英美概况---新西兰政体
实行英国式的议会民主制。英国女王是新西兰的国家元首，女王任命的总督作为其代表行使管理权。
【宪法】无成文宪法。其宪法是由英国议会和新西兰议会先后通过的一系列法律和修正案以及英国枢密院的某些决定所构成。
【议会】一院制，仅设众议院，成立于１８５４年。议员由普选产生，任期３年。
【政府】总督和部长组成的行政会议是法定最高行政机构。行政会议由总督主持，总督缺席时由总理或高级部长主持。总督行使权力必须以行政会议的建议为指导。内阁掌握实权。
【司法机构】设有最高法院、上诉法院、高等法院、若干地方法院和受理就业、家庭、青年事务、毛利人事务、环境等相关法律问题的专门法院。最高法院２００４年１月１日成立，取代英国枢密院成为终审法院，由首席大法官和四名法官组成。
【主要政党】有大小政党２０多个。主要有：
（1）国家党：执政党。１９３６年由统一党和改良党合并而成。曾多次执政。２００８年大选获胜。
（2）新西兰行动党：前身是工党政府部长罗杰·道格拉斯创立的消费者及纳税人协会，１９９４年１１月改为现名。
（3）毛利党：２００４年４月，因在毛利问题上与工党政府意见相左，协理毛利事务部长塔里安娜·图里娅辞职并组建毛利党。
（4）新西兰联合未来党：前身为团结党，１９９５年６月成立。２０００年１１月与未来党合并，改为现名。
（5）工党：主要反对党。１９１６年成立。曾多次执政。２００８大选失利。
（6）绿党：前身为价值党，１９７２年成立，１９９０年与绿色和平组织合并，改称现名。１９９１年加入联盟党。１９９９年脱离联盟党。
（7）进步党：２００２年４月，联盟党前领袖吉姆·安德顿率支持者脱离联盟党组建。
其他政党有：新西兰第一党、太平洋精神党、保守党、民主党、基督教遗产党等
新西兰再次被评为“世界最清廉国家”
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋.（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）
英国部分英美概况汇总题库
The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II
c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets
英语专业英美文化概况之新西兰NEW ZEALAND
U1 Land, People and History Ⅰ. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question: 1.Which of the following mountains is the highest in New Zealand? A Alps B Ruapehu C Southern Alps D Mt. Cook 2.In size, New Zealand is similar to ____ A Japan B British Isles C Japan plus the British Isles D A & B 3.The longest river of the country is ____ A Waikato river B Clutha river C Rakaia river D Wanganui river 4.The largest city in New Zealand is ____ A Wellington B Auckland C Christchurch D Dunedin 5.New Zealand’s nearest large neighbor is ____ A Tonga B Fiji C Australia D Argentina 6.In April 2006, New Zealand became the first country to declare ____ as an official language. A English B Maori C sign language D Polynesian language 7.Which one of the following is the most common religion? A Christianity B Roman Catholic C Methodist D Anglican 8. Which country is the first one in the world to give women the right to vote? A America B Sweden C Australia D New Zealand Ⅱ.Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F): 1. Maori people today resist adopting western life. ( ) 2. The North Island has been formed mostly by active volcanoes. ( ) 3. There are no nuclear power plants or weapons in New Zealand. ( ) 4. Because of the gold boom, people in the North Island have been more than in the South since 1896. ( ) 5. Wellington is the world’s largest Polynesian city. ( ) Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks: 1. New Zealand is in the _________________________________ 2. The two main land masses in the country are _________________ and ___________________ 3. The first piece of environmental legislation ---_________________came into effect in 1991, in which ________________________ is reflected. 4. New Zealand was settled over 1000 years ago by _________ from __________________ . 5. In 1840, Maori chiefs signed the ______________________ to keep their ownership of the natural, and in return, to give up the right to govern to the __________________ . 6. The national bird of NZ is _________________. 7. In 1769, ________________ visited New Zealand and claimed it for Britain, U2 Political System, Education and Economy Ⅰ. Choose the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question: 1.The two main parties in the House of Representatives are______ A the Progressive Party and the Labor Party B the Labor Party and the National Party C the Green Party and the NZ First Party D the United Future NZ Party and the National Party 2.The Head of State of New Zealand is______
《英美概况》教学大纲
《英美概况》教学大纲 课程编号：12307058 课程名称：英美概况 学时分配：36学时，2-19 学分：2分 考核方式：考查，闭卷 课程类别：专业限选课 面向对象：外事二年级学生 一、课程的任务和目的： 《英美概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化入门的一门课程。开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。 培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。把学生培养成为高素质的人才，同时又能爱祖国、热爱社会主义，致力为祖国的繁荣、发达而努力的人才，培养学生树立正确世界观。 同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高的有益补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者成功地参与国际商务活动，更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。
二、课程的基本要求： 要求熟悉英语国家的地理、历史、发展现状、文化传统、风俗习惯，具有较强的跨文化交际意识。 三、课程的主要内容： 主要包括英美两国的地理、历史、政体制度、教育、新闻媒体、风俗习惯等内容，目的在于开阔学生的视野，扩大他们的知识面，并注意借鉴最新研究成果，合理吸收最新知识，进一步增强其实用性。 四、课程教学内容与要求 第一章：美国简况（国家的组成、国土等）（2学时） 教学要求：通过教学使学生掌握美国地理简况：国家的基本组成，国土等。以及美国国家形成的基本历史发展过程。 教学重点：美国国家形成过程中产生的几个重要的历史事件。 教学难点：分析并了解American Revolution产生的原因。
隋铭才《英语国家概况》(章节题库 第3章 新西兰)【圣才出品】
第3章新西兰 I.Multiple Choices. 1.The first European to visit New Zealand was______. A.Kupe B.Abel Tasman C.William Hobson D.James Cook 【答案】B 【解析】第一批已知的抵达新西兰的欧洲人是由荷兰航海家人亚伯·塔斯曼（Abel Tasman）带领的船队，在1642年航抵南北岛的西岸，但在企图登陆时遭到毛利人的攻击而迅速离去，但他以荷兰一个地区的名字命名这块土地为（New Zealand），他绘制了部分西海岸地区的地图，但并未在此登陆。 2.New Zealanders have adopted their names from the kiwi,______. A.which is a native flightless bird B.which was the only mammal in New Zealand C.which was introduced to New Zealand about1000years ago D.which is an introduced flightless bird 【答案】A 【解析】Kiwi是一种体型较大而无飞行能力的鸟类，在英语口语中用来指新西兰人。
3.Who was the first European navigator who arrived in New Zealand in1642? A.Abel Tasman B.James Cook C.a sealer D.a Christian missionary 【答案】A 【解析】荷兰人阿贝尔·塔斯曼成为第一个来到新西兰的欧洲航海家。 4.New Zealanders celebrate their national day on______. A.Jan1st B.Feb6th C.June1st D.June23rd 【答案】B 【解析】1840年2月6日，英国皇室代表Hobson与新西兰毛利人酋长签订the Treaty of Waitangi（《怀唐伊条约》），建立新西兰，新西兰人将签订条约的这一天（2月6日）定为国庆日以示纪念。 5.What is the other official language besides English in New Zealand? A.Maori. B.Indonesian. C.French.
新西兰国家概况
P1 新西兰国家概况 美丽的新西兰位于大洋洲的西南方，紧邻澳大利亚，始建于公元1000年由波利维亚人发现，后经欧洲移民后裔开发和建设。有"白云之乡" （The land of the long white cloud）美誉的岛国新西兰，像一叶扁舟漂浮在西南太平洋上。新西兰西隔塔斯曼海与澳大利亚相望，西距澳大利亚1600公里，北邻汤加、斐济，扼南太平洋的海、空交通要冲。近一千年来，在这片有着广袤田野的土地上，古毛利人留下了丰富的传统文化，欧洲的探险家们又带去了先进的科学、宗教等欧洲文化，创造了今天繁荣富强的新西兰。新西兰的美丽在于她的四季如春。她地处南半球，无论是茂盛的雨林、清澈的湖泊，还是绿草茵的山坡、水清沙白的海滩，无不把宽广的自然空间和优雅的现代化环境结合得恰到好处。 首都：惠灵顿 所属洲：大洋洲 政治体制：议会制君主立宪制 国土面积：26,8021平方公里 人口数量：439万(2010年) 主要宗教：英国国教、天主教 主要民族：白人、毛利人 自然气候：新西兰北部属亚热带气候，南部是温带气候。最热的月份是十二月、一月和二月，最冷的是六月、七月和八月。新西兰的春季为9-11月，夏季为12-2月，秋季为3-5月，冬季为6-8月。新西兰多数地区冬夏温差不大，为10℃左右。最炎热的月份是1月和2月，气温为20℃-30℃；7月和8月最冷，气温为11℃-16℃。春季和秋季气候温暖，是最佳旅行季节。旅游高峰期是12月20至次年1月中旬，最好提前预订房间，也可以避开这一时间。 主要城市： 1.风帆之都——奥克兰，位于北岛，是世界最佳居住城市第五名（2007年），素有“风帆之都”的美誉，新西兰人口最多的居民点。奥克兰有无穷的自然魅力，置身于此，我们更能感受到奥克兰自然与现代完美相融的美丽与繁华。在怀特玛塔港中部，回首可望到奥克兰的城市天际。还可看到奥克兰的商务区和港口，以及从地平面拔起、高耸入云的南半球最高建筑——天空塔。 2.水港之城——惠灵顿，新西兰首都、港口和主要商业中心，全国政治中心，新西兰全国第二大城市，与悉尼和墨尔本同为大洋洲的文化中心，是大洋州国家中人口最多的首都。它位于北岛最南端，扼库克海峡，适居一国中心。轮廊犹如古罗马圆形剧场。附近群山连绵，满
新西兰文化与社会概况选择题
1.New Zealand is situated about 1,500km_______. A. north-west of Australia B. south-east of Australia C. north-east of Australia D. south-west of Australia 2.Because the country is very narrow, no place in New Zealand is more than_______ from the sea. A. 100km B. 110km C. 120km D. 150km 3. New Zealand is the first country in the world to get the new day because_______. A. it is just east of the International Date Line B. it is just west of the International Date Line C. it is located halfway between the equator and the South Pole D. it is located in the Southern Pacific Ocean 4. A fault line runs the length of New Zealand, which means that_______. A. it often has storms B. it often has volcanoes C. it often has earthquakes D. it often has droughts 5. The Southern Alps, with Mt Cook in the centre, runs almost the whole length of_______. A. New Zealand B. North Island C. South Island D. Stewart Island 6. The longest river in New Zealand is_______ . A. the Clutha River B. the Wanganui C. the Rangitata D. the Waikato 7. The following are the volcanic mountains in North Island except . A. Ruapehu B. Mt Cook C. Ngaurohoe D. Tongariro 8. The most serious potential natural rs in New Zealand are_______. A. storms and earthquakes B. volcanoes and floods C. earthquakes and volcanoes D. floods and storms 9. Except in the west of the Southern Alps, the climate in New Zealand is generally_______. A. cold B. hot C. neither very hot nor very cold D. dry 10. _______ is the flightless bird which has become a symbol of New Zealand. A. Emu B. Kiwi C. Weka D. Pukeko 11. The first European to visit New Zealand was_______.
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置 I. Location and size 1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。 2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 II.Topography 1. Mountains (1)The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考―一句话简答题‖的可能）
英美概况---澳大利亚政体
英国女王是澳大利亚的国家元首，由女王任命的总督为法定的最高行政长官。总督由总理提名，由女王任命。 澳大利亚总督代表英国女王行使在澳大利亚联邦内的职权。总督有权任免官员、统辖军队、召开和解散议会以及审批议会议案等，但在行使这些权力时须征得联邦总理同意。在联邦行政会议的咨询下执掌联邦政府的行政权，为法定的最高行政长官。 【议会】联邦议会是澳的最高立法机构，成立于１９０１年，由女王（澳总督为其代表）、众议院和参议院组成。１９９２年１２月１７日，澳大利亚联邦政府内阁会议决定，澳大利亚的新公民不再向英国女王及其继承人宣誓效忠。 议会实行普选。众院有１５０名议员，按人口比例选举产生，任期３年。参院有７６名议员，６个州每州１２名，２个地区各２名。各州参议员任期６年，每３年改选一半，各地区参议员任期３年。２００７年１１月２４日，澳举行联邦大选，产生新一届众议院，工党占８３席、自由党５５席、国家党１０席、独立人士２席。 【政府】联邦政府由众议院多数党或政党联盟组成，该党领袖任总理，各部部长由总理任命。政府一般任期３年。２００７年１１月，工党在联邦大选中击败自由党－国家党联盟，新一届工党政府于１２月３日正式就职，工党领袖陆克文出任总理。 【司法机构】最高司法机构是联邦高等法院。它对其他各级法院具有上诉管辖权，并对涉及宪法解释的案件做出决定，由１名首席大法官和６名大法官组成。各州设最高法院、区法院和地方法院。首都地区和北领地区只设最高法院和地方法院。
【政党】澳有大小政党几十个，主要政党有： （1）澳大利亚工党（Australian Labour Party）：成立于１８９１年，为澳最大政党，同工会关系密切，工会会员多为其集体党员。自１９４０年以来曾１１次执政。２００７年１１月２４日，陆克文领导的反对党工党在澳联邦大选中以较大优势击败自由党－国家党执政联盟，时隔１１年后重新执政。 （2）自由党（Liberal Party）：１９４４年成立，前身是１９３１年成立的澳大利亚联合党。主要代表工商业主利益，曾多次执政。２００７年１１月２４日，霍华德领导的自由党在澳联邦大选中失利，结束了其与国家党连续１１年的联合执政。 （3）国家党（National Party）：成立于１９１８年，原称乡村党，后称国家乡村党，１９８２年改用现名。其势力范围主要在农村地区，代表农场主利益，１９９６年至２００７年与自由党联合执政。其他小党有澳大利亚民主党、绿党和澳大利亚共产党等。
英语国家概况
《英语国家概况》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程编码：B170832223 课程类别：专业基础课 课程名称：英语国家概况 课程性质：必修 适用专业：翻译 开课学期：第三学期 总学分：2 总学时：32 先行课程：英语语法、英语口语、英语听力、英汉翻译 课程简介：本课程属于翻译专业教学课程体系中的专业基础课。该课程旨培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 推荐教材：王恩铭. 英语国家概况[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2013 参考书目： [1] 来安方. 英美概况[M]. 河南: 河南人民出版社, 2007 [2] 余志远. 英语国家概况主编[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000 [3] 朱永涛. 英国社会与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003 二、课程总目标 以《英语国家概况》（王恩铭著）为蓝本。本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。 三、教学指南 课程重点：本课程教学的重点使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的 其他情况。 课程难点：在使学生了解英语国家主要的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况同时，还要培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立 工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。 教学方法和手段：讲授+讨论+练习
英语国家概况美国部分精讲3
Chapter 20 Education 教育 [被屏蔽广告] 1．It is a general view that every American has the right and obligatio n to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires th e knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and im prove his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national stre ngth。在美国，人们普遍认识是，每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助于塑造社会，增强国家实力。（2000，46题，一句话回答） 2．Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,secondary and higher educat ion, Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compul sory.美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育属公立教育，是免费和义务的。 3．In American ,there are more public elementary and secondary schools that privat e ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones.在美国，公立中小学比私立多，而私立大学比公立大学多。 4．Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution, education was included am ong the responsibilities which were “reserved to the states or the people:.根据美国宪法第十修正案，教育是：保留给各州或人民：的责任之一。 5．There is not a national system of education in the United States, It is the state t hat establishes policies for the education within its boundary, so many variations can be f ound in the education system of the 50 states.美国没有全国统一的教育体制，而是由各州为自己辖区内的学校制订政策，所以50个州的教育体制相差很大。 6．Elementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 throu gh 18, All the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally until the a
英美国家概况(下)学期复习2
选择题 1、The modern American economy progressed from colonial economy to farming economy，and eventually ，to industrial economy。 现代美国经济进展从殖民地经济到农场经济，终于，工业经济 2、Chartered companies were NOT granted the diplomatic authority by the British King or Queen。特许公司不是发放外交权力被英国王或女王。 3、President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society”by introducing various programs like the following except Unemployment Pension。 约翰逊总统希图建造一个“大社会”由介绍各个的方案喜欢下面除失业养老金。 4、The following statements are all true except Agribusinesses maintain a balanced pattern between agricultural imports and exports. 下面声明是所有真只是农业综合企业保持一个平衡模式在农业之间进口和出口。 5，American Motors is not one of the three giants in the American automobile industry。美国汽车不是之一三个巨人在美国汽车业 6，At present，U.S. exports account for 10% of the world’s total. 目前，u。s。出口说明10原因%的世界的总。 7,higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard university。更高现行美国教育体制首先哈佛大学的创建
英美概况(英国篇5大英帝国的兴衰_)
英美概况（英国篇5:大英帝国的兴衰 ) I. Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的"开放田地"制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存： （1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位； （2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富； （3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
新西兰概况外贸必读
新西兰简介 国家概况 新西兰位于太平洋西南部，面积27万平方千米。人口401万，欧洲移民的后裔占79．6％，其他主要为毛利人、华人等。居民多信奉基督教新教和天主教。通用英语，毛利人讲英语和毛利语。货币为新西兰元。首都惠灵顿(Wellington)。 新西兰国旗 新西兰国旗为深蓝色。左上方为英国旗图案．表明新同英国的传统关系。右边有四颗镶白边的红色五角星表示南十字星座，也象征独立和希望。 历史沿革 1350年、毛利人就在新西兰定居。1 642年荷兰航海者在新登陆。1 769—1 777年，英国库克船长先后5次到新。此后，英迫使毛利人族长签订《威坦哲条约》，规定新为英殖民地。1 907年英同意新独立，新西兰成为英帝国的自治领，政治、经济、外交仍受英控制。1947年新获得完全自主，成为主权国家，为英联邦成员。 怀托莫溶洞 在奥克兰地区，由怀托莫萤火虫洞、鲁阿库尔洞、阿拉纽伊洞等三个各具特色的溶洞组成。怀托莫萤火虫洞内常年恒温11℃。洞口有一巨大天然石柱，洞内有地下河与洞外相通。在萤火虫洞的穹顶和洞壁上有无数的新西兰萤火虫，成千上万绿点倒映在流水中，实为一大奇观。 罗托鲁阿一陶波地热区 南起北岛中部鲁阿佩胡火山，向东北经陶波区直抵东海岸，长240千米，宽约48千米，有喷出地面达数十米的过热蒸汽，水温达120℃的高热温泉，以及富有医疗价值的热矿泉等，是世界三大地热区之一。这里地处太平洋西侧的地震火山带南端，地层活动十分剧烈。厚达数百米至上千米的炽热岩石和岩浆埋藏地下，形成丰富的地热资源。处于高温、高压的地下水通过裂缝上升到地面，形成各种温泉、沸泉，被称为“太平洋温泉奇境”。 经济文化民俗 新西兰是经济发达国家，经济以农牧业为主，国内天然草场和人工草场广布，农牧产品出口占出口总量的60%以上。羊奶和奶制品出口量居世界第一位，羊毛出口量居世界第二位，牛肉出口量居世界第三，有“畜牧王国”之称。畜牧业已实现集约化生产，机械化程度很高，从草场播种、收割，到牲畜剪毛、挤奶和屠宰已全部实现了机械化。在新西兰的种植业中，水果和蔬菜所占的比重很大，并大量出口到世界其他地区。“几维果”是新西兰最著名的水果，其出口量居世界第一位。工业以农牧产品知工力主，食品加工规模很大，盛产优质羊肉、牛肉、黄油和奶粉。林产品加工工业以纸浆生产为主，是世界重要的纸浆出口国。
英美概况英国的扩张(英文版)
Small Island，Big world As it is a fact that England has been a big country in the world for a long period,not only on the land ,but also on the sea.The British Empire was the largest country at that time,which occupied about 33 million square kilometers,taken up one fifth of the world’s total dry land and about 135 tomes as large as Great Britain.It ruled over a population of 560 million,which was more than ten times as large as that of Britain.It was called an empire “on which the sun never set”.Because on almost all the continents of the world Britain had its colonies that kept the sun can be seen on the sky all the time. Britain’s Overseas Expansion British overseas expansion was clearly part of an older tradition of European empire building.They traced this back to classical Greece and Rome,Spanish and Portuguese expansion following Columbus’ voyage to the new world. Britain’s overseas expansion was begin with several battles against Spanish during Elizabeth ’era.Elizabeth avoided open hostility with Spain,but she secretly encouraged English seadogs to raid Spanish colonies and plunder the Spanish ships that were returning back home to Spain.At first,the Spanish king did not know that Britain was their most dangerous rival or Elizabeth’s intention until Spanish king Philip was at the helm of the state.So ,in 1588,the king dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels which named “the Invincible Fleet ”to England.The fleet sailed up the English Channel and a large naval battle out.The English battleships threw their enemies into panic with fire ships.The badly battered the Spanish’s fleet fled to northward in confusion.Caught in a storm ,many of the Spanish warships died and only half of them survived and went back to Spain,never dare to come to England again. The lost of the war made Spain lose its lead position on the sea,while ,on the other hand,Britian could take over Spanish power became the leader.The victory not only established the position of England as a major sea power but also paved the way for its foreign expansion as a colonizing nation.What’s more,British overseas expansion helped the state gather many property for this empire’s construction. British Foreign Expansion In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,Britain experience the Industrial Revolution.It is a big event for all the British.During the Industrial Revolution,a varity of chater companies were the tentacles and they spearheaded the foreign expansion and colonization.These companies,such as the East India Company,had the right to use the English Navy.Charter companies would first force a foreign country to open its market,then they would control the market and establish the British sphere of influence.If the British had occupied the land,the natives would have to leave their land or controlled by them.At the same,as a result of the Industrial Revolution,the empire was quite eager for raw material and expanding its foreign market.So the Britain began to expand its colonies all over the world. The expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland,soon,many continents had became British colonies. In Asia,the East India company was founded in 1600.At first,it traced with India through a few trading posts it had managed to secure on the coast and the southern tip of the peninsula.They also managed to edge out the French and Portuguese colonists who had also come for conquest.By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete.The British aggression caused anger