自考英美文学选读_第二章_新古典主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）
第一部分：英国文学
第二章新古典主义时期
这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
英国社会在新古典主义时期充满了动荡与变革,其中1660年英皇查理二世复辟,1665年一场瘟疫,仅在伦敦就夺去了七万人的生命,而伦敦一场火灾摧毁了大片城区,三分之二的市民无家可归,1689年英国发生了"光荣革命",清教徒玛丽公主与她荷兰裔的丈夫奥兰治公爵威廉取代了英皇詹姆士二世登上王位,从此确立了君主立宪制正体。
在这一时期,议会与专制君主不断斗争,而当时凌驾于议会与政府之上的两大党派,托利党与辉格党之间的矛盾也层出不穷,此外不同的宗教教派,辟如罗马天主教廷与英国国教及不信奉国教者,还有统治阶级与劳动人民之间,也都存在着尖锐的冲突。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
而18世纪,英国的国力又得到长足发展。
在海外,英国殖民地扩展到北美、印度和西印度群岛,由此产生的不断增长的殖民地财富与贸易为英国开辟了广阔市场,原先那种小规模的家庭手工业生产方式便远远不够了。
市场不仅需要英国产品,更需要英国标准化的产品。
在国内,"圈地运动"使大片土地都集中到越来越少的大地主手中,成千上万的小农场主与雇农都被赶出家园,成为城市里的雇佣工人。
英国工业革命因此得到了雄厚的基础一一本国劳动力从家庭中解放出来,以及从殖民地掠夺来的资本积累。
到18世纪中期,英国已成为世界上第一个最强大的资本主义国家,号称"世界工厂",它的产品涌入全球各地的市场。
随着经济迅速发展,英国资产阶段或曰中产阶级也发展壮大了,成为革命的主力军,多由城市人口组成,比如商人、产业主及贩奴者、殖民者等其它人员。
工业革命的方兴未艾使越来越多的人口加人这一行列。
这个阶级在当时是进步的,是区别于封建贵族的新生力量。
城市资产阶级通过自己的奋斗获取社会地位,因此他们理解劳动人民的穷困与艰苦。
他们信奉自强自立,劳动致富。
他们人生的意义就在于勤奋工作、积累财产。
这一切特征都在当时现实主义小说中有所体现。
英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。
启蒙运动是进步的知识分子运动,兴盛于法国,后席卷整个欧洲。
这次是15、16世纪文艺复兴的延续与发展。
运动的宗旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
启蒙主义者赞颂理性、平等与科学。
他们主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们相信一旦理性成为衡量人类行为与关系的尺度,所有的迷信、不公与压迫便都会让位给"永久的真理"、"永久的公正"及"天赋的平等"。
为此,他们大力提倡秩序、理性及法律。
这种思想意识为1789年法国资产阶级革命及1776
年美国独立战争打下了理论基础。
与此同时,启蒙主义者们还倡导全民普及教育。
他们认为人有着局限性、两面性及不完美性,但人也有能力通过教育来使自己臻于理智,臻于完美,如果人民群众得到良好的教育,建立民主平等的人类社会则大有希望。
其实,当时的文学作品中充满; 了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰·德莱顿、亚历山大,蒲柏、约瑟夫·艾迪森与理查·斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱〉、乔纳森·挪威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、理查·B·谢立丹、亨利·费尔丁和塞缪尔·约翰逊。
在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
这股思潮便是新古典主义。
新古典主义者们认为所有文学作品都应效仿古希腊罗马的著作(如荷马、维吉尔、霍拉斯、奥维德等大家的作品)以及当时法国的经典著作,并且理想的艺术应基于秩序、逻辑、确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值应视是否为人文主义服务来定。
这就使该时期的作家在创作时寻求表达与措辞上的协调、统一、和谐与典雅,努力使作品喜闻乐见并富于教义。
由此一种温文尔雅、充满灵性的知识阶层文学艺术发展起来。
在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框:散文必须简洁、直白、通顺、有灵活性;诗歌必须抒情、壮美、有教义、讽喻、富于戏剧性,每一种诗体都有自己的一套创作原则;戏剧则必须用英雄体偶句(抑扬格五音步的押韵双行诗)写就;时间、地点、事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。
到了18世纪最后几十年,新古典主义又侧重于理性与智慧,文学形式出现叛逆,感伤主义崛起,并在一定的时期逐渐被浪漫主义替代。
但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。
在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序、良好的格式、统一的结构、简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
新古典主义时期,或从王朝复辟到十八世纪下半叶,英国诗歌的古典风格得以兴盛,并在德莱顿、蒲泊及词典编篡家塞缪尔·约翰逊的时代达到巅峰。
诗歌的灵性、形式及艺术风格得到重视。
嘲弄式英雄史诗、骑士抒情诗、讽喻诗及讽刺短诗是当时流行的形式。
除了形式与措辞上的优雅,新古典主义诗歌还富有严肃及真诚的语调和不断的说教。
十八世纪中叶,还兴起一种崭新的文学形式一—英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
这个文学史上巨大的变化是工业革命及英国中产阶级不断发展的结果。
英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔·笛福,塞缪尔·理查森,亨利·费尔丁,劳伦斯·斯泰思,托比亚斯·斯摩莱特以及奥立佛·哥尔斯密。
.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔、鼓励及预示的转移。
其中哥特式小说一一主要讲述了恐怖神秘的故事,背景多为阴森的中世纪教堂一一受到许多男女作家的青睐,比如脍炙人口的有霍拉斯·沃尔浦尔的《奥特朗托堡》〈1765)、安妮拉德克利夫人的《尤道夫之谜》、《意大利人》、克拉拉·里弗的《美德冠军,一个歌特式的故事》(1777)、以及M·G·刘易斯的《僧
侣》。
同时流行的还有詹姆斯·汤姆森,威廉·考林斯和威廉·柯柏等自然诗人以及感伤诗
人或曰"墓地诗人"们创作的颂扬或哀悼的抒情诗。
此外还有苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯与威康·布莱克创作的浪漫主义诗歌,这些作品为十九世纪初浪漫主义文学的兴盛开辟了道路。
在戏剧界,最有名的要数理查·谢立丹。
而那些充满智慧与讽刺的散文中,乔纳森·斯
威夫特的作品则最值得一读。
他的《一个温和的建议》被公认为英国文学史上的经典。
17世纪资产阶级革命时期的内容简介
17世纪的重大历史事件是英国革命，这个时期的作家或多或少地与革命相连。
大诗人弥尔顿和寓言作家班扬自始至终支持革命，保皇派诗人则坚定地支持英国王室。
玄学派诗人倾向于置身事外，其代表人物多恩的诗歌以晦涩著称，深的20世纪大诗人艾略特的赏识，所以能在20世纪死而复生。
18世纪英国启蒙运动时期
18世纪以理性和大众教育为关键词的启蒙运动发展。
启蒙运动在文学上表现为新古典主义，其代表人物为诗人浦珀和词典编纂家约翰逊。
18世纪英国文学的盛事是小说的兴起，以笛福，菲尔丁，斯威夫特为代表的现实主义小说独领风骚。
此外，理查德森的书信体小说也赢的了广泛的赞誉。
伤感主义代表作家斯特恩的作品系意识流小说的先驱，晦涩难懂，令人望而却步，但由于其对现代派作品的影响巨大，所以在文学史上也有重大意义。
除了感伤主义小说之外，感伤主义诗歌也留下《墓园挽歌》等千古传颂的佳作。
18世纪末，浪漫主义诗歌兴起，其代表人物为布莱克和彭斯。
18世纪的戏剧门庭冷落，谢里丹成为该时期唯一的重要剧作家。
这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
约翰•班扬乔纳森•斯威夫特。
自考英美文学选读 教材翻译
自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分：英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。
岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。
古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。
盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。
正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。
英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。
这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。
这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。
他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。
总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。
宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。
比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。
在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。
除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。
这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。
其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。
诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。
《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。
尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。
02英美文学-新古典主义时期
《时尚婚姻》《现代婚姻》
Comments
1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. 2. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. John Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century.
John Dryden (1631—1700)
约翰· 德莱顿
John Dryden
1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗 人).
John Dryden’s Works:
3. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece: “All for Love” “一切为了爱情” 4. critical works: “Essay of Dramatic Poesy” “论戏剧诗”
自考《英美文学选读》（英）浪漫主义时期（2）
⼆该时期的重要作家 I. William Blake 1.⼀般识记： His life English poet， artist， & philosopher， born in London England， Nov 28， 1757， and died in London， Aug12，1827. Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for his engravings， which are among the masterpieces of graphic art. 2. 识记 His political， religious & literary views Blake never tried to fit into the world； he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine& William Godwin. Like Shelley， Blake strongly criticized the capitalists'' cruel exploitation， saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed， killed children & forced prostitution." Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution， & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet， showing contempt for the rule of reason， opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century & treasuring the individual''s imagination. 3. 领会 His poems （1） Early works The Songs of Innocence （1809） is a lovely volume of poems， presenting a happy & innocent world， though not without its evils & sufferings. For instance， " Holy Thursday" with its vision of charity children lit " with a radiance all their own" reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in " The Chimney Sweeper，" orphaned， exploited， yet touched by visionary rapture， evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. His Songs of Experience （1794） paints a different world， a world of misery，poverty， disease， war & repression with a melancholy tone. The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The orphans of " Holy Thursday" are now "fed with cold & usurious hand." The little chimneysweeper sings "notes of woe" while his parents go to church & praise "God & his Priest & King"——the very instruments of their repression. In "London"， the city is no longer a paradise， but becomes the seat of poverty & despair，of man alienated from his true self. Blake''s Marriageof Heaven & Hell （1790） marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem， Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Attraction & repulsion， reason & energy， love & hate，are necessary to human existence. Life is a continual conflict of give & take， a pairing of opposites， of good & evil， of innocence & experience， of body & soul. "Without contraries，" Blake states， "there is no progression." The "marriage，" to Blake， means the reconciliation of the contraries， not the subordination of the one to the other. （2） Later works In his later period， Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books， which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. The major ones are： The Book ofUrizen（1794），The Book of Los（1795）。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英国文学2
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden， Alexander Pope， Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele， the two pioneers of familiar essays， Jonathan Swift， Daniel Defoe， Richard Brinsley Sheridan， Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order， logic， restrained emotion and accuracy， and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
英美文学选读英国部分第二章新古典主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期（The Neoclassical Period）一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。
2、文化背景（Cultural background）（1）随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
（2）这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
（3）启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”（4）启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the neo-classic literature）（1）新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。
（2）新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
（3）这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
（4）各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
（5）包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要
1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(1)
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（1）Chapter II The Neoclassical Period一。
新古典主义时期概述1. 识记：(1)新古典主义时期的界定(2)政治经济背景(3)启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点(2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释1. 识记Definitions of literary terms1) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality，equality & science. They called for a reference to order，reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden，Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn the field of literature，the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer，Virgil，& so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion & accuracy，& that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion，unity，harmony & grace in literary expressions，in an effort to delight，instruct & correct human beings，primarily as social animals. Thus，a polite，urbane，witty，& intellectual art developed.3) The heroic coupletIt means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry，which rhyme & are written with five beats each……4) the Realistic NovelThe mid-century was，however，predominated by a newly rising literary form，the modern English novel，which，contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats，gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class，Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson，Henry Fielding，Laurence Sterne，Tobias Creorge Smollott，& Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer，Virgil，Horace，Ovid，etc，)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature，prose should be precise，direct，smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical，epical，didactic，satiric or dramatic，& each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time，space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. [Nextpage]二。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(3)-2
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（3）-2Samuel Johnson，commonly called Dr. Johnson，was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet，dramatist，prose romancer，biographer，essayist，critic，lexicographer & publicist.2. 识记：His major worksHis major works include poems：“London”(1738)，& “The vanity of Human Wishes”(1749); a romance：The History of Rasselas，Prince of Abyssinia (1759); a tragedy：Irene (1749); several hundred essays which appeared in the two periodicals under his editorship-The Rambler & The Idler; & literary criticism as found in the preface to his edition of Shakespeare & in his comments on 52 poet in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)。
As a lexicographer，Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)，a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly & finished in over seven years.3. 领会：His neoclassical literary outlook &styleSamuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & hoped to care then of it through his writings. In literary creation & criticism，be was rather conservative，openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature &his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth & experience，i.e. Nature; he must please，but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope，he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.Samuel Johnson’s language is characteristically general，often Latinate & polysyllabic. His sentences are long & well structured with parallel words & phrases. However，no matter how complex his sentences are，his idea is always clearly expressed; & though he tends to use “learned words，” they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.4. 领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English LanguageIn 1746，a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755，A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole，the work showed great scholarship，although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnson’s prejudices.5. 应用：Selected ReadingTo the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfieldThe letter is written in a refined & very polite language，with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection，reasoning & questioning express，to the best satiric effect，the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical l ord. It expresses explicitly the author’s assertion of his independence，signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan1. 一般识记：His dramatic careerRichard B. Sheridan，British dramatist & statesman，born in Dublin，Ireland，Oct. 30，1751，and died in London，England，July 7，1816.Sheridan is ranked among the important comic playwrights of the English drama. His masterpiece. The School for Scandal (1777) is considered one of the finest English comedies of manners. A satire on gossip，hypocrisy，& the corrupting influence of fashionable city life，it is also admired for its ingenious plot construction & witty dissection of character. Sheridan’s other outstanding comedy. The Rivals (1775)，is famous for the character Mrs. Malaprop，whose misuse of words has made her one of the great comic creation of the English theater. Both plays，in their attack on false sentimentalism & moralizing，represent a rebirth of the type of polished，sophisticated comedy written during the Restoration(1660-1700)2.识记The theme of his playsMorality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan’s plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.3.领会：His writing techniquesSheridan’s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized，his characters，either major or miner. Are all sharply drawn，& his manipulation of such devices as disguise，mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。
《英美文学选读》辅导(4) 第二章 新古典主义时期1(BunyanPopeDefoe and S
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