6万词汇Anglo-Saxon and old Norse words

法文英文中文翻译

citécity 城市

duc duke 大公

baron baron 男爵

juge judge 法官

armée army 军队

ennemi enemy 敌人

garde guard 门卫

prison prison 监狱

libertée liberty 自由

limon lemon 柠檬

beuf beef 牛肉

saumon salmon 鲑鱼（三文鱼）

herbe herb 草药

Latin words: mainly related to religion

古英语主要是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的词语。诺曼底征服后的英语引进了很多法语词和拉丁语词。

屈折变化复杂，是综合性语言。

Middle English

n.

1. The word "girl" is derived from Middle English "girle".

“girl”这个词是由中世纪英文中的“girle”来的。

来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

2. Middle English was spoken from about AD 1100 to 1450.

中古英语约在公元1100年到1450年之间使用。

来自辞典例句

3. Old English merged into Middle English in the 12th century.

12世纪时，古英语并入了中世纪英语。

4. The Middle English period lasted from about 1150 to 1500.

大约从1150年到1500年是中世纪英语时期。

Middle English

1100-1500

Norman Conquest in 1066 strong influence of French used in state affairs and cultural matters 法语对其影响很大，语法变化日趋明显，语法“性”变为自然“性”，桌椅等不再有性。

由高度屈折向分析型语言变化。

1500-the present Modern English

1500-1700 早期现代受文艺复兴影响，强调拉丁、希腊语，引入许多词语和词素。

1700-present 晚期现代

B. the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary (especially after WWII) and its causes

Frequent appearance of neologisms 新创造出或增加了新词义的词语Marked progress of science and technology

Socio-economic, political and cultural changes

The influence f other cultures and languages

2. Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria

A. by origin: native words and loan words

Native words: most are monosyllabic, form the great majority of the basic word stock Fundamental features:

national character，stability, word-forming ability, ability to form collocations

B. by level of usage:

1. common words: connected with everyday activity, can be used in both oral and written

English.任何时候都可以使用，表达中性意义