Chap03 Differences in Culture
Unit-3-cultural-differences资料讲解
• 美国文化对人性的看法比较复杂，不单纯地认 为人生来善良或生性险恶，而认为人性可善可 恶，是善恶混合体。他们同时认为人性的善恶 有可能在出生以后发生变化。
对人性的看法
• 这一点表现在管理上，
• innate human nature • relation of man to Nature • the time sense of human life • mode of human activity • mode of human relationships
Human Basically Nature Evil
Mixture of Basically
Good
Good
and Evil
Relations hip of Human kind to Nature
Man subjuga ted by Nature
Man in Harmon y with Nature
Man the Master of Nature
Sense of Past Time
of nature
convenient
Life is outside
the individual’s control
Be humble
Everything has Problems can be
its own
solved once we
character
know the facts
Be balanced Be objective
Different family structures: Chinese, Latin Americans, Americans
Differences in Culture
DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE
Agenda
1. Objectives of Chapter 3 2. What is Culture?
3. Determinants of culture
4. Business implications of cultural difference
Question: What are the economic implications of Hinduism?
Buddhism
Buddhists, found mainly in Central and Southeast Asia,
China, Korea, and Japan, stress spiritual growth and the afterlife, rather than achievement while in this world Question: What are the economic implications of Buddhism?
concerned with the realm of the sacred Religions with the greatest following are Christianity (1.7 billion adherents) Islam (1 billion adherents) Hinduism (750 million adherents) Buddhism (350 million adherents) Confucianism also influences behavior and shapes culture in many parts of Asia
03-Differences in Culture
Differences in CultureWe have looked at the nature of social culture and studied some implications for business practice. The following points have been made:1.Culture is a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law,customs, and other capabilities acquired by people as members of society.2.Values and norms are the central components of a culture. Values are abstract idealsabout what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable. Norms are social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.3.Values and norms are influenced by political and economic philosophy, socialstructure, religion, language, and education.4.The social structure of a society refers to its basic social organization. T wo maindimensions along which social structures differ are the individual-group dimension and the stratification dimension.5.In som e societies, the individual is the basic building block of social organization.These societies emphasize individual achievements above all else. In other societies, the group is the basic building block of social organization. These societies emphasize group membership and group achievem ents above all else.6.All societies are stratified into different classes. Class-conscious societies arecharacterized by low social mobility and a high degree of stratification. Less class-conscious societies are characterized by high social mobility and a low degree of stratification.7.Religion may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that is concernedwith the realm of the sacred. Ethical systems refer to a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior. The world's major religions are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Although not a religion, Confucianism has an impact on behavior that is as profound as that of many religions. The value systems of different religious and ethical systems have different implications for business practice.nguage is one defining characteristic of a culture. It has both a spoken and anunspoken dimension. In countries with more than one spoken language, we tend to find more than one culture.9.Formal education is the medium through which individuals learn skills and aresocialized into the values and norms of a society. Education plays an important role in the determination of national competitive advantage.10.Geert Hofstede studied how culture relates to values in the workplace. Hofstedeisolated four dimensions that he claimed summarized different cultures: p ower distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity.11.Culture is not a constant; it evolves over time. Economic progress and globalizationseem to be two important engines of cultural change.12.One danger confronting a company that goes abroad for the first time is beingill-informed. To develop cross-cultural literacy, international businesses need to employ host-country nationals, build a cadre of cosmopolitan executives, and guard against the dangers of ethnocentric behavior.13.The value systems and norms of a country can affect the costs of doing business inthat country.14.Although many ethical principles are universal, some are culturally bounded. What isnot ethical in one country might be common in another. Despite this, the "when in Rome" approach to business ethics is dangerous. International businesses need to adhere to a consistent set of ethics derived from a high moral code.。
对文化不同的看法英语作文
对文化不同的看法英语作文Different Perspectives on Cultural Differences。
Cultural differences are a fascinating aspect of human society. They can be seen in a variety of ways, such as language, customs, traditions, and values. While some people view cultural differences as a source of division and conflict, others see them as an opportunity for growth, understanding, and appreciation.One perspective on cultural differences is that they can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts between people from different backgrounds. For example, miscommunication can occur when individuals have different ways of expressing themselves or interpreting gestures. This can lead to feelings of frustration and alienation, as people struggle to connect with one another.Furthermore, cultural differences can also lead to discrimination and prejudice. When individuals areunfamiliar with a particular culture, they may make assumptions or stereotypes based on limited information. This can result in unfair treatment and marginalization of certain groups, perpetuating a cycle of inequality and division.On the other hand, there are those who see cultural differences as a valuable and enriching part of human experience. They believe that diversity is a strength, not a weakness, and that it should be celebrated and embraced. By learning about different cultures, individuals can broaden their perspectives, challenge their assumptions, and develop empathy and understanding for others.Moreover, cultural differences can also lead to innovation and creativity. When people from different backgrounds come together, they bring unique perspectives and ideas that can spark new ways of thinking and problem-solving. This can lead to collaboration and cooperation, as individuals work together to find common ground and create something truly remarkable.In conclusion, cultural differences are a complex and multifaceted aspect of human society. While they can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts, they can also be a source of growth, understanding, and appreciation. By approaching cultural differences with an open mind and a willingness to learn, individuals can bridge divides, foster connections, and create a more inclusive and harmonious world.。
文化不同英语作文
文化不同英语作文In the vast tapestry of human experience, culture stands as a unique thread that weaves together the essence of a people's identity, history, and values. The English language, with its global reach, has become a bridge connecting people from diverse cultural backgrounds. However, when it comes to writing an essay on cultural differences, it is crucial to approach the subject with sensitivity and an open mind.Understanding Cultural DifferencesThe first step in writing an essay on cultural differences is to understand what culture is. Culture encompasses the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behaviors of a group of people. It is the lens through which individuals perceive the world and interact with others. When discussing cultural differences, it is important to recognize that no culture is superior or inferior to another; they are simply different.Identifying Key Cultural AspectsTo write an insightful essay, one must identify key cultural aspects such as language, religion, social norms, and values. For example, the way people greet each other can vary greatly from one culture to another. In some cultures, a handshake is the norm, while in others, a bow or a kiss on the cheek is customary.Language as a Cultural MarkerLanguage is a powerful cultural marker that reflects the history and identity of a people. The English language, with its diverse vocabulary and expressions, is a testament to its rich and varied cultural influences. When writing about cultural differences, it is insightful to explore how language can shape perceptions and understanding.Cultural Impact on CommunicationCommunication styles vary across cultures. Some cultures value direct communication, while others prefer a more indirect approach. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective communication and can prevent misunderstandings and conflicts.The Role of StereotypesStereotypes can significantly influence how we perceive cultural differences. It is important to challenge stereotypes and seek accurate information when writing about cultures. An essay should encourage readers to thinkcritically about their preconceived notions and to appreciate the diversity of human experiences.Celebrating DiversityAn essay on cultural differences should not only highlight the differences but also celebrate the diversity that enriches our global community. By recognizing and respectingcultural differences, we can foster greater understanding and cooperation among people from all walks of life.ConclusionIn conclusion, writing an essay on cultural differences requires a thoughtful and respectful approach. It is an opportunity to explore the richness of human culture and to promote a deeper understanding of the world we live in. By focusing on the unique aspects of different cultures and the ways they shape our interactions, we can contribute to a more harmonious and inclusive global society.。
我们应该怎样理解文化的不同英语作文
我们应该怎样理解文化的不同英语作文English:Understanding the differences in culture is essential in today's interconnected world. Culture encompasses a wide range of aspects including language, traditions, beliefs, values, and norms that are unique to a particular group of people. It is important to recognize and respect these differences in order to promote cross-cultural understanding and harmony. By learning about different cultures, we can gain a greater appreciation for the diversity that exists in the world and develop empathy towards those who may have different perspectives or ways of life. Embracing cultural diversity also allowsus to broaden our knowledge and perspective, as we can learn new ways of thinking, problem-solving, and living from others. Additionally, understanding cultural differences helps to prevent misunderstandings, conflicts, and stereotypes, fostering a more inclusive and accepting society.中文翻译:理解文化的不同在当今互联互通的世界中至关重要。
聊天常识英文作文带翻译
In a globalized world, it's important to be mindful of cultural differences when chatting in English. Certain topics or expressions that are acceptable in one culture may be considered inappropriate or offensive in another. It's crucial to educate yourself about the cultural norms of the person you are chatting with, especially if they are from a different background.
Case Study:
Imagine you are chatting with a colleague from anEnglish-speaking country for the first time. Instead of jumping straight into the conversation, you start with a polite greeting, "Good morning, Sarah. I hope you're doing well today." This sets a friendly tone for the rest of the conversation and shows that you are considerate of the other person's feelings.
中西方文化差异(英文版)课件
A
14
Something about western families
n Western families advocate equality in daily life. The husband and the wife usually have an equality voice in decision- making, and on certain matters, the children, too, have a vote.
you have？” n “How much do you make
？” n “Do you go to the church
？”
A
12
6.Invitation
n In the culture of British and America, it is very important to consult a time before you invite somebody to attend a banquet or take part in social activities. Esp. in America, invite somebody means you are borrow times of others. So they respect time very much. While in China, people are prefer to an uninvited guest.
A
9
4. Thanks and Responses
n In China,“Thank you” is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee.
中西方 文化差异比较
中西方交友模式及文化差异的比较1.友谊形成时间中国人对于交朋友较为谨慎，一般从相互认识开始要经历一定时期才可能会形成友谊，毕竟中国人认为“近朱者赤，近墨者黑”，要选择在品行等方面值得交往的朋友；而在西方，可能从认识开始就成为朋友。
Chinese people are cautious about making friends.In general,it needs a long time before the formation of friendship.Chinese people believe that“One takes the behavior of one's company”.In this way,Chinese people tend to choose those who have moral and great character to contact;Whereas,in America,they may become good friends at the first time.2.友谊持续时间/牢固程度中国人认为时间越久的友谊越珍贵，越值得珍惜，比如发小等，中国人倾向于形成长期稳固友谊；而在西方，他们的友谊形成迅速，同时也不追求长期友谊关系，很容易忘记一段友谊。
In China, friendship is very strong, stable, and even lifelong. Once friendship established, it will last for a long time, and not easily change. What’s more,Chinese people believe that friends should take care of and keep in touch with each other in daily life.The main reason is that,as a member of society, Chinese people rely on others to a great extent,especially friends. Of course, maintaining Friendship between Chinese people requires constant interaction, and time.In American, it is easy to make a friend, however, it is easy to forgets friend, too. When the shared activity ends, their friendships disappear. Studies show that one out of five American families move every year because they must change their jobs, whose result is that American friendship develops very quickly, even they are able to develop a friendship in a minute. If the environment has been changed, the friendship would be change quickly. But the friendship will not be destroyed by these changes, if they encountered many years later, they are also enthusiastic and happy.There is a casual remark: American friendship is Kleenex friendship, will be abandoned after being used. A friendship may be superficial, casual, situational, deep and enduring because of their frequent moves in American.It may seem that Americans seem friendly-they often chat with strangers and exchange information about their families, hobbies and work. And they may smile warmly, saying “Have a nice day” or “see you later”. But their friendliness is not always an offer of true friendship.3.交友范围中国人心目中的朋友是能够给予关心和照顾、帮助的人，在难过伤心时可以给予情感支持等；而在西方，他们交友更加广泛，且看重彼此之间是否有共同的价值观和理想信念等，一旦环境变化，友谊可能随之改变。
M6 Unit3 Cultural differences
M6 Unit3 Cultural differencesReadingTeaching AnalysisThis lesson is about the conversation in a chatting room and focused on the c ultural differences. Therefore, trying to make students highly motivated might b e the key step of this lesson. Besides, teachers are supposed to help students e stablish correct attitudes towards cultural differences.Teaching Aims1.Try to help students get acquaintance with cultural differences.2.Try to develop students’ ability of task based reading.3.Try to enable students to understand the use of examples in an article. Focal points1.Help students improve the cultural awareness.2.Students are to finish the related task based assignments so as to developtheir exact reading comprehension.Difficult points1.How to get students to participate the class activities actively.2.Try to help students present their ideas on the topic.3.How to write an article about cultural differences.Teaching Methods1.Fast reading to identify the related people and places.2.Paper work on the bone structure of the work and a brief summary of thetopic.3.Discussion for cultural differencesTeaching Aids1.The multimedia2.Tape recorder3.Video and audioTeaching featureEncourage to get students highly involved; praise to make students excited; hu mor to make students feel relaxedTeaching ProceduresStep1: Warming up1.Say Hello to the students.2.Discuss the different greeting ways in different countries. Get some student s to act out the greetings in different countries.Step2 Brain stormingAsk the Ss: As far as cultural difference is concerned, besides the differen ce in way of greeting, are there any other ways people are different?Get the students to discuss in pairs for one minute. And then collect the answers and list them on the blackboard in the form of the sun.Step3. SkimmingTell the students: Now that there are so many aspects of cultural differences, let’s get some more in formation about some of them. Open books and turn t o P34. Get the students to look through the text and fill in the following blan ks.How many people are involved in the discussion? Who are they? Where are t hey from?Tell the students when we talk about cultural differences, we often cite some examples to support our ideas.Ask the students to read through the passage and find out the examples used t o state the differences.(5min)Collect the answers and fill in the first chart.Step4. Reading for detailsAsk the Ss: Do you want to know more about their differences?Get the students to find out the specific information about the topics: Thank sgiving; presents, weddings etc.Thanksgiving:When?Why?How?Get the students to find out the answers according to the text and their own knowledge. If they don’t know the teacher can give a brief introduction and s how some pictures to help understanding.Receiving presents:Ask the students to tell how Chinese people receive presents and try to act out (In Chinese better)Read the text to find out how people in the west do when receiving present. After reading, get the students to act out.Conclusion: There is difference in receiving presents in China and in the western countries.Weddings:Get the students to read to get the information about wedding customs in th e countries in Italy, the UK and Brunei. Task: Fill in the chart,Step5: Filling the diagram(attached)Tell the students: Since we’ve talked so much about cultural differences, can you help Mali to finish this piece of homework?Get the students to read through the text carefully and finish the tree diagra m.Check the answers.Step6 DiscussionDo you think it necessary to learn about cultures while learning English? How can we understand different countries cultures better?Watching moviesReading books….Conclusion: When in Rome, do as the Romans do.Step7 homework1. Please search for more cultural differences.2. Try to work out the unfamiliar words in the text.3. Finish the exercises in workbook.一. 重点短语：1． accumulate information about cultural differences 积累有关文化区别的信息2． do a piece of homework on cultural differences 做一条有关文化区别的作业3． experience cultural differences 体验文化区别4． cultural differences in the traditions 在传统方面的文化区别5． in celebration of 庆祝6． have to do with 与…有关have something/nothing/little/much to do with与…有关/ 无关/有很少的关系/有很多的关系7． give a lecture 作演讲8． join the chat room 加入聊天室9． at the end-of-term ceremony 在期末典礼上10． participate in a wedding reception 参加婚礼接待会11． serve food 端菜12． get used to 习惯于13． adjust to sth./doing sth 适应…14． take off your shoes 脱掉鞋15． log off/ out 下线 log on / in 上线16． appropriate behaviour 合适的行为17． after all 毕竟, 终究, 到底18． serve several purposes 符合几个目的19． support arguments 支持论点20． as well as 以及, 与… 一样好21． cultural misunderstanding 文化误会22. have different traditions 有不同的传统23. in other words 换句话说24. set off firecrackers 燃放烟花爆竹25. be connected to 与…有关系/有联系be connected with 与…有联系/有亲戚关系26. huge collections of artwork 大量的艺术收藏品27. be clever at 在…方面聪明28. as strong as a horse = very strong29. as busy as a bee = very busy30. as poor as a church mouse = very poor31. as cool as a cucumber = very calm32. to sleep like a log = to sleep very deeply33. be different from 不同于…34. have an ambition to do sth. 有雄心做某事35. take up a lot of time 占据很多时间36. go through a. 仔细阅读 b.经历(时间或阶段) c. 穿越37. go on a boat 上船38. get held up 被阻止39. have its origins in 起源于, 源自40. the person concerned 有关的人41. in contact with 与…接触41. greet one another with a firm handshake 相互紧紧地握手打招呼43. stand close to them 靠近他们站着44. different ethnic groups 不同的种族45. research on 做有关…的研究46. for yourself 亲自47. live in small family groups 以小家庭单位居住48. join in with49. have an opportunity to do sth. 有机会做某事50. listen to traditional accounts of bravery 聆听传统的英勇故事51. believe in animal spirits 相信动物灵魂52. on Earth = on the earth 在地球上53. hunt for/ after 追猎；搜寻54. get to learn about sth. 逐渐了解到55. hunt animals 狩猎56. be home to …的家园57. be rich in 在…方面富裕58. meet with 遇到, 碰到59. go night fishing 夜间捕鱼60. belong to 属于61. be known as 作为…而闻名; 名叫62. smoke a peace pipe 抽和平烟斗63. roast sth. over an open fire 在篝火上烤。
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a) culture 文化 b) social strata 社会阶层 c) social structure 社会结构 d) caste system 等级结构
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-10
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-7
The Determinants Of Culture 文化的决定因素
The values and norms of a culture are the evolutionary product of a number of factors at work in a society including religion, political and economic philosophies, education, language, and social structure 文化的价值和规范是很多在社会中起效的因素包括宗教、 政治、经济、哲学、教育、语言和社会结构的进化产物
Individuals And Groups 个体和群体
A group is an association of two or more people who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other’s behavior 群体是两个以上的享有认同感并以预先准备的在对对方行 为的共同期望基础上的方式互动的人 Societies differ in terms of the degree to which the group is viewed as the primary means of social organization 群体被看做是基本的社会组织方式导致社会区分
Shandong Economic University
International Business
国际商务
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University
Shandong Economic University
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-8
Social Structure 社会结构
Social structure refers to a society’s basic social organization 社会结构Social structure 指的是社会基本的组织 Two dimensions to consider: 两个思考的维度: the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual, as opposed to the group 维度一：社会组织的基本单位是独立的，区别于群体 the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes 维度二：社会分为不同的阶层和等级
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-5
Classroom Performance System 课堂测验
Abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable are called 关于一群人认为是好的、正确的和可期望的抽象概念是?
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-12
Individuals And Groups 个体和群体
In many Asian societies, the group is the primary unit of social organization 在很多亚洲社会，群体是社会组织的基本单元 This may discourage job switching between firms, encourage lifetime employment systems, and lead to cooperation in solving business problems 这可能使在公司间跳槽受阻，鼓励终生雇佣的机制，形成 合作以解决商业问题 But, might also suppress individual creativity and initiative 但是，可能会压制个人的创造力和主观能动性
a) Norms 规范 b) Values 价值 c) Folkways 民俗 d) Mores 更多的人或物
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-6
Culture, Society, And The Nation-state 文化，社会和民族国家
Hale Waihona Puke Chapter 3第三章
Differences in Culture 文化差异
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University
Introduction 介绍
Successful international managers need cross-cultural literacy - an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced 成功地国际管理者需要跨文化读写能力——对国家间和国 家内文化差异怎样影响商业实践方法的理解 A relationship may exist between culture and the costs of doing business in a country or region 在一个国家或地区，文化和兴商业的成本的关系可能存在
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-3
What Is Culture? 什么是文化？
Culture is a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living Where 文化Culture 是由一组人共享的一起形成的考虑再哪儿居住的整套价值 和规范 -values are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable -价值values 是关于一群人认为是好的、正确的和可期望的抽象概念 -norms are the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations -规范norms 是规定特定环境下正确行为的社会工作和准则 Society refers to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms 社会Society 分享一套公共价值和规范的一群人
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-4
Values And Norms 价值和规范
Values provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified and form the bedrock of a culture 价值提供社会规范建立并证实的环境及形成文化的基石 Norms include folkways (the routine conventions of everyday life) and mores (norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life) 规范包括民俗（日常生活的常规的习俗）和更多的人或物 （规范被认为是社会运转和社会生活的中心）
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-11
Individuals And Groups 个体和群体
In many Western societies, there is a focus on the individual, and individual achievement is common 很多西方国家普遍关注个人及个人成就 This contributes to the dynamism of the US economy, and high level of entrepreneurship 这有助于美国的经济活力和高水平的企业家精神 But, leads to a lack of company loyalty and failure to gain company specific knowledge, competition between individuals in a company instead of than team building, and less ability to develop a strong network of contacts within a firm 但是，这也导致对企业忠实度的缺失并不能获得企业具体知识，个人 竞争而不是团队建设，建立公司内部的强大的联系网络的能力被削弱