英语修辞学

英语修辞学(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech英语修辞的一般规律与特点General principles and features of English rhetoric▪1.关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。

而汉语是以意合为主的语言。

That is our policy and that is our declaration.▪这就是我们的国策。

这就是我们的宣言。

▪If winter comes,can spring be far behind?▪冬天来了，春天还会远吗？▪This is the reason why he is leaving so soon.▪这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。

▪ 2.英语名词用得多，汉语动词用得多。

因此，从总体修辞效果上看，英语呈静态，汉语呈动态。

▪I fell madly in love with her,and she–with me.▪我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。

▪A woman with fair opportunities,and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.▪一个女人只要不是驼背驼得厉害，机会好的话，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。

▪Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years,because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.▪激光可以应用于许多科学领域，又适合于各种实际用途，因此成了近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。

▪ 3.英语有“物称倾向”，即主语往往是表示无生命物体的名词或表示事物的名词词组。

汉语则有明显的“人称倾向”，即句子的主语往往是人或有生命的东西。

▪My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hand.▪观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时，我很同情这位久经沙场的老将。

▪Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.▪这位曾使全世界的人发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。

▪The sight of his native place called back his childhood.▪见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。

▪The old man’s death was calm and peaceful.▪（那位）老人死得很安详。

▪ 4.英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。

这更说明了英语的“物称倾向”。

▪An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post(January17,1962).▪《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个例子。

▪It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver.▪长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。

▪The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies.▪我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。

▪ 5.英语多用长句和复合句。

▪With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the point of view of Alexander Hamilton, sincerely believing in the superiority of government by a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens,and,on the other hand,the point of view of Thomas Jefferson,and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people,and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and free expression of opinion and,above all,the right of free universal suffrage.▪想必你们还记得，在我们获得政治自由之后，亚历山大·汉密尔顿和托马斯·杰弗逊两人在观点上发生了分歧。

汉密尔顿对于由一小群热心公益且往往有钱的公民掌管的政府的优越性坚信不疑。

杰弗逊则主张政府必须由全民选出的代表掌管。

他还主张公民普遍享有思想自由、居住自由、宗教自由和言论自由的权利，特别是享有普选权利。

▪ 6.英语大量使用抽象名词，这类名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隐”的魅力，因而便于用来表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。

▪The signs of the times point to the necessity of themodification of the system of administration.▪管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。

▪No year passes now without evidence of the truth ofthe statement that the work of government isbecoming increasingly difficult.▪行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。

What is Rhetoric?Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?▪To understand the author’s intention better.▪To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.▪To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.▪To learn how to achieve an effective communication.Division of Rhetoric▪Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞(Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞)--To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain;▪Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞(Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞)--To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.一、语义修辞1明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。

1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.认真观察以上各例，我们会发现它们的特点，由（as）... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手。

1. Simile(明喻)▪拉丁语similis (like)▪1.three parts :subject(主体)reference（喻体）indicator of resemblance（比喻词）▪My love is like a red red rose.▪2。

主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。

▪John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)▪五朔节欧洲传统民间节日。

用以祭祀树神、谷物神、庆祝农业收获及春天的来临。

历史悠久，最早起源于古代东方，后传至欧洲。

每年5月1日举行。

五朔节前夕，在英国、法国、瑞典的一些地区，人们通常会在家门前插上一根青树枝或栽一棵幼树，并用花冠、花束装饰起来。

少女们手持树枝花环，挨家挨户去唱五朔节赞歌，祝福主人。

在一些农村，每年5月1日凌晨，青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌，结伴去树林砍树枝，待太阳出来后返回，将树枝插在门窗上。

▪What is simile? E.g.▪The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.▪The structure:▪The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier ▪本体, 比喻词, 喻体The three uses of similes:▪Descriptive描述型明喻;▪Illuminative启示型明喻;▪Illustrative说明型明喻;▪;Descriptive 描述型▪Her lips were red, her locks were yellow as gold.▪Pop looked so unhappy, almost like a child who’s lost his piece of candy.▪The big black flies hit us like bombs.Illustrative说明型▪E.g. What is tennis?▪Tennis is like a pingpong game scaled up to a sizable court.▪Its function is to explain abstract or complicated ideas or things unfamiliar to you in simple, concrete ideas, or things familiar to you.Illuminative启发型▪E.g.▪What happened to a dream deferred (postponed)?Like a raisin (葡萄干) in the sun?Or fester (化脓) like a sore?Does it stink like a rotten meat?▪Its function is to give deeper insight into persons or pare the following sentences:▪Jim looks like his brother Billy.▪My car runs as fast as the train.▪A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face.▪Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.▪--(The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparison between two unlike things across domains (跨领域).Like and as型▪Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want go get out .▪婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。