建筑类外文翻译范例

建筑类外文翻译范例
建筑类外文翻译范例

土木工程概论

摘要:土木工程是个庞大的学科,但最主要的是建筑,建筑无论是在中国还是在国外,都有着悠久的历史,长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变,而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现,材料的更新,不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋,现在追求舒适,不同的思想,不同的科学,推动了土木工程的发展,使其更加完美。

关键词:土木工程;建筑;力学;材料

土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中,历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering,因为它们都具有民用性。后来,随着工程科学技术的发展,机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学,Civil Engineering就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今,在英语中,Civil Engineering还包括水利工程、港口工程;而在我国,水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程设施,也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测,设计施工,保养,维修等专业技术。

土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为,要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面,也有间接的一面。要“行”,必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁;要“食”,必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等,这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么,制造汽车、轮船也好,纺纱、织布、制衣也好,乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。

土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展,至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科,它已经出许多分支,如:建筑工程,铁路工程,道路工程,桥梁工程,特种工程结构,给水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,环境工程等学科。

土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科,有其重要的属性:综合性,社会性,实践性,统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质

技术基础,对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用,工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程,因此,建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。

建筑工程就是兴建房屋规划,勘测,设计,施工的总称。目的是为人类的生产和生活提供场所。

房屋好比一个人,它的规划就像人生活的环境,是由规划师负责的;它的布局和艺术处理相应于人的体形、容貌、气质,是由建筑师负责的;它的结构好比人的骨骼和寿命,是由结构工程师负责的;它的给排水、供热通风和电气等设施就如人的器官、神经,是由设备工程师负责的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一样,在城市我地区规划基础上建造房屋,是建设单位,勘察单位、设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位全面协调合作的过程。

结构说穿了,不过就是受力体的反力与内部应力如何与外力达到平衡。建筑首先要解决,也是必须要解决的问题就是受力的问题。我们把解决这个问题的学科称为建筑力学。建筑力学有可以分为:静力学,材料力学和结构力学三大力学体系。建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的工作状况,也就是建筑的强度,刚度,稳定性。在载荷作用下,承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周围的物体对它们的作用,同时物件本身受载荷作用而产生变形,并且存在着被破坏的可能性,但是结构本身就具有一定的抵抗变形和破坏的能力,而结构的承载能力的大小是与构件的材料,截面的几何尺寸,受力性质,工作条件和构造情况有关。而这些关系都可以由力学关系式通过计算而得以解决。

建筑材料在建筑中也有着举足轻重的作用。建筑材料是随着人类社会生产力和科学技术的提高而逐步发展起来的。远古时代,人类的住、行采用的是石块和树木。公元前12~4世纪先后创制了瓦和砖,人类才有用人造材料做成的住房。17世纪有了生铁和熟铁以后,直到18世纪有了波特兰水泥,才使后来的钢筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃发展。如今各种高强度结构材料、新型装饰材料和防水材料的开发,则和20世纪中期以来高分子有机材料在土木工程中的广泛应用密切相关。在所有材料中,最为主要和最为大众的是钢材、混凝土、木材、砌体。近年来,采用两种材料的优点,将它们组合在一起,做成的组合结构得到很快发展。现在的建筑中,工程质量的优劣通常与所采用材料的优劣,性能及使用的合理与否有

直接的联系,在满足相同技术指标和质量要求的前提下,选择不同的材料不同的使用方法,都对工程的造价有直接的影响。

在建筑过程中,建筑工程施工是和与建筑力学,建筑材料同样重要的一个环节。建筑施工是将设计者的思想,意图及构思转化为现实的过程,从古代的穴居巢处到现在的摩天大楼,从农村的乡间小道到城市的高架道路都需要通过“施工”的手段来实现。一个工程的施工包括许多工种工程,诸如土石方工程,深基坑支护工程,基础工程,钢筋混凝土结构工程,结构吊装工程,防水工程,装饰工程等,各个工种工程都有自己的规律,都需要根据不同的施工对象及施工环境条件采用相应的施工技术,在土建施工的同时,需要与有关的水电及其它设备组成一个整体,各工程之间合理的组织与协调,更好的发挥投资的效益。土木工程施工在发挥效益的同时,还要严格按照国家颁发的有关施工技术规范,从而进一步提高我国的施工水平,保证施工质量,降低工程成本。

任何建筑无不修建在地球表面的地层上,建筑的重量最后都会传给地层,有地层来承受。支撑建筑的地层被统称为地基,建筑物在地面以下并将上部结构的自重与所承担的载荷传递到地基上的构件或部分构件称为基础。地基,基础和上部结构是建筑物的三个不可分割的部分。三者的功能不同,但在载荷的作用下,它们彼此相关,是共同作用的整体。地基可分为天然地基和人工地基,基础根据埋深分为深基础和浅基础。,基础和地基的质量是保证建筑物的安全和正常使用的关键所在,建筑物的地基在建筑物的载荷作用下既要保持整体的稳定性又要是地基产生的沉降在建筑物许可范围内,而地基本身应有足够的强度,刚度和耐久性,同时还要考虑修基础的方法和必要的挡土挡水及相关措施。

随着人们生活的水平的不断提高,人们对自己所处的建筑空间已经不仅仅单纯从数量上提出更高的要求,而且从质量上也提车了更高的要求,要求环境的美观,有一定的舒适度。这就需要对建筑进行必要的装修。如果说建筑主体工程构成了建筑的骨架,那么装饰后的建筑则成了有血有肉的有机体,最终以丰富的,完善的面貌出现在人们的面前,最佳的建筑应该充分体现各种装饰材料的有关特性,结合现有的施工技术,最有效的手法,来达到构思所要表达的效果。建筑装修要考虑建筑空间的使用要求,保护主体机构免受损害,给人以美的享受,满足消防疏散的要求,装饰材料和方案的合理性,施工技术和经济的可行性等。房屋

建筑发展的同时,像房屋建筑一样影响着人们生活的道路,桥梁,隧道等也取得

了长足的发展。

总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科,它已经取得了巨大的成就,未来的土

木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化,人口的不断

增加,人们为了争取生存,为了争取更舒适的生存环境,必将更加重视土木工

程。在不久的将来,一些重大项目将会陆续兴建,插入云霄的摩天大楼,横跨大

洋的

桥梁,更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展,以及地球不断恶化的环境必将

促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展,为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来,工程

材料主要是钢筋,混凝土,木材和砖材,在未来,传统材料将得到改观,一些全

新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世,尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。

同时,设计方法的精确化,设计工作的自动化,信息和智能化技术的全面引入,

将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话,理论的发展,新材料的出现,

计算机的应用,高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃。

这是一门需要心平气和和极大的耐心和细心的专业。因为成千上万,甚至几

十万根线条要把建筑物的每一处结构清楚的反映出来。没有一个平和的心态,做

什么事情都只是浮在表面上,对任何一幢建筑的结构,对要从事的事业便不可能

有一个清晰、准确和深刻的认识,这自然是不行的。从事这个行业,可能没有挑

灯夜战的勇气,没有不达目的不罢休的精神,只会被同行所淘汰。

这是一个需要责任感和爱心的行业。要有一颗负责的心——我一人之命在我手,千万人之命在我手。既然选择了土木,就应该踏踏实实的肩负起这个责任。

最后,这是一个不断追求完美的行业。金字塔,壮观吧;长城,雄伟吧......但如果没有一代又一代人的不断追求,今天的我们或许还用那种最古老的办法来

造这同样的建筑。设计一幢建筑的结构是很繁,但是这都是经历了数个世纪的涤荡,经过不断的积累,不断改良,不断创新所得到的。而且这样的追求,绝不局

限于过去。试想,如果设计一幢建筑能够像计算一加一等于二一样简单而易于掌握,那何了而不为呢?因此,土木工程师总是在不断的求索中。一个最简单的结构,最少的耗费,最大的功用。选择土木,选择了一条踏实勤奋,不断创新,追

求完美的道路。

参考文献

[1]罗福午主编.土木工程(专业)概论.武汉.武汉理工大学出版社.2007年

[2]王福川,宫米贵主编.建筑工程材料.北京.科学技术文献出版社.2002

[3]江见鲸,叶志明主编.土木工程概论.北京.高等教育出版社.1992年

Civil engineering introduction papers

Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, build --ing whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of scien --ce and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific tech --nology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.

key words : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.

Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineer --ing relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.

Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transporta --tion has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weav --ing, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.

Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines.

Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineer --ing construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerho --uses.

Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.

Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engin --eer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district

planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.

After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the work --ing condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possib --ility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destr --uction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working condi --tions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.

Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks and Trees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous devel --opment. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combina --tion of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have

外文翻译范例

要求:选择一篇和自己论文或者自己专业相关的外文进行翻译,英文字符数在6000-7000字符(注:可以继续按原文的一部分)。排版格式按照下文 公司的核心竞争力 原文来源:The Core Competence of the Corporation, Research Report on Harvard Business Review,1990 至少有三种检验方法可以用来确定公司的核心竞争力。首先,核心竞争力能够为公司进入多个市场提供方便。举例来说,显示器系统方面的核心竞争力能够使一家公司涉足计算器、微型电视机、手提电脑显示屏以及汽车仪表盘等广泛的业务领域,这就是卡西欧公司进军手持式电视机市场不足为奇的原因。第二,核心竞争力应当对最终产品为客户带来的可感知价值有重大贡献。显然,本田公司的发动机专长满足了这个条件。 最后一点,核心竞争力应当是竞争对手难以模仿的。如果核心竞争力是各项技术和生产技能的复杂的融合,那么这项能力就难以被竞争对手模仿。竞争对手或许能够获得核心竞争力中的几种技术,但是要复制其内部协调与学习的整体模式却非常困难。在20世纪60年代初期,JVC决定致力于录像带技术方面的核心竞争力,这个核心竞争力就通过了我们上述的三项检验。20世纪70年代末美国的RCA公司决心开发以唱针为基础的视频转动式系统,这个项目则不能通过上述三项检验。 。。。。。。。。。。。 The Core Competence of the Corporation The Core Competence of the Corporation Research Report on Harvard Business Review,1990 The distinction we observed in the way NEC and GTE conceived of themselves a portfolio of competencies versus a portfolio of businesses was repeated across many industries. From 1980 to 1988, Canon grew by 264%, Honda by 200%. Compare that with Xerox and Chrysler. And if Western managers were once anxious about the low cost and high quality of Japanese imports, they are now overwhelmed by the pace at which Japanese rivals are inventing new markets, creating new products, and enhancing them. Canon has given us personal copiers; Honda has moved from motorcycles to four wheel off road buggies. Sony developed the 8mm camcorder, Yamaha, the digital piano. Komatsu developed an underwater remote controlled bulldozer, while Casio's latest gambit is a small screen color LCD television. Who would have anticipated the evolution of these vanguard markets? In more established markets, the Japanese challenge has been just as disquieting. Japanese companies are generating a blizzard of features and functional enhancements that bring technological sophistication to everyday products. Japanese car producers have been pioneering four wheel steering, four valve-per cylinder engines, in car navigation systems, and sophisticated

建筑类型和设计-外文翻译

南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院(系):南京理工大学继续教育学院 专业:土木工程 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:学术论坛网 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 建筑类型和设计 厂房与人民息息相关,因为它提供必要的空间,工作和生活中。 由于其使用的分类,建筑主要有两种类型:工业建筑和民用建筑各工厂或工业生产中使用的工业大厦,而那些居住,就业,教育和其他社会活动的人使用的民用建筑。 工业楼宇厂房可用于加工和制造各类采矿业,冶金工业,机械制造,化学工业和纺织工业等领域。可分为两种类型的单层和多层的厂房,民用建筑,工业建筑是相同的。然而,工业与民用建筑中使用的材料,在使用它们的方式不同。 民用建筑分为两大类:住宅建筑和公共建筑,住宅建筑应满足家庭生活应包括至少有三个必要的房间:每个单位。一个客厅,一个厨房和厕所,公共建筑,可以在政治文化活动,管理工作和其他服务,如学校,写字楼,公园,医院,商店,车站,影剧院,体育场馆,宾馆,展览馆,洗浴池,等等,他们都有不同的功能,这在需要以及不同的设计类型。 房屋是人类居住。房屋的基本功能是提供遮风挡雨,但今天人们需要更他们的住房,一个家庭迁入一个新的居民区知道,如果现有住房符合其标准安全,健康和舒适。附近的房屋是如何粮店,粮食市场,学校,商店,图书馆,电影院,社区中心,家庭也会问。 在60年代中期最重要的住房价值足够空间的内部和外部。多数首选的一半左右1英亩的土地,这将提供业余活动空间单户住宅的家庭。在高度工业化的国家,许多家庭宁愿住尽量尽可能从一个大都市区的中心,“打工仔”,即使行驶一段距离,他们的工作。不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住房的大量的,因为他们的主要目的是远离噪音,拥挤,混乱。无障碍公共交通已不再是决定性因素,在住房,因为大多数工人开着自己的车上班的人。我们主要感兴趣的安排和房间的大小和卧室数目。 在建筑设计中的一个重要的一点是,房间的布局,应提供有关它们目的,最大可能的便利,在住宅,布局可根据三类认为:“天”,“夜必须注意“和”服务“。支付提供这些地区之间容易沟通。”天“的房间,一般包括用餐室,起居室和厨房,但其他房间,如一项研究,可能会补充说,可能有一个大厅,客厅,通常是最大的,往往是作为一个餐厅,也或厨房,可有一个用餐凉亭。“夜”的房间,卧室组成。“服务”,包括厨房,卫生间,储藏室,厨房和储藏室的水厕。连接天与客房的服务。 这也是必须考虑的前景问题,从不同的房间,和那些在使用中最应该尽可能最好朝

外文翻译模板

最佳分簇规模的水声传感器网络 Liang Zhao,Qilian Liang 德州大学阿灵顿分校电子工程系 Arlington, TX 76010, USA Email: https://www.360docs.net/doc/5f10731844.html,, https://www.360docs.net/doc/5f10731844.html, 摘要:在这篇论文中,我们主要关注的是的最优化分簇规模对水声传感器网络的影响。由于稀疏部署和信道属性的水声传感器网络是不同于地面传感器。我们的分析表明,最优分簇规模主要工作频率所决定的声音的传播。此外,区域数据聚合中也起着因素在很大程度上决定最佳分簇规模。 1引言 水下传感器网络(UW-ASN)可看成是个自组织网络,组成的传感器与一个声音进行分配感应的任务。为了达到这个目的,传感器必须自组织成一个独立的可以适应水下环境的网络,。UW-ASNs可以沿用许多通讯技术传统自组织网络和陆地的无线传感器网络,但仍有一些重要的区别为有限的能量和带宽约[1],[5],此协议对传统发展无线自组网路并不一定适合绝无仅有的网络的特点。当一个无线传感器可能要在一个微小的电池持续比较长的时间,能源效率就成为一个大问题。 由于广播的性质和有限的带宽,在浅水通信[6] [7],多跳可以引起传感器节点之间严重干扰。一个新的路由称为“矢量为基础的转移” (VBF)缓解了这个问题 [8]。 VBF本质上是一种基于位置的路由选择方法:节点紧邻“矢量”转发源宿信息。 通过这种方式,只有一小部分的节点参与路由。另一种解决办法是,每一个传感器分簇通信应该直接指向簇头和内部分簇通信应协调由簇头,以最大限度地提高带宽利用率以往的研究水下通信经常使用时间计划调度方法[9],[10],这可能是适合的小型网络简单。然而,扁平架构还可能限制网络的规模。特别是由于传播延迟声汇简单的时间调度算法方案并不适合较大的水下网络[11]。在文献[11]中,Salva-Garau 和 Stojanovic建议聚类水声载体网络的方案,这组相邻载体进入分簇,和使用的TDMA(时分多址)内每个群集。在分簇管理的干扰是分配到相邻的簇不同的扩频码,同时可扩展性是通过在空间复用码。网络运行开始初始化阶段,并移动到不断维修期间而流动性管理。他们还利用仿真分析,以获得最佳簇大小和传输功率为一种具有一定的载体密度网络。[12]提出了平台,同时使用光学和声汇水下通信。虽然光通信可以达到更高的数据速率,它的应用仅限于短距离点至点通信。该平台也使得移动使用data muling,,这对于大批量的理想延迟容许的应用程序。

3英文文献及翻译格式示例

哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计(论文) 英文原文(原文也可以直接将PDF版打印) ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量? 本文:2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年,信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中,首先他们未能发现问题,导致安然和世通破产;其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑,但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍,然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起(错综复杂)的来源:1)和信贷质量相关的信息;2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据,我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式,在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1

建筑外文翻译--建筑类型和设计

building types and design A building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in . As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities . Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used . Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center . In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms . Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.

最新外文翻译模板

外文翻译模板

精品好文档,推荐学习交流 华北电力大学 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号:201001000826姓名:郑蓓 所在院系:电力工程系专业班级:电力1002 指导教师:刘英培 原文标题:Simulation of PMSM Vector Control System based on Non-linear PID and Its Easy DSP Realization 2014年4月10日

基于非线性PID永磁同步电机矢量控制系统仿真及其DSP实现 摘要 本文给出空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)的基本原理,以及构建两条闭合回路矢量控制永磁同步电机(PMSM)的仿真模型方法。同时,在速度闭环对于新型非线性PID控制器进行了研究。仿真结果表明它具有无超调和小速度脉动良好的动态和静态性能。此外,利用在MATLAB中嵌入式目标为TI C2000(C2000 ETTI)的工具,我们将SVPWM仿真模型转换成可执行代码,并下载到TMS320F2812,实现基于DSP永磁同步电机的开环控制。这种方法避免了繁琐的编程工作,缩短了系统开发周期,实现了同步模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的目标。 1 引言 永磁同步电机被广泛使用在交流伺服系统,因为它有如快速响应,出色的操控性能,尺寸小和重量轻等优点。最近,SVPWM技术逐渐取代了传统的SPWM。SVPWM的目的是产生磁通矢量来接近交流电机实际气隙磁通圆,通过在逆变器装置调整切换时间和控制电功率的通断模式。相较于SPWM,SVPWM 技术降低了谐波含量和开关损耗,其直流电压利用率也提高了很多。此外,它很容易被数字化。因此,我们在本文应用SVPWM技术。 原文出处及作者:Wang Song; Shi Shuang-shuang; Chen Chao, "Simulation of PMSM vector control system based on non-linear PID and its easy DSP realization," Control and Decision Conference, 2009. CCDC '09. Chinese , vol., no., pp.949,953, 17-19 June 2009

毕业设计外文翻译格式实例.

理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业:热能与动力工程 姓名:赵海潮 学号:09L0504133 外文出处:Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前,利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果,我们在符合日本工业标准(JIS D 1616)的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性,结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下(从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速,从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内),计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析,差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求,研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型,相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90%的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言,消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件:(1)能够衰减高频噪声,这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围,尤其是低频率范围,因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。(2)最小背压,背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内,因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言,这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器,利用实验的方法,根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能,利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来,在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有:传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法(也叫四端网络法)。该方

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

外文翻译模板

杭州电子科技大学 毕业论文外文文献翻译要求 根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计(论文)指导》的内容,特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求: 一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但总字符要求不少于1.5万(或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上)。 二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。并在每篇中文译文标题尾部用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,中文译文后应附外文原文(全文,格式为word)。不能翻译中国学者的文章,不能翻译准则等有译文的著作。 三、中文译文的基本撰写格式 1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印;段前二行,段后二行。 2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。 四、外文原文格式 1.题目:采用小三号、Times New Roman、居中打印;段前二行,段后二行。 2.正文:采用小四号、Times New Roman,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。 五、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目),并按“封面、封面、译文、外文原文、考核表”的顺序统一装订。

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业论文题目Xxx 翻译题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目学院会计学院(以本模板为准)专业XXXXXX(以本模板为准)姓名XXXXXX(以本模板为准)班级XXXXXX(以本模板为准)学号XXXXXX(以本模板为准)指导教师XXXXXX(以本模板为准)

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译范例

3000字英文参考文献及其翻译 【注意:选用的英文一定要与自己的论文题目相关。 如果文章太长,可以节选(用省略号省略一些段略)。如果字数不够,可以选2至3篇,但要逐一注明详细出处。英文集中在一起放前面,对应的中文翻译放后面。中文翻译也要将出处翻译,除非是网页。 对文献的翻译一定要认真!对英文文献及其翻译的排版也要和论文正文一样! 特别注意:英文文献应该放在你的参考文献中。】 TOY RECALLS——IS CHINA THE PROBLEM Hari. Bapuji Paul W. Beamish China exports about 20 billion toys per year and they are the second most commonly imported item by U.S. and Canada. It is estimated that about 10,000 factories in China manufacture toys for export. Considering this mutual dependence, it is important that the problems resulting in recalls are addressed carefully. Although the largest portion of recalls by Mattel involved design flaws, the CEO of Mattel blamed the Chinese manufacturers by saying that the problem resulted ‘in this case (because) one of our manufacturers did not follow the rules’. Several analysts too blamed the Chinese manufacturers. By placing blame where it did not belong, there is a danger of losing the opportunity to learn from the errors that have occurred. The first step to learn from errors is to know why and where the error occurred. Further, the most critical step in preventing the recurrence of errors is to find out what and who can prevent it. ……

外文翻译---建筑的组成部分

Literature translation. Construction constituent Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. Load-Carrying Frame Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required;for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton con struction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material

外文翻译模板(1)

湖北知行学院 金融专业英语外文文献译文本 2014届 原文出处:____ Companies Law Commons, Securities Law Commons_____________________ 译文题目:______调和税法和证券监管____ 院(系)经济与管理学院 专业名称金融专业 学生姓名王倩 学生学号1211340073 任课教师张真

RECONCILING TAX LAW AND SECURITIES REGULATION Omri Marian* Issuers in registered securities offerings must disclose the expected tax consequences to investors investing in the offered securities (“nonfinancial tax disclosure”). This Article advances three arguments regarding nonfinancial tax disclosures. First, nonfinancial tax disclosure practice, as the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) has sanctioned it, does not fulfill its intended regulatory purposes. Cur- rently, nonfinancial tax disclosures provide irrelevant information, sometimes fail to provide material information, create unnecessary transaction costs, and divert valuable administrative resources to the enforcement of largely-meaningless require- ments. Second, the practical reason for this failure is the SEC

外文翻译部分

所有钢筋混凝土梁都要求通过计算或者构造配置抗剪钢筋。从理论上将,当外部施加的剪力超过无腹筋梁的抗剪承载力的设计值时,需要计算配筋。然而,由于多种原因,例如为了避免脆性破坏,应该提供最小的抗剪箍筋。最小的抗剪箍筋和计算配置的箍筋在形式上都是分离式的垂直箍筋或者弯起钢筋。现在所有配箍量的设计方法都以Morsch和Ritter的桁架模型为基础的。据此,许多研究者也提供了一些修改和补充,例如:Leonhardt考虑了基本的抗剪承载力,Bruggeling考虑了混凝土和箍筋之间的相关性。近来,Zararis,Tompos,Frosch 也提出了与斜裂缝相关的修正。虽然,欧洲、美国、日本无腹筋梁抗剪承载力的设计计算公式在很大程度上不同,但是他们标准中设计计算抗剪箍筋梁的方法都非常相似。虽然,混凝土和钢筋之间的相互影响由许多研究者描述,但是没有标准囊括二者之间的相互影响作用。最后,剪跨比也受到了研究,美国ACI规范和日本JSCE规范都包括了剪跨比的内容。无论是用标准还是计算方法,RC梁中大部分位置都是需要康健箍筋的。箍筋的弯曲和安装是一个耗时的操作,占最终成本的很大一部分,那么一个可能的方法就是使用螺旋箍筋。除了在柱中的使用,尤其是地震敏感区之外,连续螺旋箍筋代替传统箍筋来应用的研究是很少的。虽然,螺旋箍筋首先应用在柱抗震承载力的增加及梁柱外部节点区延性的提高上,但是,这项研究的结果对工程应用有很大的帮助。通过Karayannis的对照研究表明螺旋箍筋梁有较好的抗剪承载力。Tuomo,Clarke,Birjandi也探索了垂直倾斜的理论效果。虽然,这两项研究中,它的效率因子是不相同的,但是对于大部分螺旋箍筋间距来说,同等数量的螺旋箍筋的效率达到普通计算配箍量的90%或者95%或者更多。如果这种效率能够通过实验测试,那么劳动成本将大大减少。这一观察启动了一项研究:测试螺旋箍筋的有效性,剪跨比的评估,密实混凝土的使用。这篇文章的第一部分描述了混凝土的性能,RC梁的尺寸和实验设备。第二部分描述了新拌混凝土和RC梁的实验结果。然而第三部分讨论了早期通用的国际规范的理论设计值和实验值的比较结果。最后,得出结论。 2.材料和方法 2.1材料和试样的规格 24根梁中所使用的是传统的振捣混凝土和自身密实混凝土。C40/50混凝土由预拌混凝土公司分三批提供。混凝土的型号是CEM Ⅲ/A 42.5 N LA,粗骨料的最大粒径D max接近于16mm,所有的混合物都适合EE4环境。本文中的实验结果依据24根梁的试验研究(梁的尺寸150×286,长是2400mm)。其中12根梁采用振捣混凝土,12根梁采用自身密实的混凝土。根据欧洲规范EN1080,纵向钢筋采用BE500S。对于所有的梁,纵向钢筋强度是相等的,并且所有梁经过计算发生剪切破坏。为了首先发生剪切破坏,底部配有较低配筋量的3?20,上部2?6构成架立筋,所有的箍筋,包括普通箍筋和螺旋箍筋都采用?6。图1显示了传统的箍筋和螺旋箍筋。螺旋箍筋就像传统的箍筋一样缠绕在纵向钢筋上,通过计算螺旋箍筋的倾角获得与普通箍筋等量的箍筋面积。然而,在实践中,箍筋的重叠对于锚固是必要的,而当使用螺旋箍筋,这种重叠是不存在的。当考虑到传统箍筋必要的多余重叠时,对于试验梁来说,不起作用的抗剪箍筋接近25%,这项研究中没有考虑这项多余的抗剪区。因为显然,大规模的梁来说,相关的减少是不显著的。所有梁的概述、钢筋情况都列在表1和图2中。 2.2试验设备 用一个量程是600KN的液压执行器进行静态试验。图3和图4展示了实验设备。简支梁的跨度是2m,转换梁是用来转移施加荷载,两点荷载间的间距是0.75m(λ=2.5)或者0.5m(λ=3)。这次试验测试了结构的挠度、应变、裂缝扩展、失效形式。使用三个挠度计测跨中和加载点下的垂直位移,如图4所示。应变用应变仪测量,裂缝的宽度和扩展用20μm分辨率的裂缝宽度显微镜测量。

相关文档
最新文档