词义的选择、引申和褒贬

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词义的选择引申和褒贬

词义的选择引申和褒贬

2、将带有特征性形象的词译 成该形象所代表的属性的词。
整理ppt
1) Rich and powerful, he always goosesteps on the street.
整理ppt
1) Goosestep的原义是从名词 “鹅步、正步” 转化而来的动 词,根据上下文引申,译成: “他有钱有势,在街上总是耀 武扬威,横行霸道。”
整理ppt
2)He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.
整理ppt
2) See-saw原义是“跷跷 板”,这里引申译为:他的病 况危急,时好时坏,在生死之 间徘徊。
整理ppt
(二)具体化引申
整理ppt
语时一般作具体化引申。
整理ppt
2)He is a Shylock!
整理ppt
2) Shylock是莎士比亚笔下 的人物,其人刻薄歹毒,故该 句引申译为:他凶险狡诈。
整理ppt
Every life has its roses and thorns.
整理ppt
这里把玫瑰和刺引申,译为: “每个人的生活有苦有甜。”
整理ppt
整理ppt
2)他的学位成了他进入那家 公司获得高薪的敲门砖。
整理ppt
2. 英语中有些词在特定的上 下文中,含义是清楚的,但译 成汉语时还必须作具体化引申, 否则就不够清楚。
整理ppt
1) The car in front of me broke down and I missed the green.
整理ppt
She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher.

词义的选择、引申和褒贬

词义的选择、引申和褒贬

词义的选择、引申和褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。

在英汉翻译过程中,我们弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定剧中关键词的词义。

选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手:(一)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义给出下列练习1.It is not right for children to sit up late.2.The plane was right above our heads.3.In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.4.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.(二) 根据上下文联系以及词汇在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义给出下列练习Account for1.He is ill; that accounts for his absence.2.In this battle he accounted for the five of the enemy3.I want you to account for every cent you spent.Make up1.If the stove is not made up, it will go out.2.There is not any girl called Clementine. He is just made her up.3.Half the roads in the region are still to be made up.4.Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.5.It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”6.They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.7.We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.Figure1.The foreign trade ha risen to unprecedented figures2.Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.3.On the desk, there was a bronze figure of Plato.4.He saw dim figures moving towards him.5.June was good at figure skating.二、词义的引申英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬套或逐个死译,会是译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达意愿,甚至造成误解。

词义的确定、引申和褒贬

词义的确定、引申和褒贬

以challenge一词为例:
⑴ I challenge you to answer my question. 我要你回答我的问题。 ⑵ She challenged him for lying. 她指责他说谎。 ⑶ I now challenge Mr. Ford to deny that statement. 现在我要问福特先生敢不敢否认那篇讲话。 ⑷ I’ve constantly challenged my own conclusion. 我一直在重新考虑自己的结论。 ⑸ The United States Government does not challenge that position. 美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。
⑹His question challenged us to think. 他提出的问题促使我们去思考。 ⑺ The task challenged his organizing ability. 这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。 ⑻ The sentry challenged us. 哨兵问我们口令。 ⑼ Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion. 最近的发现使得他们原来的观念成了问题。 ⑽They challenge for the Davis Cup. 他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。 ⑾ It’s the challenge of our time. 这是我们时代的要求。 ⑿ Their success is a challenge to my effort. 他们的成就鞭策我做出努力。
词义的选择

英国语言学家Firth说: Each word when
used in a new context is a new word.

翻译入门三

翻译入门三


Edison invented the electric light lamp. 爱迪生发明了电灯。 He invented a story to explain why he was late. 他编造一个谎话,解释为什么迟到。 The beauty of the evening seduced me abroad. 傍晚的美景把我吸引到户外去。 The vile guy tried to seduce the young girl. 那无耻的家伙企图勾引那个女孩。


2. 根据语境及搭配关系判断词义
动词和名词搭配 形容词和名词搭配
形容词与介词搭配
动词与副词搭配
动词和名词搭配---develop
develop the heavy industry develop a method develop an interest develop a habit develop a plan develop one’s competence
我从不喝酒。 Wine
我不喝烈性酒。 spirits
汉译英时单词的选择
根据词的语体色彩来选词
日军的侵略的暴行激起人民极大的愤怒。
The atrocity of Japanese army’s aggression roused the people to great indignation.
Exercise(一)
He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, hearts, vows and librettos.
他在一个市区停了下来,那里的夜晚有最明亮的街道, 最愉快的心情,最轻易出口的誓言和最轻松的歌曲。

词义的选择、引申和褒贬1

词义的选择、引申和褒贬1

(二) 根据搭配
Don’t pick up strange boys. 别和不认识的男 before six? 你能不能在6点以前来接我? She picked up a used camera at the flea market. 她在跳蚤市场买了一架旧照相机。
(二) 根据搭配
我可不吃这一套。
I won’t take all this lying down. 他要请我们吃馆子。
He is going to invite us out to dinner. 这种纸不吃墨水。
This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink. 这件事你如果说出去,我叫你吃不了兜着走。
If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it. 只要技术好,到哪儿都吃得开。 A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere. 他在银行存款,吃利息。 He deposits money in the bank to get interests.
(四) 根据词性不同,词义不同
I want to present everyone present a present. 我想给在场的各位赠送一份礼物。 动词,赠送;形容词,在场的;名词,礼物 He was too close to the door to close it. 他离门太近以至于关不了门。 形容词,接近的;动词,关
It is wise to object to the unknown object. 拒绝不明物体是明智的。 动词,拒绝;名词,物体 Peter decided to desert his wife in the desert. 彼得决定把妻子抛弃在沙漠里。 动词,抛弃;名词。沙漠

词义的选择、引申、褒贬

词义的选择、引申、褒贬

词义引申(具体——抽象)
Grey hair should be respected(synecdoche) The pen is mightier than the sword. (metonymy) The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era---the Industrial Age. Money had become King. (metonymy) 机器的发明使世界进入到一个新纪元即工业时 代,金钱成了主宰一切的权威。 He is a rolling stone. I don’t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人,我想他不会有多大出息。
三、词义的褒贬
有些词义是中立的,本身不表示褒义或者贬义, 但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味. demanding He found that being a CEO was a demanding job. 他发现当首席执行官是个费力的工作。 As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employers. 他是个苛刻的老板,要求手下的人对他忠心耿 耿,鞠躬尽瘁。
小结(summary)
词义的选择: 根据词性来选择词义(word meaning) 根据上下文来选择词义(context) 根据搭配关系来选择词义(collocation)
二、词义的引申(extension)
引申的方法:抽象化引申 & 具体化引申 抽象化引申:具体——抽象 Do you think this dictionary of English is the supreme court in all matters concerning English words? 你认为这本英语词典是英语词汇的权威词典吗? See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内,消息时而部分有所好转,时而 又有点不妙,两种情况不断地交替出现,一直没有明朗 化。

week 7 第四章1词义的选择、引申和褒贬

week 7 第四章1词义的选择、引申和褒贬

轻音乐 轻微的损失 轻便的汽车 轻松的心情 轻快的脚步 轻浮的举止 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻柔的声音
Reasons for using diction: Polysemy and different collocation
eat soup heavy rain
strong wind
black tea
第四章
第一节 词义的选择、引申和褒贬
一、词义的选译 Diction
By ―diction‖ we mean the proper
choice of words and phrases in
translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
brown sugar
strong tea prime time
喝汤 大雨 大风 红茶 红糖 浓茶 黄金时间
选择词义的要领
1. 根据词性选择词义
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择词义 3. 根据搭配选择词义
1. 根据词性选择词义
Every penny I earned from the work was
词义的引申主要包括:
– 抽象化引申 – 具体化引申 – 典故的词义引申
2.1 抽象化引申
I was practically on my knees but he still
refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他依然拒绝。 The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion. 在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的, 但在人工流产问题上,她们是有激烈争 执的。

笔译(词语的选择、引申和褒贬)

笔译(词语的选择、引申和褒贬)

(二) 根据上下文联系以及句中的搭配关系 来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配(最不适合)干这工作。 最不配(最不适合) He should be the last to blame. 怎么也不应该去怪他。 He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. (prep.) 在射入窗户的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪 发亮。 Like knows like. (n.) 英雄识英雄。
练习
1. It is not right for children to sit up late. The plane was right above our heads. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.
4. No sooner was the avalanche of Christmas cards swept away the publishers began to fill the shops with their novel valentines. 5. The habit of sending gifts is dying out, which is disappointing for the manufacturers, who nevertheless still hopefully dish out presents for Valentine’s Day in an attempt to cash in.
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Sharp 本义: 尖的,锋利的 本义: 尖的,
A sharp pin 尖利的大头针 A sharp knife 锋利的刀子 A sharp needle 尖细的针 A sharp sword 锋利的剑 敏锐的目光 灵敏的听觉 机灵的孩子 清晰的形象 鲜明的对比 眼睛鼻子很突出的人 剧痛 急转弯 激烈的斗争 犀利的语言 易怒的脾气 尖锐的批评 刺骨的严寒 刺鼻的气味 刺耳的声音
(二) 根据搭配
请让一让。 请让一让。 Excuse me. / Please let me pass. 她让我在雨里等了两个钟头。 她让我在雨里等了两个钟头。 She kept me waiting in the rain as long as two hours. 大夫让我卧床。 大夫让我卧床。 The doctor advised me to stay in bed. 他把客人让进来。 他把客人让进来。 He invites the guest in. 他是你弟弟,你该让着他点儿。 他是你弟弟,你该让着他点儿。 He is your brother. You should humor him a little. (迁就,迎合 迁就, 迁就 迎合) 店主让我父亲一天干16个小时的活。 店主让我父亲一天干 个小时的活。 个小时的活 The shop-owner made my father work 16 hours a day.
(二) 根据搭配
我可不吃这一套。 我可不吃这一套。 I won’t take all this lying down. 他要请我们吃馆子。 他要请我们吃馆子。 He is going to invite us out to dinner. 这种纸不吃墨水。 这种纸不吃墨水。 This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink. 这件事你如果说出去,我叫你吃不了兜着走。 这件事你如果说出去,我叫你吃不了兜着走。 If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it. 只要技术好,到哪儿都吃得开。 只要技术好,到哪儿都吃得开。 A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere. 他在银行存款,吃利息。 他在银行存款,吃利息。 He deposits money in the bank to get interests.
根据词性不同, (四) 根据词性不同,词义不同
How can’t you intimate this to your most intimate partner? 你怎能不把这件事暗示你最亲密的伙伴呢? 动词,暗示;形容词, 你怎能不把这件事暗示你最亲密的伙伴呢? 动词,暗示;形容词,亲密的 The bandage was wound around the wound. 伤口周围裹上了绷带。 动词,缠绕;名词, 伤口周围裹上了绷带。 动词,缠绕;名词,伤口 After a number of injections my face got number. 打了几针后, 我的脸麻木了。 名词,许多;形容词, 打了几针后, 我的脸麻木了。 名词,许多;形容词,麻木的
根据词性不同, (四) 根据词性不同,词义不同
I want to present everyone present a present. 我想给在场的各位赠送一份礼物。 动词,赠送;形容词,在场的;名词, 我想给在场的各位赠送一份礼物。 动词,赠送;形容词,在场的;名词,礼物 He was too close to the door to close it. 他离门太近以至于关不了门。 形容词,接近的;动词, 他离门太近以至于关不了门。 形容词,接近的;动词,关 The insurance was invalid for the invalid. 该险种对残疾人无效。形容词,无效的;名词, 该险种对残疾人无效。形容词,无效的;名词,残疾人 The wind was too strong to wind the soil. 风太大,吹动了风帆。名词, 动词, 风太大,吹动了风帆。名词,风;动词,吹动 The dump was full to refuse more refuse. 垃圾堆已堆满,不能再堆了。动词,拒绝;名词, 垃圾堆已堆满,不能再堆了。动词,拒绝;名词,垃圾 It is wise to object to the unknown object. 拒绝不明物体是明智的。 动词,拒绝;名词, 拒绝不明物体是明智的。 动词,拒绝;名词,物体 Peter decided to desert his wife in the desert. 彼得决定把妻子抛弃在沙漠里。 动词,抛弃;名词。 彼得决定把妻子抛弃在沙漠里。 动词,抛弃;名词。沙漠
根据词性相同, (五) 根据词性相同,词义不同
It’s an important matter. 很紧要。 这事很紧要。 The article is full of matter. 丰富。 这篇文章内容丰富。 It is a matter of no laughing. 不是开玩笑。 这个问题不是开玩笑。 She has designs against their life. 害他们的性命。 她企图害他们的性命。 I think it necessary to carry on our design at once. 我认为有必要立即实行我们的计划。 The master made the grand design but left his apprentice to fill in the details. 但把细节留给弟子去完成。 这位大师拟订了这项宏伟设计,但把细节留给弟子去完成。 Two men formed a plot to rob the bank. 两个人制定了抢劫那家银行的秘密计划。
(三) 根据全文或句子的知识内容
There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. These are things that we know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. These are things we don’t know. 我们懂得我们知道一些人所知的情况, 我们懂得我们知道一些人所知的情况,我们也懂得我们还不知道 众所周知的不可预测的形势, 众所周知的不可预测的形势,但还存在我们没有意识到我们不懂的 尚未了解的未知局面。 尚未了解的未知局面。
词义的选择、 词义的选择、引申和褒贬
一 词义的选择
toilet
Toilet table 梳妆台 Toilet water 花露水 Toilet powder 爽身粉 An elaborate toilet 盛装
make
Make way 让路 Make progress 取得进步 Make bed 铺床 Make a dictionary 编字典
词义选择的考虑因素
(一) 根据名词的单复数 (二) 根据搭配 (三) 根据全文或句子的知识内容 根据词性不同, (四) 根据词性不同,词义不同 根据词性相同, (五) 根据词性相同,词义不同
(一) 根据名词的单复数
air 空气 airs 神气 time 时间 times 时代 good 好的 goods 货物 wood 木材 woods 森林 work 工作 works 著作 salt 食盐 salts 泻药 cuse 分钟 minutes 会议记录

吃喜酒 吃醋 吃香 吃透 吃不消 Attend the wedding banquet Be jealous Be very popular Have a thorough grasp more than one can stand
意见
征求意见 Ask one’s suggestion 取得一致意见 Reach an agreement 补充几点意见 Add some points to 对某人很有意见 Have complaints about/of
1. 敏锐,机警: Sharp eyes 敏锐,机警: Sharp ears A sharp child 2. 线条轮廓分明: Sharp image 线条轮廓分明:
In a sharp contrast A man of sharp features 3. 急,陡,剧烈: A sharp pain 剧烈: A sharp turn The sharp struggle 4. 尖刻,苛刻,易怒: A sharp tongue 尖刻,苛刻,易怒: A sharp temper A sharp criticism 5. 刺骨,刺鼻,刺耳: 刺骨,刺鼻,刺耳: A sharp frost A sharp smell A sharp voice
二 词义的引申
• 语言发展变化的标志之一是词义的引申。词形成时的基本 语言发展变化的标志之一是词义的引申。 意义叫本义,在使用过程中又出现许多新的意义叫引申义。 意义叫本义,在使用过程中又出现许多新的意义叫引申义。 • 引申词义是根据上下文的内在联系和逻辑关系,透过原文 引申词义是根据上下文的内在联系和逻辑关系, 的表层结构用恰当的汉语词汇和符合汉语习惯的表达法将 原文词语的深层意义表达出来, 原文词语的深层意义表达出来,因此词义的引申不能主观 随意,不能脱离原文词义的基本范围。 随意,不能脱离原文词义的基本范围。 • 引申词义可以从词义选择、词的搭配、词义具体化、词义 引申词义可以从词义选择、词的搭配、词义具体化、 抽象化四个方面来考虑。 抽象化四个方面来考虑。
(二) 根据搭配
Don’t pick up strange boys. 别和不认识的男孩子勾搭上。 别和不认识的男孩子勾搭上。 Could you pick me up sometime before six? 你能不能在6点以前来接我 点以前来接我? 你能不能在 点以前来接我? She picked up a used camera at the flea market. 她在跳蚤市场买了一架旧照相机。 她在跳蚤市场买了一架旧照相机。 His health picked up after a week in hospital. 他在医院住了一个星期,身体有所恢复。 他在医院住了一个星期,身体有所恢复。 How did you manage to pick up the language in such a short period of time? 你怎么能在这么短的时间里学会这种语言? 你怎么能在这么短的时间里学会这种语言? There are men in the factory picking up eighty pounds a week? 那个工厂的工人一周能挣80英镑 英镑? 那个工厂的工人一周能挣 英镑?
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