关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
建筑安全设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Terrorist Attack Prevention through Environmental Design: Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design for the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesAbstract: From the end of the 20th century, terrorism has become the most general threat which almost every country’s overseas diplomatic premises have encountered. The attacks aimed at Chinese embassies and consulates have been more frequently in the past few years. Most of them are featured by negative social influence, low for see ability, low cost and high elusiveness, etc. The essential tasks of the diplomatic architecture, including safeguarding assets and shaping positive national images, constitute a series of contradictions in the design process; and the building forms need to be simultaneously looking friendly and safe enough. Based on the conclusion of forms and characters of the terrorist attacks, this paper attempts to approach the adaptive security solutions for theoverseas diplomatic premises in four levels: the psychology level, the vision level, the behavior level, and the post attack level.Key Words: Environmental Design, Overseas Diplomatic Premises, Security, Adaptive, Terrorist Attack1From Simple to Comprehensive: The Transition of the Security DesignIn past 10 years, the traditional security threat derived from the cold war gradually gives way to high-frequency terrorist attacks. Compared with the professional safeguard methods in the cold war, such as infiltration and intelligence work, the features of the terrorist attack, such as high elusiveness, change full targets, low-cost training, low for see ability, blurred clues, big civilian casualties and negative social influence, make the relevant security design be much more difficult. (Table 1) The range of the security design thus has been extended from the principal area to the whole site and even the neighborhoods. The definition of the security design in diplomatic premises projects has been changed from the additional task to a more integrated part of the whole design process. (Figure 1)Figure1: The Principal Ranges of the Security Design under Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Table1: The Comparison between Traditional Threats and Terrorist Attacks (Source：Author)Traditional Threats Terrorist Attacks Years from WWⅡ to the end of the 20th century from the end of the 20th century to nowThe Origin of the threat the cold war and different political camps extreme organizationsThe Purples of the threat intelligence stealing extremely religious, political, ideological purplesThe Targets of the Attack important sections, core properties, important all properties, staffs, neighborhoods staffs and visitorsThe Means of the Attack surveillance, wiretap, infiltrate, shooting, etc. car bomb, suicide bomb, homemade weapons,throwing stones, shooting, trespassing, etc.The Principal Areas of theaccess control system of the boundary and the the entire site including adjacent streets andprincipal areas neighborhoodsSecurity DesignThe Influence on the limited influence on the architecture form profound influence on the architecture formArchitecture FormNote: The violence caused by demonstrations, which is not listed in the table, is a traditional threat for overseas diplomatic premises; and it is much more foreseeable compared with the other attacks. With the protection of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Conventionson Consular Relations, and the precautionary measures from the local government, the potential threat of the demonstration activities can be under control.2 Security and Image: The Complexity and Contradictions of the Overseas Diplomatic PremisesThe special identity defines the evident difference between the overseas diplomatic premises and the other building types. The security design of those overseas properties thus is featured by complexity and contradiction, which are more strengthened under the background of the growth of world-wide spread terrorism. Overseas diplomatic facilities are supposed to have friendly images and higher security standard. Those two tasks ask the architect to combine two series of incompatible architectural languages. (Figure 2)Figure2: The Different Images Derived from Image Oriented and Security Oriented Approaches(Source: Author)On the one hand, oversea s diplomatic premises are the most efficient equipment of promoting a country’s national image. Compared with the normal mass Medias, architecture is an intuitive, face to face, tangible interface to deliver the local people an open, friendly, and gentle image of the country, which is quite important for the diplomatic work. During the past several decades, many architects have attempted to deliver the positive national image by different architectural languages. For example, in some cases, modernism means openness; formalism means commemorative; and post-modernism means the historical and cultural friendly design.On the other hand, located in the host country, the site of the diplomatic architecture has special political meanings. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations declares to protect all properties of the guest country (buildings, facilities, and staffs, etc) from being visited without authorization. The boundary of the site thus becomes a special icon. Under the shadow of the terrorism, security design is playing a significant role in new projects; and in some controversial projects, the importance of the friendly image completely gives way to the strict security measures.Giving up the effort of delivering positive images, and transforming the site to be a modern castle are known as old-fashion solutions; and it will finally lost the meaning of diplomatic in the most fundamental level. Today, all the properties need to be dignified, elegant, decent, and safe. In the new era, an important question for the overseas diplomatic premises is how to an effective technology to approach the balance between good image and strict security standard.3The Adaptive Strategies: Four Levels of the Security DesignBased on the characters of terrorist attacks and the complexity and contradiction of the overseas diplomatic premises, this paper develops a series of adaptive design strategies, which attempt to satisfy the requirements of both image and security through effective environmental and architectural design approaches. All the cases and architectural languages introduced in this paper do not only lead to the security purples, and they also manifest the evident aesthetic quality. These strategies aim at helping the architect to find the adaptive building forms, which have the capacity to be interpreted in multiple ways, to hide the security measures behind a friendly image in four levels: psychological control, visual control, behavior control, and loss control. The four levels, which reflect the architectural interventions on boundary, building envelope, outdoor space, and connections, constitute an integrated and flexible security system. (Figure 3)Figure 3: The Four Levels of the Adaptive Security Design of the Overseas Diplomatic Premises(Source: Author)3.1 Psychological Control: DeterrenceIn speaking of the design of psychological control in overseas diplomatic premises, the principal task is to deter the terrorist from planning and implementing the attack. The solutions mainly focus on different forms of the boundary, such as wall and fencing system with functions of visual limitation, boundary landscape, well-marked access control system, high intensity illumination system, and entrance guard rooms, etc., to exert sufficientpsychological pressure on the terrorists to lower the effectiveness of their actions. Meanwhile, suitable measures can also enhance the sense of safety in the neighborhoods. An evident case is the German Embassy in Austria (Vienna). Theboundary is constituted by a metal fencing system with the curved form onthe top to prevent climbing. With shrubs and trees in the inner-side of thefence, the fencing system not only maintains a transparent and greeninterface, but also keeps a good view for the staffs in the site to monitorthe adjacent streets. (Figure 4)(Figure 5)Another case is the British Embassy, which is the neighbor of theGerman Embassy. As a historical building, the façade is the first physicalboundary of the project, which is directly facing the streets without anybuffer space. As a secondary boundary system, a series of reinforceconcrete blocks and flowerpots is introduced in the middle of the streets.The mechanical car stop system is also placed for traffic control. Theguard room is located just beside the concrete blocks, and its form isobvious enough to be easily noticed from the street; and thanks to theunidirectional glass, people outside cannot observe the activities inside theguard rooms. All these elements constitute a flexible buffer area for theembassy building; and this solution is going to exert big pressure on thepotential criminals. By extending the range of the embassy to the publicurban space, the original façade of the building is well preserved to show acomplete historical context, and the positive cultural attitude. (Figure 6)(Figure 7)Hence, psychological control manifests the following characters: 1) Introduce reinforced transparent fencing system to keep the good horizon from the inside to the outside 2) Introduce the independent and moveable car stop system to keep thedecent building façade3) Access control system integrated with the landscape elements 4) High identity and well defined boundary forms 5) High intensity illumination system at the entrance areaFigure 4: the fencing system of theGerman Embassy in AustriaFigure 5: the entrance and guard room of the German Embassy in Figure 6: the vehicles and visitors control system outside the BritishFigure 7: the concrete flower bed in frontof the British Embassy3.2Visual Control: ObscuringVisual control aims at obscuring and disturbing the visual judgment of the criminals via effective architectural operations. Through the special language of the building envelope, the building acquires the quality that prevents people outside from grasping the information inside, such as function distribution, structure form, and the location of the important sections, through reading the facade. Solutions based on this strategy not only provide the staffs the good view to monitor the site and the neighbors, but also reduce the accuracy of the terrorists’ observation.The architecture of the Chinese Embassy in the United States (Washington DC) is characterized by three octagonal forms, the main public space which is not the essential property of the embassy. In fact, the essential functions are integrated into an extremely low-profile form, which constitutes the background of the three halls. The unified and arrayed windows reflect no relation with the division of the office section; and there is even no window on the façade directly facing the street in a very short distance. Through this solution, the essential function has much lower identity than the subordination part, which normally gathers less staffs and properties; and it would make the unprofessional criminals waste more time for choosing the target. (Figure 8) (Figure 9)The Dutch Embassy in Germany (Berlin) represents another approach. The essential functions of the embassy are entirely integrated into a huge cube, which acquires strong identity in the circumstance. A transparent and continuous gallery, which cut into the building envelope from the ground to the top, plays the role of both vertical connection and ventilation tunnel. Without any exceptions, the entire façade of the office rooms is constituted by the translucent curtain wall to keep privacy. Meanwhile, the transparent curve spiral element on the façade changes the traditional idea of floors, and prevents the criminals from conjecturing the inner functions. It also delivers the specific ideology of the Dutch culture, such as transparent, openness, humorous, and friendly to the modern art, etc. (Figure 10) (Figure 11)Visual control has the following characters:1)Independent building envelope which has little relations with the inner functions2)Reduce the identity of the important part of the structure3)Simplify the function of the higher identity part, while reduce the identity of the essential functions4)Introduce the sunshade components, icons, and decorations toconstitute multiple defenses.Figure 8: The entrance of the Chinese Embassy in the US (Source: Author)Figure 9: The walls of the Chinese Embassy, which is directly facing the street (Source: Author)Figure 10:The Dutch Embassy in Berlin (Source: Chang Qi)Figure 11: The spatial concept ofthe Dutch Embassy3.3 Behavior Control: RestrictingThe main task of behavior control is to arrange the authority, path, and behavioral pattern of visitors. The solution is mainly focused on the outdoor space between the building envelope and the boundary of the site, and aims at controlling the speed and route of visitors, and strictly defining the accessibility of different zones. The road system and landscape elements are not only the positive elements for diplomatic events, but also the equipment of reducing attack effect, confusing criminals, and increas ing the cost of the terrorists’ action.The British Embassy in Germany (Berlin) is an intervention in the historical quarter, and the volume directly touches the adjacent buildings and street without any space in between. A series of well organized courtyards constitutes the basic spatial structure, which implies a hierarchical access control system. In this system, there are three principal courtyards with different forms, functions and authorities. The first courtyard which connects the street in front of the main entrance with an entrance check system is designed for cars and visitors to have a short stay. The second court yard, a cuneiform auditorium space, connects the first courtyard with a guard room as the second check point, and leads the visitors to the third courtyard with broad steps. The third courtyard, a winter garden with a beautiful glass roof, connects the reception and meeting rooms, and also plays the role of the entrance hall to the office zone. This courtyard system shapes a linear exhibition space with different themes and art atmosphere in each part, and provides the platform for foreign affairs activities. This project as a typical example realizes an extremely long visiting path in the very limited site, and acquires sufficient defense in depth to observe and control the visitors. (Figure 12) (Figure 13)The winning solution of the new American Embassy project in UK (London) abandons the traditional boundary system, and creates a balance between landscape and security. The building aims atimplyinga special friendliness between American and British cultures with an open landscape system. Compared with traditional solutions, the project witnesses a higher security standard. The landscape elements are endowed with cultural functions, while they are also the designed to control the activities of staffs and visitors. For example, the water pool in front of the building creates an elegant environment, and also prevents visitors and vehicles from getting close to the façade. The similar design is also introduced in the American Embassy in Beijing. On the other side of the building is a huge grass slope, which Figure 12: The three courtyards of the British Embassy extends from the top of the podium to the ground floor of the main building with a continuous angular surface. This design integrates the cubic form of the main building into an artificial terrain, and creates the gentler atmosphere, which is always needed in the diplomatic activities. The structure of the grassy slope, which not only defines the boundary of the site, but also offers the ideal height for observing the neighborhoods, can be transformed into a defensive position, if necessary. It is important to understand that the security measurements in newly constructed projects gradually give up the idea of fortress, and a series of sophisticateddesign techniques, which integrates the security consideration into the landscape, opens up a new horizon for the overseas diplomatic premises. (Figure 14) (Figure 15)Behavior control has the following characters:1) Introduce the curved roads paralleled with the façade of the building to reduce the vehicle speed and avoid the path directly to the building2) Use strict zoning to control the authority of different sections, and public space sequence to prolong the route of visitors3) Integrated landscape system which has the function of controlling the behavior pattern of vehicles and visitors4) Eliminate the unnecessary obstructions to keep good horizon from the building to the circumstance3.4 Loss Control: Chain-effect Damage PreventionThe essential purpose of damage control is to eliminate the possibility of the second damage and chain-effect collapse after the attack. Through the targeted design of the building forms, the loss in the terrorist attacks thus can be partly reduced, and the staffs may have more time to wait for the rescue. The relevant solutions mainly focus on the connections between single buildings. For the layout of he embassy/consulate projects, it is better to decentralize important properties into detached parts, which can work as a whole when they are linked with connective volumes. If the attacks happen in one part, the decentralized layout of important functions can keep the other parts still working. Sometimes, the cluster of small and decentralized volumes can also have a friendlier image.The context of the Chinese Embassy in Netherlands (Haag) is shaped by a series of small detached houses. The main building of the embassy is split into two volumes, which are connected by an entrance hall, a sunken garden, and a fly corridor on the fourth floor. All the connective volumes are covered by transparent glass, which is always a right and popular material to show openness. In fact, it is wise to choose the connective part to be the open space, because these parts normally have less staffs and properties concentrated.Compared with the glass volumes, the two principal volumes covered by red bricks keep the morphological continuity with the context. The connective volumes in between can be seen as expendable structures to reduce the possibility of chain-effect collapse when a huge damage happens in one side of the building. (Figure 16) (Figure 17)The American Embassy in China (Beijing) applies the similar solution. The consulate section, office section, and apartments are all designed to be detached volumes with connections between each other. Compared with the other parts, the consulate section and the apartment building with completely curtain walls create stronger identity, and become the dominant volumes that shape the image of openness. Meanwhile, those two parts also protect the essential functions hiding in a series ofhorizontal extending volumes with hard and strong envelopes. Thanks to the decentralized layout, it is quite difficult to make a catastrophic damage to the embassy through a normal terrorist attack. (Figure 18) (Figure 19)Loss control is characterized by the following factors:1) Decentralized volumes2) Connect independent volumes with secondary structures3) Take the lower-risk functions as the expendable structure to avoid the chain-effect collapse.4) Separate and hide the essential functions into multiple parts4 Conclusions: The Integration of Security and CultureThrough the discussion, it is important to understand the world-wide new challenges that the overseas diplomatic premises encounter calls for a series of new design approaches. Traditionally, diplomatic buildings are inclined to show friendly and open postures in close-relationship countries, and choose conservative forms in bad-relationship countries. However, with the development of globalization, the relationship between each two countries is simultaneously shaped by cooperation and challenges. The evident hostile camps have already been disappeared, and terrorism becomes the most intractable threat of the overseas diplomatic premises for almost all countries. The solutions which completely show openness or closeness are old-fashion stories, and it cannot satisfy the identity of today’s diplomatic buildings. In new projects, architects are asked to find more sophisticated and effective solutions to balance the contradiction between positive image and strict security standard. Based on this background, this paper attempts to develop a discussion for this topic in for respects. (Table 2)The effort of discovering the unique forms to approach safe and beautiful would become a significant source, in which the creative idea of the diplomatic architecture springs.References[1] Alessi, Alberto. Building Identity?. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 17-20[2] Tong, Cui, Balance Reconstruction: Embassy as an Architectural Type. World Architecture, 2006（8）: 100-103[3] Tian, Zhimin. Zhang, Xiangbai. Du, Xiuli. Conceptual Design of Important Buildings to Mitigate Terrorist Explosion Attacks，China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40（1）, 34-41[4] Zhang, Lan. The Embassy and Diplomatic Officers, World Knowledge Press, 1998通过环境设计预防恐怖袭击:四层外交建筑自适应安全设计的海外外交的前提文摘:从20世纪的结束,恐怖主义已成为最通用的威胁,几乎每个国家的海外外交场所遇到。
建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文
献
摘要：
本文研究了建筑施工质量控制的相关文献，提供了中英文对照的外文翻译文献。
旨在帮助读者了解国内外建筑施工质量控制的最新发展和经验，以提升我国建筑施工质量管理水平。
引言：
建筑施工质量是确保建筑物安全、稳定和可持续使用的重要因素。
因此，建筑施工质量控制是建筑项目管理中不可忽视的一环。
本文通过搜集和翻译了有关建筑施工质量控制的外文文献，旨在为我国建筑业的质量管理提供借鉴和参考。
文献翻译一：
标题：《建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践》
作者：John Smith
来源：Construction Management Journal
摘要：
本文通过对多个建筑施工项目的案例研究，总结了建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践。
其中包括建立全面的质量管理体系、制定详细的施工规范、加强监督和检测等方面的措施。
该研究可为其他建筑项目提供有益的经验和教训。
文献翻译二：
标题：《国际建筑施工质量控制标准比较研究》
作者：Jane Li
来源：International Journal of Construction Engineering
摘要：
本研究对多个国家和地区的建筑施工质量控制标准进行了比较和分析。
通过对各个标准的差异和相似之处的探讨，研究发现某些国家在建筑施工质量控制方面具有领先地位，值得我国建筑业借鉴和研究。
结论：
建筑施工质量控制是确保建筑项目质量的关键环节。
通过研究和借鉴国内外的最佳实践和标准，我国建筑业能够不断提高施工质量管理水平，促进行业的可持续发展。
外文翻译 建筑施工 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译
反思前瞻规划优化施工流程Farook Hamzeh Glenn Ballard Iris D. Tommelein摘要研究的问题：如何改善前瞻规划在建设行业的做法来提高生产计划的可靠性？目的：为了评估前瞻规划的性能，寻找一个标准化的做法，使前瞻规划与活动执行有紧密的联系，来提高生产计划的可靠性。
研究设计/方法：本研究采用案例分析，行业访谈，和行业调查，以评估目前在北美、南美和欧洲的建设项目执行的前瞻规划。
研究结果：研究结果显示存在与去年规划系统规则的不符合，前瞻规划与标准化做法的不足，识别和清除限制的迟缓，而且没有对计划失败的分析。
关键词：前瞻规划，生产计划，生产控制，精益建设，最后的规划系统，规划建设。
简介建筑、工程与施工是受变化问题的困扰的，即破坏项目绩效和扰乱施工流程导致对项目时间、成本和质量造成的不利影响（Hamzeh等，2007年，霍普和Spearman2008年，萨利姆等。
2006年，克莱顿1966年）。
组织使用许多种不同的方法来维持生产流程的一致性和屏蔽产量内部业务流程以及外部环境的变化。
汤普森（1967）着重介绍了这些方法，其中包括：•预测•缓冲•平滑各种预测方法是用于预测在内部流程和生产原料中的变化。
然而，预测不能满足所有的变化，并且有许多限制：越详细的预测越不准确，越遥远的预测越容易出错。
（纳米亚斯2009年）。
缓冲用于减轻同时在输入侧和输出侧的工艺变化。
输入通常需要成功执行的任务包括：信息，先决条件工作，人力资源，空间，材料，设备，外部条件和资金（巴拉德＆Howell公司1994年，科斯基拉2000年）。
缓冲区可以采取的三种主要形式：时间，库存和产能。
时间缓冲是分配松弛的活动，利用额外的库存缓冲库存以应对供应的变化，以及用容量缓存，保留额外的容量，如加班或只在需要的时候维持机器工作，以适应激增的负荷。
平滑的供应和需求的变化是另一种方法，组织申请由于缓冲可能的不足，以满足所有的变化，是昂贵的，并可能导致满荷。
建筑工程施工安全管理英文文献
建筑工程施工安全管理英文文献Construction Project Safety ManagementAbstractConstruction projects are inherently risky due to various factors such as the involvement of heavy machinery, extensive use of materials, and complex working environments. Therefore, effective safety management is essential to ensure the well-being of workers and minimize accidents. This article examines the importance of construction project safety management and discusses key strategies and practices for achieving a safe work environment.1. IntroductionConstruction projects involve a multitude of activities, including excavation, foundation work, structural erection, and finishing. These activities require extensive coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders, including architects, engineers, contractors, and workers. However, the execution of construction projects is not without risks, and accidents can lead to severe injuries, fatalities, and significant financial losses. Thus, an effective safety management system is crucial to mitigate these risks and enhance project outcomes.2. Understanding Risk Factors2.1 Human FactorsHuman factors play a significant role in construction accidents. Factors such as inadequate training, fatigue, lack of proper communication, and non-compliance with safety guidelines contribute to accidents. Therefore, it is essential to focus on training and educating workers about safety procedures, ensuring regular breaks to prevent fatigue, and promoting effective communication channels.2.2 Environmental FactorsConstruction sites are dynamic environments that constantly change. Factors such as uneven terrain, adverse weather conditions, and limited visibility can increase the likelihood of accidents. Implementing proper signage, maintaining good housekeeping practices, and providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can mitigate risks associated with environmental factors.3. Key Strategies for Construction Project Safety Management3.1 Risk Assessment and PlanningPrior to commencing any construction project, a comprehensive risk assessment must be conducted. This assessment involves identifying potential hazards, evaluating their likelihood and potential consequences, and developing strategies to eliminate or minimize them. A well-defined safety plan should be developed based on this assessment, outlining roles, responsibilities, and required safety measures throughout the project lifecycle.3.2 Training and EducationProper training and education are vital for enhancing safety performance in construction projects. All workers should receive initial induction training that covers basic safety procedures, equipment operation, and emergencyprotocols. Regular safety training sessions should also be conducted to ensure that workers are updated on the latest safety practices and regulations.3.3 Effective CommunicationClear and effective communication is crucial to ensure that all project stakeholders are aware of safety requirements and guidelines. Regular safety meetings should be held to discuss potential risks, identify areas for improvement, and address any concerns. Additionally, the implementation of a reporting system that allows workers to communicate hazards and near misses anonymously can enhance safety culture and encourage proactive hazard identification.4. Best Practices in Construction Project Safety Management4.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Providing appropriate PPE to workers is essential for safeguarding their health and well-being. Safety helmets, goggles, gloves, and high-visibility vests are examples of commonly used PPE in construction projects. Regular inspection and maintenance of PPE should be conducted to ensure their effectiveness.4.2 Regular Inspection and MaintenanceRegular inspections of construction sites and equipment help identify potential safety hazards and ensure compliance with safety regulations. Equipment should undergo routine maintenance to prevent malfunctions that could lead to accidents. Adequate documentation of inspections and maintenance activities should be maintained for record-keeping purposes.4.3 Emergency Response PlanningDespite preventive measures, emergencies can still occur. Therefore, it is crucial to have a well-developed emergency response plan in place. This plan should include evacuation procedures, communication protocols, and designated assembly points. Regular drills and exercises should be conducted to ensure that all workers are familiar with the emergency response plan.5. ConclusionConstruction project safety management is of utmost importance to protect workers and minimize accidents. By understanding the risk factors, implementing key strategies, and adopting best practices, construction projects can create a safe and secure working environment. This, in turn, enhances project outcomes, improves productivity, and fosters a positive safety culture within the construction industry.。
工程管理 毕业设计-英文翻译 中英文：建筑施工安全计划、培训和检查
毕业设计(论文)英文翻译学生姓名：学号：100108104668所在学院：专业：工程管理指导教师：2011年3月10日Construction Safety: Planning, Training and Inspections 文章来源于网站：General contractors manage a variety of considerations as they oversee a building's construction, including budget, materials and schedule. They also must ensure compliance with a wide range of regulatory requirements, from environmental standards to legal employment practices. One of the most important concerns a general contractor must control, particularly in the construction industry, is safety. Clearly, the federal government considers construction safety a significant concern. In 2006, more than 59% of all federal inspections performed by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) nationwide, 22,891 inspections in all, took place in the construction sector. OSHA conducted an additional 27,672 state inspections at construction jobsites.Over the past few years, incidents involving vehicles or equipment have been the primary source of construction workplace injuries in Texas. Fall hazards also account for a high percentage of the mishaps that take place. Other hazards that result in jobsite injuries include electrical shock and caught-betweens and falling objects.The approach to maintaining a safe jobsite and minimizing the risk from these and many other hazards is a three-pronged strategy of planning, training and inspections. Planning: Stopping Mishaps Before They OccurPlanning ahead allows workers to see and avoid mishaps before they occur. "Our work crews do a pre-task planning every day," said Dino Sideris, Safety Director for Bob Moore Construction. "Before work starts, we assess the tasks to be performedand identify hazards, then eliminate them or engineer them out. This process takes place before the project starts and repeats every morning until it's done. The planning varies by location because each jobsite presents its own unique hazards, but the general process of ongoing planning remains the same."On a more strategic level, we have a formal safety plan," Sideris said. "The plan is thoroughly documented and made available to everyone involved in our projects. This ensures our operations stay within OSHA standards and formalizes our policies so everyone, from our employees to our subcontractors to our clients, knows our standards and procedures ahead of time."Safety TrainingTraining is the second essential component of the successful safety plan. "We do extensive training for our people," said Sideris. "All of our people in the field has completed the OSHA 30-hour course, has been trained in first aid and emergency response, and has earned CPR certification. Even our administrative employees, from our receptionist to our CEO, have been trained in first aid and CPR."Training is available through a wide range of sources. For companies that are appropriately staffed, much of the training is done in-house. Consultants are available to address more specialized educational needs, like stormwater management and environmental training. Industry associations, like the AGC, ACI and TCA, also provide training programs and guidance. In particular, QUOIN (the north and east Texas chapter of AGC) performs and coordinates training programs and helps companies develop and implement safety programs. QUOIN has led initiatives forsafety training to include periodic safety stand-downs around the state and regional training marathons that provide OSHA 10-hour training to hundreds of workers at a time.The most surprising source for safety training is - the competition. "If another general contractor is doing training that one of my guys needs, I'll get him into that class," said Sideris. "I've done the same for other companies as well. In safety there is no competitor. The work crew on another company's site today could easily be on ours next month. By elevating safety knowledge on other companies' jobsites we ultimately improve our own as well."One reason constant training is important is due to the ever-evolving nature of personal protective equipment (PPE). Manufacturers constantly produce new or improved PPE in response to identified needs in the marketplace or as a result of evolving OSHA standards, and contractors must stay current on what is available. "PPE changes all the time," said Sideris. "OSHA's requirements change frequently and equipment makers constantly innovate to meet those revisions. The PPE that was fully compliant last year may not be today. For example, a few years ago there was no such thing as retractable lanyards for fall protection. Given all the different positions workers needed to be to get the job done, in many situations the standard harness didn't suffice. So they come up with the retractable lanyard, one that creates an instant stop within two inches of the start of the fall, to respond to that need,OSHA changes a requirement, manufacturers respond with new PPE and contractors are expected to stay on top of this."Training also allows workers to identify upcoming trends in compliance. Sideris believes that in the coming months OSHA will focus on enforcing the health portion of their regulations, like how long people are exposed to chemicals such as chromium or lead. He anticipates that OSHA will regulate the proper use of PPE more stringently as well. By training regularly, a contractor can address these changes proactively.Safety InspectionsFollowing on the heels of planning and training, the third component of the successful safety program is to self-inspect. Superintendents and safety representatives walk the jobsite several times a week, observing work processes, documenting procedural violations and potential hazards, and implementing corrective actions. Often, these inspections result in procedural changes that are incorporated into the daily pre-task planning.In the past few years QUOIN spearheaded the development of a program called DBO2 to dramatically improve the inspection process. With DBO2 superintendents can document their observations on a Personal Data Assistant (PDA) and transmit their results immediately to all levels of the company. This provides the formal documentation of inspections as required by OSHA, and communicates potential issues to the general contractor's representatives who can address them.Because the DBO2 program allows immediate, simple documentation of inspections, the number of observations that can be recorded is far greater than what would occur otherwise. For example, in 2007 Bob Moore Construction documented 97,000observations at its various jobsites using DBO2, with a 98% safe rate on those observations. The remaining 2% of the observations were corrected immediately and without incident, because the superintendents identified the issues while they were in progress, but before any mishap occurred.Benefits of a Superior Construction Safety ProgramClearly, implementing the successful safety program requires a great deal of work at all levels of the project. The results are well worth the effort."Our safety program gives us a big advantage in the marketplace," said Ed McGuire, Vice President of Construction for Bob Moore Construction. "Our A+ rating with the insurance carriers reduces premiums considerably, allowing us to be more competitive in our bids. We're finding that developers are becoming more interested in our safety program as well. They recognize that a safety-conscious general contractor reduces their potential liability for law suits and bad publicity. Our safety program is a legitimate marketing advantage that allows us to separate ourselves from our competition."Our safety program is a benefit from an operational standpoint as well," McGuire added. "We haven't suffered a time-lost incident in more than five years. Workers come to our jobsites, trusting that we operate a safe work environment, and that improves morale. We have a track record for safety, which establishes an expectation in our workers' minds that we won't tolerate anything less than safe work procedures. In that sense the program is self-perpetuating. Most importantly, on a moral level we want our workers to be safe. We want them going home in the same condition theycame to work in. Our safety program provides cost benefits, marketing advantages, operating and efficiencies, and it is fundamentally the right thing to do." According to Sideris, the greatest challenge to maintaining a safe jobsite is attitude. "Getting people to recognize the inherent risk of working on a construction site is a big part of what I have to do every day," he said. "It's easy to cut corners on safety. It's easy not to put on the reflector vest or harness, not put up the railing on the scaffolding. For the safety program to be a success we have to overcome that complacency. ""I take safety very personally, and I make safety personal to our people in the field," he added. "I talk directly to the workers, and try to make them think of their family and their responsibilities beyond work. I try to touch the person's heart first. I believe that's how you start and finish the attitude change. If you can win the battle over attitude, the planning, training and inspecting all falls into place."建筑施工安全:计划、培训和检查总承包商在监管一栋建筑物的施工时，管理一系列需要考虑的事项,包括预算、材料和进度。
【机械类文献翻译】关于建筑行业安全施工的分析
附录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years,many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry.Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites.The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount.The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents,aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.1.Definition of AccidentLaney(1982)states that the simplest definition of an accident is“an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”.The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases.International Labor Office Geneva(1983)and Kennedy(1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen,they are preventable.All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly,attributable to human failings.Rowlandson(1997)points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention.These elements are:ck of management control;b.basic personal and task factors;c.sub-standard acts and conditions–the symptoms of the accident;d.an unplanned and undesired event or incident–the accident;e.an undesired outcome–death,injury or property damage;f.a cost.He thus defines accident as:“...an unplanned incident leading to death,injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”mon Accidents in Construction IndustryAccording to Lingard and Rowlinson(1994)accident proneness can be measured by thefrequency of accident occurrence.According to some researches,construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years,thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries.It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others.The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table1shows the number of injuries in2004and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%Fall of person from height11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%Slip,trip or fall on same level17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%Others16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than5%of the construction accidents in2004:3.Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction IndustryMany researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites.Stranks(1994)points out that the reasons of the poor safety recordmay correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system,risk nature of works,management style,safety knowledge and commitment,and personal behavior.Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.pany SizeTam and Fung(1998)study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance.In this study,the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in1994as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained.In the study,it is found that company size,in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance.Tam and Fung(1998)observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest,the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest.This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records.This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safetyprogrammers,and stronger management commitment to safety.It is found that the higher number of employees in the organization,the lower figure of the accident rate.b.Level of SubcontractingMulti-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history.Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads.Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management.Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004)shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance.Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents(45.5%)would sublet80-90%of their works to subcontractors.None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort;at least30%of works would be subcontracted out.Lai(1987)attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile,lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done,they are difficult to control.Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult.Recent researchers,like Wong(1999)and Lee(1996),believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry.The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee(1999) was subcontracting up to15layers.He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.Small business,like subcontractors,face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive.Moreover,they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s(1999)study for Housing Authority.He finds that average84%of workers injured from1995to1998were subcontractors’workers.Such situation may be due to subcontractors’workers’inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice.Tam and Fung(1998)find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.municationAccording to Wong(2002),communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites. However,it has seldom been discussed before.Wong(2002)conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors.He identifies12factors leading to poor communication in construction industry.Among them,10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers.These factors are listed below:i.Industry NatureIn order to complete the project on time,construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions.Besides,construction workers are usually not well-educated.These cause communication difficulties.ii.Industry CultureWong(2000)identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis,thus they are not aware to site safety.iii.Client TypeThere are2types of clients,public and private ernment bodies are public clients.Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced.Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.anization StructureFryer(1997)suggests that organization structure,including hierarchy,downsizing and decentralization vs.decentralization,rigidity vs.flexibility,rules and procedure,would affect the result of communications.According to Wong(2002),downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.v.Relationship of Main and Sub-ContractorsThe poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety.However, such situation could be resolved by partnering.Wong(2002)says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.munication BarriersHicks and Gullett(1983)points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication.People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entiremessage is being passed or read.vii.Content of InformationWong(2002)attributes poor safety performance to the content of information.If content of information,such as method statements,working,drawings or safety procedures,are inaccurate or unclear,safety could not be effectively achieved.viii.Value of CommunicatorsTam et al(2001)point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule,quota and cost targets. Besides,Nichols and Stevens(1999)mention the failure of many superiors to listen.As a result,safety issue does not receive enough attention.ix.Provision of Continuous TrainingEnrichment of safety knowledge is essential.Teo et al(2005)carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’safe work behaviours.They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely,because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.x.Workers’AttitudeWorkers’incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s(1999)research,it is found that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors.They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze(2002)and Vredenburgh(2002)state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety.Teo et al(2005)also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.5.Accident Costs and Safety CostsThe construction industry in China,especially for building projects,has a very poor safety record.According to Hinze and Raboud(1988),it is a common perception that “safety”is unproductive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites.However,it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives,a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well.Accordingly,safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performance and avoid the huge amount of accident costs.Ridiculously,most contractors are not willing to invest their money,time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.Over the years,there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge.Rowlinson(1997)identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident.De Saram and Tang(2005)admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses.By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents,contractors might be surprised,and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.6.Safety Management SystemSafety management systems are not new to us.Many have been written on it.Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively.Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care.Only then,an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.According to the Labour Department,below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:a.to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;b.to ensure that problems are detected and reported;andc.to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.Besides,a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies.The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.In this paper,statistics of construction safety,common accident types,factors affectingsafety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed. Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past.Therefore,the government introduced safety management system to the industry,hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.Besides,government keeps introducing new legislation,for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance,and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years,the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.附录B关于建筑行业安全施工的分析资料来源：香港大学学者中心多年来，许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。
关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译 中英文翻译
附录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years,many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry.Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites.The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount.The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents,aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.1.Definition of AccidentLaney(1982)states that the simplest definition of an accident is“an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”.The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases.International Labor Office Geneva(1983)and Kennedy(1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen,they are preventable.All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly,attributable to human failings.Rowlandson(1997)points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention.These elements are:ck of management control;b.basic personal and task factors;c.sub-standard acts and conditions–the symptoms of the accident;d.an unplanned and undesired event or incident–the accident;e.an undesired outcome–death,injury or property damage;f.a cost.He thus defines accident as:“...an unplanned incident leading to death,injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”mon Accidents in Construction IndustryAccording to Lingard and Rowlinson(1994)accident proneness can be measured by thefrequency of accident occurrence.According to some researches,construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years,thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries.It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others.The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table1shows the number of injuries in2004and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%Fall of person from height11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%Slip,trip or fall on same level17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%Others16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than5%of the construction accidents in2004:3.Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction IndustryMany researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites.Stranks(1994)points out that the reasons of the poor safety recordmay correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system,risk nature of works,management style,safety knowledge and commitment,and personal behavior.Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.pany SizeTam and Fung(1998)study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance.In this study,the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in1994as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained.In the study,it is found that company size,in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance.Tam and Fung(1998)observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest,the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest.This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records.This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safetyprogrammers,and stronger management commitment to safety.It is found that the higher number of employees in the organization,the lower figure of the accident rate.b.Level of SubcontractingMulti-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history.Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads.Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management.Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004)shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance.Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents(45.5%)would sublet80-90%of their works to subcontractors.None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort;at least30%of works would be subcontracted out.Lai(1987)attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile,lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done,they are difficult to control.Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult.Recent researchers,like Wong(1999)and Lee(1996),believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry.The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee(1999) was subcontracting up to15layers.He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.Small business,like subcontractors,face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive.Moreover,they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s(1999)study for Housing Authority.He finds that average84%of workers injured from1995to1998were subcontractors’workers.Such situation may be due to subcontractors’workers’inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice.Tam and Fung(1998)find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.municationAccording to Wong(2002),communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites. However,it has seldom been discussed before.Wong(2002)conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors.He identifies12factors leading to poor communication in construction industry.Among them,10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers.These factors are listed below:i.Industry NatureIn order to complete the project on time,construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions.Besides,construction workers are usually not well-educated.These cause communication difficulties.ii.Industry CultureWong(2000)identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis,thus they are not aware to site safety.iii.Client TypeThere are2types of clients,public and private ernment bodies are public clients.Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced.Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.anization StructureFryer(1997)suggests that organization structure,including hierarchy,downsizing and decentralization vs.decentralization,rigidity vs.flexibility,rules and procedure,would affect the result of communications.According to Wong(2002),downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.v.Relationship of Main and Sub-ContractorsThe poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety.However, such situation could be resolved by partnering.Wong(2002)says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.munication BarriersHicks and Gullett(1983)points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication.People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entiremessage is being passed or read.vii.Content of InformationWong(2002)attributes poor safety performance to the content of information.If content of information,such as method statements,working,drawings or safety procedures,are inaccurate or unclear,safety could not be effectively achieved.viii.Value of CommunicatorsTam et al(2001)point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule,quota and cost targets. Besides,Nichols and Stevens(1999)mention the failure of many superiors to listen.As a result,safety issue does not receive enough attention.ix.Provision of Continuous TrainingEnrichment of safety knowledge is essential.Teo et al(2005)carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’safe work behaviours.They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely,because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.x.Workers’AttitudeWorkers’incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s(1999)research,it is found that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors.They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze(2002)and Vredenburgh(2002)state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety.Teo et al(2005)also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.5.Accident Costs and Safety CostsThe construction industry in China,especially for building projects,has a very poor safety record.According to Hinze and Raboud(1988),it is a common perception that “safety”is unproductive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites.However,it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives,a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well.Accordingly,safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performance and avoid the huge amount of accident costs.Ridiculously,most contractors are not willing to invest their money,time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.Over the years,there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge.Rowlinson(1997)identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident.De Saram and Tang(2005)admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses.By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents,contractors might be surprised,and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.6.Safety Management SystemSafety management systems are not new to us.Many have been written on it.Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively.Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care.Only then,an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.According to the Labour Department,below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:a.to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;b.to ensure that problems are detected and reported;andc.to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.Besides,a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies.The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.In this paper,statistics of construction safety,common accident types,factors affectingsafety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed. Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past.Therefore,the government introduced safety management system to the industry,hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.Besides,government keeps introducing new legislation,for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance,and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years,the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.附录B关于建筑行业安全施工的分析资料来源：香港大学学者中心多年来，许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。
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附录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years, many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry. Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites. The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount. The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents, aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.1. Definition of AccidentLaney (1982) states that the simplest definition of an accident is “an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”. The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases. International Labor Office Geneva (1983) and Kennedy (1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen, they are preventable. All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly, attributable to human failings. Rowlandson (1997) points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention. These elements are:a. lack of management control;b. basic personal and task factors;c. sub-standard acts and conditions – the symptoms of the accident;d. an unplanned and undesired event or incident – the accident;e. an undesired outcome – death, injury or property damage;f. a cost.He thus defines accident as: “... an unplanned incident leading to death, injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”2. Common Accidents in Construction IndustryAccording to Lingard and Rowlinson (1994) accident proneness can be measured by thefrequency of accident occurrence. According to some researches, construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years, thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries. It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others. The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table 1 shows the number of injuries in 2004 and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object 11.9%Fall of person from height 11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying 16.0%Slip, trip or fall on same level 17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object 19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined 7.0%Others 16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than 5% of the construction accidents in 2004:3. Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction IndustryMany researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites. Stranks (1994) points out that the reasons of the poor safety recordmay correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system, risk nature of works, management style, safety knowledge and commitment, and personal behavior. Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.a. Company SizeTam and Fung (1998) study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance. In this study, the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in 1994 as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained. In the study, it is found that company size, in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance. Tam and Fung (1998) observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest, the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest. This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records. This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safety programmers, and stronger management commitment to safety. It is found that the highernumber of employees in the organization, the lower figure of the accident rate.b. Level of SubcontractingMulti-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history. Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads. Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management. Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004) shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance. Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents (45.5%) would sublet 80-90% of their works to subcontractors. None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort; at least 30% of works would be subcontracted out.Lai (1987) attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile, lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done, they are difficult to control. Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult. Recent researchers, like Wong (1999) and Lee (1996), believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry. The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee (1999) was subcontracting up to 15 layers. He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.Small business, like subcontractors, face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive. Moreover, they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s (1999) study for Housing Authority. He finds that average 84% of workers injured from 1995 to 1998 were subcontractors’ wo rkers. Such situation may be due to subcontractors’ workers’ inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice. Tam and Fung (1998) find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.4. CommunicationAccording to Wong (2002), communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites.However, it has seldom been discussed before. Wong (2002) conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors. He identifies 12 factors leading to poor communication in construction industry. Among them, 10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers. These factors are listed below:i. Industry NatureIn order to complete the project on time, construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions. Besides, construction workers are usually not well-educated. These cause communication difficulties.ii. Industry CultureWong (2000) identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis, thus they are not aware to site safety.iii. Client TypeThere are 2 types of clients, public and private ones. Government bodies are public clients. Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced. Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.iv. Organization StructureFryer (1997) suggests that organization structure, including hierarchy, downsizing and decentralization vs. decentralization, rigidity vs. flexibility, rules and procedure, would affect the result of communications. According to Wong (2002), downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.v. Relationship of Main and Sub-ContractorsThe poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety. However, such situation could be resolved by partnering. Wong (2002) says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.vi. Communication BarriersHicks and Gullett (1983) points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication. People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entire message is being passed or read.vii. Content of InformationWong (2002) attributes poor safety performance to the content of information. If content of information, such as method statements, working, drawings or safety procedures, are inaccurate or unclear, safety could not be effectively achieved.viii. Value of CommunicatorsTam et al (2001) point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule, quota and cost targets. Besides, Nichols and Stevens (1999) mention the failure of many superiors to listen. As a result, safety issue does not receive enough attention.ix. Provision of Continuous TrainingEnrichment of safety knowledge is essential. Teo et al (2005) carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’ safe work behaviours. They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely, because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.x. Workers’ AttitudeWorkers’ incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s (1999) research, it is foun d that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors. They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze (2002) and Vredenburgh (2002) state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety. Teo et al (2005) also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.5. Accident Costs and Safety CostsThe construction industry in China, especially for building projects, has a very poor safety record. According to Hinze and Raboud (1988), it is a common perception that “safety” is unprodu ctive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites. However, it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives, a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well. Accordingly, safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performanceand avoid the huge amount of accident costs. Ridiculously, most contractors are not willing to invest their money, time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.Over the years, there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge. Rowlinson (1997) identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident. De Saram and Tang (2005) admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses. By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents, contractors might be surprised, and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.6. Safety Management SystemSafety management systems are not new to us. Many have been written on it. Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively. Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care. Only then, an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.According to the Labour Department, below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:a. to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;b. to ensure that problems are detected and reported; andc. to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.Besides, a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies. The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.In this paper, statistics of construction safety, common accident types, factors affecting safety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed.Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past. Therefore, the government introduced safety management system to the industry, hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.Besides, government keeps introducing new legislation, for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance, and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years, the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.附录B关于建筑行业安全施工的分析资料来源：香港大学学者中心多年来，许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。