海明威白象似的群山赏析
浅析白像似的群山
浅析白像似的群山作者：刘博京来源：《青年文学家》2011年第21期摘要：《白象似的群山》是当代美国小说家欧内斯特·海明威的经典短篇小说之一。
本文运用细节分析对《白象似的群山》中男女主人公对话的言外之意、象征手法进行剖析。
借助文中的隐喻来分析女主人公的心路历程。
并以此对小说中的7个相关问题进行浅析。
关键词：梦想；对话形式；暴力形式；象征；会话隐喻作者简介：刘博京(1987- )，男，东北师范大学文学院比较文学与世界文学硕士研究生。
[中图分类号]：I106[文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2011)-21-0035-01一、引言《白象似的群山》是当代美国小说家欧内斯特·海明威的经典短篇小说之一。
故事讲述的是一对青年男女在西班牙中部的一个无名小火车站酒吧里等待一列从巴塞罗那开往马德里的火车。
故事就发生在等火车的这四十分钟内。
该小说是海明威运用“冰山原则”的一个典范。
除了开头的一段环境描述及简单的人物介绍之外，其余几乎都是二人之间的对话。
二、作品为什么用对话写成对话，是指两个或更多的人用语言进行交谈。
整部作品几乎都是用对话写成的，那么我们不禁要问，作者这样写的用意何在？笔者做了这样一个工作，把作品中男孩子和女孩子的话分别抽取出来进行观察，从这段新组成的段落中，笔者看到的并不是对话，而更像是一个男孩子和女孩子的独白，那么我们试想，这一对恋人，一对关系如此密切的人都没有办法进行着正常的交流，那么其他的人与人之间要怎样的进行沟通呢？表面上看来，作者的目的在于表现这对恋人之间的矛盾，然而当我们联系此文写作的背景时，不难发现，作者所要表现的远远不止这些。
《白象似的群山》成文于第一次世界大战后，这时的美国社会正处于动荡不安的时期，这时候的青年们，向来被学者们称为迷惘的一代。
作者通过对于某一个小车站上，某一对不知名的恋人，一段简单的独白，却是向我们真实地再现了一战后，美国青年在社会上的生活状态，没有目标，没有目的，只是追求着一时的享乐。
《白象似的群山》之解析
白象似的群山写作手法分析
从《白象似的群山》中看海明威的写作风格摘要欧内斯特·海明威是现代文学巨匠，他以“精通现代叙事艺术”荣获1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
他的写作技巧不仅使他闻名于世，还是区分他与其他作家的一大特征，他对美国乃至世界文学都有深远的影响。
“白象似的群山”是海明威的一篇著名的短篇小说。
全文只有1469个字，讲述的是一对美国情侣在一个西班牙小站等火车的情景。
除了必不可少的背景描写之外，其余的都是这对情侣相互间的对话。
本文希望通过对小说写作手法的分析，使读者更加深刻的了解男女主人公之间的关系、冲突、心理活动及各自的人物特色。
同时更好的赏析这篇小说，并体会海明威独特的写作风格。
本文分为三个部分。
第一部分是引论对海明威及他的小说白象似的群山做了简短的介绍。
第二部分主要从语言、象征、冰山原则三个方面分析海明威的写作技巧。
首先，他的语言具有四个鲜明的特征：第一，他喜欢使用常见的单或双音节词。
第二他很少使用形容词和状语。
第三，在不同的情境下，他的句子的长短和节奏变换很巧妙。
他常用简单的连接词将单句改写成复句。
其次，他的文中总是充满了象征，这些象征的使得文章内容更加丰富。
在《白象似的群山》中它不仅预示着主人公的命运还使得人物形象更加生动，主题更加明确。
最后，介绍冰山原则的特点，及在《白象似的群山》中的应用。
在前面两部分的基础之上，第三部分对文章进行了总结，指出写作目的及研究意义。
关键词：写作手法，语言特色，象征，冰山原则AbstractErnest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 for “masters the modern narrative techniques”. His writing style not only makes him famous but also makes him different from many other greatest American writers. He has exerted a strong influence on the literature both of America and the world.“Hills Like White Elephants”is one of Hemingway’s excellent short stories, which provides us with a piece of wonderful picture with condensed ink. There are just 1469 words in this novel, of which the majority is dialogues between a girl and a man awaiting a train at a station in Spain. All the story features short sentences; and there are few modification words to describe the facial expression,the inner minds as well as the actions of the figures. The research into his writing style allows us to grasp the story thoroughly. Meanwhile we will profound the theme of the story and appreciate it well.This thesis is divided into three parts. Part one is a brief introduction to Hemingway and his novel “Hills Like White Elephants”. Part two analyses Hemingway’s writing techniques in the aspects of unique language, symbol technique and his Iceberg Theory. Firstly, his unique language can be summarized as the following three features: (a) one syllable or two syllables words are mostly used; (b) less adjectives and adverbials have been used; (c) the length and rhythm of his sentences are varied in different situations; (d) simple sentences outnumber complex sentences, and sentence connectors like "and", "but", "then" are used repeatedly in the novel to link most of the sentences. Secondly, his novels are always full of symbols, which greatly enrich the meaning of his story. In “Hills Like White Elephants”the symbols not only implies the fate of the young men but also make the character more vivid and the theme clearer. Finally, technique of his Iceberg Theory has been fully reflected by his "Hills Like White Elephants". For under the concise language, there exists rich information and deep feelings, it is just the highlight of the Iceberg Theory. Based on these analyses, the last part makes an conclusion and points out the purposeand significance of the research in this thesis.Key Words: writing style; features of language; symbolic; iceberg theory目录摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)1. Introduction to the writer and his “Hills Like White Elephants” (5)2Analysis of writing techniques of "Hills Like White Elephants" (7)2.1The unique Language (7)2.1.1 A lexical choice (7)2.1.2 Few adjectives and adverbs (8)2.1.3 Short and simple sentences (8)2.2 The use of Symbolism (9)2.2.1 The symbolic significance of the title and the heroine'sname (9)2.2.2 The symbolic significance in the setting (10)2.2.3The symbolic significance between the dialogues (11)2.3 Technique of Iceberg Theory (12)2.3.1 The style of Iceberg Theory (12)2.3.2 Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White Elephants (13)3Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)Acknowledgements (17)1. Introduction to the writer and his “Hills Like WhiteElephants”Ernest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature, well versed in modern narrative art, for which he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1954. His four major novels are The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Since he is a wounded veteran of World War I, most of his works are connected to wars. Every role in his work reflects his own characteristics, that is, full of courage, perseverance, wisdom, and never giving in to fate, but none of them are perfect, which makes the role more real. His stories of courage in the face of tragedy encourage the new generation. The application of short, uncomplicated, active sentences, and only few adjectives becomes Hemingway's recognizable style that has been widely copied by other writers. Due to the concise language, his style is endowed with the title telegraph style. That makes the tempo of the story, the tone and the changing feelings of the figures clearer. We should be aware that Hemingway's language is concisely direct but never blunt or simply plain.His novels are always full of symbols, which can greatly enrich the meaning of the story. The subtle employment of symbolism is a sharp tool to help to delve into the deep-seated treasures; thus, the maximum of meaning is reached through the use of this technique. What is more, he has created a kind of Iceberg Theory style. Iceberg Theory is greatly moving the plot forward. Due to Theory style, there is always a network of association and inference, a submerged reason behind the inclusion (or even the omission) of every detail."Hills Like White Elephants" is an important piece in Hemingway's second collection of short stories, Men Without Women, published in August of 1927. The short story is a conversation between a girl and a man waiting for a train at a station in Spain. The man tried to persuade the girl to have a small operation. Though the novel does not tell what on earth the surgery is, according to the real life experience, we can guess that is an abortion. Basically, the whole novel is a dialogue between the girl andthe man. There are actually 110 bars in the text, of which only 12 bars are described. At the very beginning, Hemingway uses 113 words to briefly introduce the setting. This is a barren station with "no shade" and "no trees", and the hills by the side of the station are white and dry. In the beginning, the young women acts as an ice breaker, describing the outline of the distant mountains under the sun, “they look like white elephants”. But with little or almost no patience the man starts his own concerned topic about whether the young woman will have the operation or not. The man wants the girl to have an abortion but the girl wants to keep the baby, and neither of them will give in. Then the topic about the abortion becomes very sensitive. Therefore, their talk is very tight and brittle. At several points the girl talks about drinks, for she wants to avoid the sensitive topic. But the man seems to stick to the topic, explaining and comforting again and again.Finally the girl says: "I will scream” Here, the novel’s internal tension has reached its peak, slipping quickly to an abrupt end.2. Analysis of writing techniques of "Hills Like WhiteElephants"2.1The unique LanguageDistinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is renowned for his writing style of unique language. His style looks simple at first glance but subtle and delightful inside.Readers are often attracted by his individual characteristics of the language.His individual characteristics of the language can be summarized as the following four patterns: (a) one syllable or two syllables words are mostly used; (b) less adjectives and adverbials have been used; (c) the length and rhythm of his sentences are skillfully varied in different situations; (d) simple sentences outnumber complex sentences, and sentence connectors like "and", "but", "then" are used repeatedly in the novel to link most of the sentences.2.1.1 A lexical choiceHe is very careful with words. Concrete, specific, more commonly found, casual and conversational are his chosen principles. He once said "Of any writer, no matter how good a word or a phrase he may have, if he puts it in where it is not absolutely necessary and irreplaceable, he is spoiling his work for egotism. Writing is architecture, not interior decoration."For example “Across, on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were moun tains.” Just a few short sentences and some simple words outline a pair of pure and fresh scenery in front of the reader. His language is simple, concise, natural, easy to understand just because all the words he chooses are “concrete, specific, more commo nly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational”Hemingway seems to prefer words of Anglo-Saxon origin, the most of which consist of one syllable or two syllables. Though Anglo-Saxon origin is small in part they are the most frequently used in daily speech and writing, which makes vital contribution to Hemingway’s works for the simple and easy understanding.2.1.2 Few adjectives and adverbsHe seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax.For example, in the beginning of this novel, he uses several sentences to describe the setting.“The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes.”Among these words, there are just four described adjectives: long, white, warm, hot. "Long" and "white" is used to describe the mountain. The mountain is the whole background of the novel, it plays an important role when expressing the character’s emotion. The other two adjectives, hot and warm, implies that the story happen in hot summer.All these adjective words are essential to introduce the background of this novel.2.1.3 Short and simple sentencesAs we all known, Hemingway prefers to use simple sentences. He skillfully employs many short sentences in the writing, particularly in describing the step-by-step actions and energetic activities. But he varies the length and the rhythm of his sentences on different occasions to stress something or express different attitudes and emotions. For example, the girl and the man have a disagreement. The girl feels unjust and stray, while the man feels fidgety. But the author does not use the words s uch as “angry” or “impatient” to directly describe the characters' psychological activities. Instead, he just hides these emotions in the dialogues. There are some parts of the dialogues:“What did you say?”“I said we could have everything.”“No, we can't.”“We can have the whole world.”“No, we can't.”“We can go everywhere.”“No, we can't. It isn't ours any more.”“It's ours.”From these simple sentences, readers can feel that the characters in the novel want to solve the problem as soon as possible. The author omits such words like “she said”, “he said”. This makes the dialogues shorter or even in a hurry. None of them want to say more words. This arrangement seems simple but it is really intentional. Wanting the readers to feel the psychological activities themselves, he just put out the original dialogue without any modified words. This will not only attract readers’ curiosity but also makes the novel more convincing.2.2 The use of SymbolismSymbolism is an important writing style of Hemingway, and is fully embodied in the “Hills Like White Elephants”."Hills Like White Elephants" shows Hemingway's use of iceberg theory or theory of omission: a message is presented through a story's subtext. Among those that might be mentioned, we shall focus on the title, the names of the hero and heroine, the landscape, and some special words.2.2.1 The symbolic significance of the title and the heroine’s nameThe title Hills Like White Elephants is an important metaphor. “white elephants” is mentioned several times.The meaning of the white elephants in china seems chicken ribs. The white elephants coming from Thailand in which a white elephant is given to unflavored people by the ruler. Due to the fact that the elephant is sacred and not allowed to work, it is a burden for the owner for it would consume the whole money of its owner until he becomes destitute. Jig's reference to white elephants could be in regard to the baby. The American could see the baby as a white elephant and not want to raise it because of the cost, while Jig could see the child as an extraordinary addition to her mundane life of drinking and mindless traveling. When the girl said: “They look like white elephants” she is implying that she has a baby. The hills are “lovely” and“bright” though“the country was brown and dry”, “therewas no shade and no trees”. From these we can know that the baby is a beautiful thing to the girl, and brings her change and hope in life. Furthermore, the white elephants are also a symbol of the steady life the girl is dreaming of. Maybe it is time for her to set down and have a family to live a peaceful life. As having a baby means responsible and fewer enjoyment, the man looks the baby as a burden and even useless thing.Jig is the name of the girl, which is clearly addressed in the novel. It’s not just a normal name. It is symbolic. Jig is a kind of lively dance. From the dictionary, we find that Jig have a deep meaning “particular assort of behavior or activity which varies according to the situation that someone is in”. The name Jig is very in accordance with the image of the girl, young and roaming about gaming life. At the same time. It also means the love between the girl and the man will end up.2.2.3 The symbolic significance in the settingThe symbolism of the hills can be thought of as the image of the swollen breasts , and to the prenatal dream of the mother of the future Buddha in which a white elephant (in this case, a symbol of prestigious leadership) presents her with a lotus flower, a symbol of fertility.“The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station were between two lines of rails in the sun.”This is concise to describe about the scene. “The station was between two lines of rails in the sun”symbolizing the hero and heroine never reaches an agreement to solve serious problem which threats the relationship between them. The girl looking forward to this baby, and she wants a stable relationship and enjoys the happiness of the family life; while the man considers the baby as a burden, and he wants the girl to have abortion then continues to live just like the past. They have different expectations, and no one wants to give in, just like two parallel railways won't cross together.Just take a look at these sentences “The girl was looking off at the line of hills. They were white in the sun and the country was brown and dry.”“The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station. Across, on the other side, were fields of grain andtrees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees.”Describing scenery on both sides also contain symbolism. On one side the country is “brown and dry”, symbolizing that the relationship between the girl and the men was week, indicating that the girl may have abortion; their prospects will be a dim and lifeless. On the other side, there are “grain” “t rees” “river”. All this reveals the lush life, symbolizing another choice of the girl to give birth to the baby.2.2.4 The symbolic significance between the dialogue“Everything tastes like liquorices. Especially all the things you've waited so long for, like ab sinthe.”This is just one of the girl's sentence. There is no doubt that "tastes like liquorices" "waited so long for" also have symbolic meaning for the baby. For the girl, the baby is the source of happiness and she is optimistic with the future family life. She has longed for a family life with a baby. However, the man is unwilling to welcome the new life. Maybe for him, the baby does not "taste like liquorices" and "waited so long for".There are also some special words carrying the symbolism. For example, the word "two" appears again and again, like "two lines of rails", "Two big ones", "two glasses of beer and two felt pads", "two heavy bags". All these are symbolizing the man just cares about the 2-person world, not wishing the baby come down.Apart from the hills, other parts of the setting provide symbolism which expresses the tension and conflict surrounding the couple. The train tracks form a dividing line between the barren expanse of land stretching toward the hills on one side and the green, fertile farmland on the other, symbolizing the choice faced by each of the main characters and their differing interpretations of the dilemma of pregnancy. Jig focuses on the landscape during the conversation, rarely making eye contact with the American.It's the author's intention to choose “tracks” instead of “rails” as in the setting. Except to expressing the track, the main meaning of "track" is traces, which symbolizes the trajectory of life. People are expecting "train" arrives, but finally wedo not see the sign. The another meaning of "train" is "consequences", which implicatively show the theme. People do not know where to go for the future, only confusedly waiting.2.3 Technique of Iceberg Theory2.3.1 The style of Iceberg TheoryHemingway expresses his characteristic themes of love, stoicism, war and death in perfectly controlled prose. He seems to excise all emotion from his work while allowing it to move powerfully beneath the surface. That is his famous “Iceberg Theory”. What’s “Iceberg Theory”?As the common sense, an iceberg is divided into the visible and the invisible part by surface of the sea. The art of literature is just like a sublime iceberg, in which the objective description can never be separated from the subjective emotion. The former is visible but the later remains invisible. The one-eighth is the objective image upon which artistic emotion depends; the seven-eighths is the connotation, the submerged, suppressed part of the message, which, moreover, opens to critical view and auctorial process of exclusion----inclusion, an exercise of willed choice, which closely parallels the life-choice of the protagonist-narrator.Hemingway once said, “If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”As a matter of f act, in Hemingway’s own words, the feature of his Iceberg Theory is to omit something that both the author and the reader know, and the essence of it is to explore the hidden seven-eight facts through the only one-eight obvious fact. He always tries to write on the principle of iceberg, which means there is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything he knows he can eliminate and it only strengthens his iceberg. It is the part that doesn't show. Because of the image we can see the “whole” from a small part; this method is usually used to reveal social problems.2.3.2 Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White ElephantsAs we all know Hills Like White Elephants is an early work of Hemingway. Though it comes out before Iceberg Theory has been clever put out, it still can show this Iceberg Theory completely.To begin with, it omits the background of the story. The story started with a girl and a man talking about something in a station. But the readers still do not know anything abut them like their past or their future. Although from their dialogue we may get some information, to some extent, we still feel confused . One must get his or her understanding to scrutinize between the lines. If we read the story carefully we can’t help thinking what will happen to them. It makes the novel mysterious and attracts the reader’s attention.Secondly, it omits the intensely full-face conflict. The dialogue seems arbitrary, but the conflict between the two characters is just hidden. Only when the girl says out “Would you please please please please please please please stop talking.” the conflict unveils, and the story comes to an end.Furthermore, it omits the proverbial information. The whole dialogue focuses on the operation, but the author never points out what kind of is. However, the reader can know the fact that the operation may be an abortion according to the common sense of life after reading the dialogue. What’s more, there is no any words to describe the feelings of the heroes and heroines. But with the dialogue going on, we can feel the girl’s disappointment and the man’s fretfulness. As Hemingway said, what he omits is what he and the reader have known.“It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig.” the man said. “It's not really an operation at all.” From this sentence, we may find the man tries to persuade the girl to have the abortion, as he explains the abortion from his point---“simple”, “not really an operation at all”. From this we can realize the men’s selfish ness and insincerity becau se what is “simple” to him may hurt the girl and bring physical damage to her. He just does not want to undertake the responsibility of being a father or having a family. To his point, the baby is really a big trouble. Having the abortion, they can live as happily as the past. But deeply reading this novel, we may find that the baby meanseverything to the girl, and losing the baby, she will never be happy again.Although the author does not describe their emotion, from the dialogue we can see the girl is full of grief and despair, but she acts as if nothing happens; while the man is coldly selfish but pretends to be attentive. We can taste the conflict between them from existing information in this novel .The novel ends up with the unclearness of the gi rl’s final decision but we still find some hints. It’s not difficult to recognize if we pay much attention to the character’s conversation. It’s the girl who starts the dialogue; which implies that the abortion in the end will be on her decision. One detail of taking her hat off and putting it on the table means that she is getting off what covers her and wants to speak the situation out clearly. In the end of the story, the girl sees “grain” “trees” “river” on the other side. The words “I feel fine” sugges ts that she will keep the baby and starts her new life without the man.To sum up, Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory is fully reflected by his Hills Like White Elephants. For under the concise language, there exists rich information and deep feelings, which is just the highlight of the Iceberg Theory.3. ConclusionThis thesis mainly focuses on a study on Ernest Hemingway's writing style in “Hills Like White Elephants”. In this novel , his writing style appears more concrete and outstanding. We can easily understand his symbolic way of writing, which contains implication, philosophy, deep meaning and characterization. His Iceberg Theory follows the principle of omission, adopts images expressed in language of vitality, and gives the novel an everlasting position in world literature.To begin with, we discuss his unique language which is simple and natural on the surface but actually deliberate and artificial inside. In fact, his method of applying language revels his writing style clearer. This article is aimed to showing the charterers of his language by analyzing his novel “Hills Like White Elephants”. In addition, his novels are usually full of abundant use of symbolism. It makes his novel rich in capacities, contents and themes. Analyses on the significance of the symbolism in the novel make us catch the author’s meaning better. Finally, the technique of the Iceberg Theory,to some extent, makes his novels difficult to understand. He just tells what is happening without explaining what it means or introducing the background in details. Reading his novels, Readers need more patience to catch the meaning.The efforts in this thesis will be helpful to the study of other Hemingway's short stories. To begin with, the thesis will enlighten the people who are interested in Hemingway and his short stories, and give them help to further explore Hemingway’s short stories. In addition, the readers may have more deep understanding of Iceberg theory. Therefore, they will dig out more treasure in Hemingway’s s hort stories and profoundly appreciate the artistic charm in Hemingway's short story．Due to the limited experience, the research into the Iceberg theory may be incomplete and more analysis is necessary to better understand this theory. The process is tough but the future is bright.Bibliography1. Hemingway, E.1928. Men without Women [M].New York: Macmillan publishing Company.2. Baker, Carlos. "Mountain and Plain", Study of Ernest Hemingway, China: Social Science Press, 19813. Bates, H.O. "The Artistic Style of Ernest Hemingway", Study of Ernest Hemingway, China: Social Science Press, 19814. Booz, Elisabeth B. A Brief Introduction to Modern American Literature.上海外语教育出版社，19825.董衡巽编选，海明威研究[M]，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1980。
Hills Like White Elephants赏析
• It may symbolize the baby, too costly to keep in that it demands not only material provision but also responsible nurture.
Introduction to Hemingway
Hemingway's birthplace in Oak Park, Illinois.
Hemingway fishing as a young boy.
The Kansas City Star building, where Hemingway took his first job as a cub reporter.
• Physically it is quite dangerous for it was back in the 1920s’, when medical condition for an abortion was not what it is today. Besides, this operation is practiced illegally in Spain, a rigid, pious, roman Catholic country that equals abortion to murder.
The American: Man traveling with Jig.
The Woman: Waitress at the train station.
Study Questions for comprehension and consideration
白相象似的群山
《白相象似的群山》女性视角分析《白象似的群山》是海明威比较有特色的一部小说，它创作于1972年，收入到海明威的小说集子《没有女人的男人》中。
这部非常小说的情节可以简单的叙述为：一个男人和一个姑娘在一个西班牙小站等待火车的到来，这个男人试图说服女人去做一个手术。
让我们先看看这两个主人公，作者是如何通过他们之间的对话，表现出男主人的特点：他们坐下来在车站旁的一个小酒吧里，开始了他们那心不在焉的谈话，那个姑娘说“我们喝点什么呢，”那个男人回答“太热了”，“喝啤酒吧，”这种回答其实不是一种直接的回答。
男人没有回答姑娘提出的问题，而是直接说车自己的需要直接点了自己喜好的，没有一点商量的余地，只是从这一点我们就不难发现在这两个人的关系上他一直处于决策者和控制者，姑娘只是个听从者。
女孩第一次说出连绵的群山“看上去像大白象”，可见女孩的心思是比较细腻，触景生情，期望得到男人的回应。
但那人的回答却有点咄咄逼人，显得不耐烦“我可没看出来”，“就因为你说我看不出来什么也证明不了”这里，恋人之间用证明这个自己很不一般，它暗示了两人之前的争吵，可以从对方谈话中得知，两人都是言在此而意在彼，女孩是希望和平解决更愿意采取合作的态度，避免进一步的冲突，所以聪明地转移了话题，引导男人去看珠帘上的字。
当两个人要了珠帘的饮料说的那种饮料，女孩说“这酒甜丝丝的就像甘草”时，男人就急不可耐地把对话重新拉回原来的话题，回答说，“啥东西都这味”，在女孩回应“样样东西都甜丝丝的像甘草。
特别是一个人盼望了好久的那些东西，简直就像艾酒一样”后，他粗暴的打断了姑娘，显示出他以自我为中心，缺乏交流，同时预示了两人之间交流的困难，这种情景在小说中出现了四次，男人很凶女孩一直在顺从，可是他们真的无法互相溶解，这种种的种种都反映出，在两个人中“你”就提到了四十三次，男人说了三十一次，显示男人一直在试图控制话题，。
女孩无意听取他的建议去做手术，可是男人就是不去理解女生心中的感受，这个故事中，男人一直没有改变他也没有觉得自己有什么不对的，对女孩的态度懵懂困惑，不仅暴露了他情感的浅陋，也泄露了他的不成熟和人格的缺失。
海明威白象似的群山赏析
海明威--白象似的群山--赏析————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩ白象和群山恐怕是很难扯到一块去的,首先,山如何会是白色的呢？除非是雪山或冰山。
但如果是雪山和冰山,白色便不需要说出。
而在海明威《白象似的群山》这篇小说里，时间是盛夏，天气非常热，当然不是指的雪山。
群山看上去像一群白象，是小说里女主人公的一种感觉。
对于读者来说,它不大容易引起共鸣。
不仅如此，连她的男朋友,那个美国人也没有共鸣。
这个小说的意念是如此的朦胧，我们不禁要问：作者为什么要这样写故事?在西班牙的某个小火车站,由巴塞罗那开往马德里的快车还有四十分钟到站。
一对男女－－男人是美国人，和他一起的女人叫吉格--他们在车站的酒吧门口喝酒,候车。
这期间大约半个小时,两个人交谈着,故事描述了他们谈话的情形。
吉格怀孕了，男人感到心烦，希望女人去做流产。
女人的回答言不及义,心不在焉。
在两个地方，我们感觉到他们的分歧变得尖锐起来，涉及到他们对生活的理解。
这由他们对手术的不同看法而暴露，男人说:我们可以拥有整个世界。
女人说：不，我们不能。
这世界已经不再是我们的了。
一旦他们把它拿走，你便永远失去它了。
在谈话的尾声，分歧达到紧张的程度,女人说:你再说我可要尖声叫了。
谈话中断了一会儿，列车即将到站，女人平静下来。
男人问：你觉得好些了吗?女人说：我觉得好极了。
但是，好极了是什么意思呢?女人同意了男的看法吗？没有结局,故事戛然而止。
回顾他们的交谈,可见冲突蓄势待发，过程曲折。
对是否做流产本身，两人似乎没异议了。
男人说他不会强迫女人做，女人说我可以去做，我不在乎自己。
可在表面的一致下,读者感觉到有某种阻碍，人物各自遭受挫折。
这也意味着,他们的关系随之有所变化。
车站的这场谈话,是这种变化的前奏。
由故事被这样讲述的特点，我们逐步感受到海明威的力量。
他选择了男人和女人的关系濒临变化的这一个时刻，将潜在的心理趋势揭示出来。
浅析《白象似的群山》中海明威的创作风格
浅析《白象似的群山》中海明威的创作风格[摘要] 海明威以他那与众不同的创作风格著称于世,特别是他独树一帜的、发人深省的“冰山原则”更是不同凡响。
《白象似的群山》充分体现了作者的这一原则,文字简洁、内涵深刻、寓意丰富、耐人寻味。
[关键词] 白象似的群山海明威创作风格冰山原则《白象似的群山》是美国著名作家厄内斯特·海明威的著名短篇小说,1927年发表于短篇小说集《没有女人的男人》(马建军,2002:24)。
小说故事情节简单:一个美国男人和一个姑娘---Jig在西班牙北部一个偏僻的火车站等一趟从巴塞罗那(Barcelona )开往马德里(Madrid )的火车,在等车的过程中,男人和姑娘交谈着,然后呢?仍然是交谈,这就是故事的全部。
显然,这是一部由声音组装起来的作品,男人的声音和姑娘的声音,对话简短、发音清晰,他们从啤酒谈到西班牙的茴香酒,两个人喝着、说着。
他们使用的是那种不怕被偷听的语言,一种公共场合的语言,然而那些话语里所暗示的却是强烈的和不安的隐私,他们似乎正处于生活的某一个尴尬时期,他们的话语里隐藏着冲突,抱怨和烦恼,然后通过白象似的群山借题发挥。
《白象似的群山》这篇只有2400单词的小说充分体现了海明威”冰山原则”。
众所周知,海明威以他那与众不同的创作风格著称于世,特别是他独树一帜、发人深省的“冰山原则”更是不同凡响。
几乎所有的文学评论家们,提及海明威时,都离不开他的“冰山原则”。
那么,究竟什么是“冰山原则”呢?海明威自己在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》(Death in the Afternoon)中,第一次把文学创作比作漂浮在大洋上的冰山,并做过这样的解释:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上”,八分之七的,或者说作家的深厚的思想情感,潜伏在水面下——作品的字里行间。
也就是说作品中有八分之七的内容蕴涵在形象的背后,见诸笔端的只有八分之一。
其后,海明威又多次做过这样的比喻。
从《白象似的群山》看海明威的修辞艺术
从《白象似的群山》看海明威的修辞艺术安翠芳《白象似的群山》是美国当代著名小说家海明威的短篇小说，其中大量的对话为文章从修辞角度解读提供了有力的支撑。
本文主要从亚里士多德修辞学角度对男主人公的言语劝说进行解读，为解读《白象似的群山》提供一个新的视角。
一、《白象似的群山》故事梗概《白象似的群山》是海明威的短篇小说之一。
故事全篇以一个美国男性和女孩的对话为线索，纵观全文，他们之间的对话始终围绕着一个词“Operation”。
换句话说，一个“争议点”。
男主人公在《白象似的群山》中的巧妙对话和说服实际上吻合了亚里士多德倡导的修辞手段、修辞发明和修辞话题的三个方面，以下我们将从这三个方面对男主人公的修辞技巧进行解读。
二、男主人公的修辞技巧在《白象似的群山》中，男主人公的修辞技巧主要表现在三个方面，首先，修辞手段不被察觉，即使被察觉，男人也会不断进行修正；其次，修辞发明贴合实际；最后，修辞论证方式极其高明。
首先，修辞手段不被察觉。
在最初，男人尽量让女孩取得话语的自主权。
当女孩说道：“我们该喝点什么”？男人只是回答：“外面真的是太热了。
”然后女孩只能说道：“让我们喝点啤酒吧！”男人这时才假装顺从女孩的意见。
此时，我们看到男人其实一直在精心构筑自己修辞的文本，对女孩假装顺从。
当第一次提到手术，男人趁着女孩高兴之际，说出“那真的是一个简单的手术”，“甚至那根本都不算是手术”。
男人一直在掩盖自己的修辞目的，一直采用敷衍的手段对自己的不负责行为进行掩饰。
其次，修辞发明贴合实际。
根据亚里士多德的修辞理论，修辞者可以在修辞过程中选择三种修辞发明的方式，分别是诉诸修辞者人格；诉诸受众情感；诉诸言说中蕴含的“说服性”道理。
在《白象似的群山》中，美国男人综合采用了诉诸人格，情感和道理这三种方式。
故事开始，男人是诉诸自己的人格。
男人假装把事情的决定权交给女孩，当女孩做出一系列决定，美国男人的欲擒故纵才真正的得到实施。
随着故事的发展，当女孩说道“我们本来可以拥有一切。
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在西班牙的某个小火车站，由巴塞罗那开往马德里的快车还有四十分钟到站。
一对男女--男人是美国人，和他一起的女人叫吉格--他们在车站的酒吧门口喝酒，候车。
这期间大约半个小时，两个人交谈着，故事描述了他们谈话的情形。
吉格怀孕了，男人感到心烦，希望女人去做流产。
女人的回答言不及义，心不在焉。
在两个地方，我们感觉到他们的分歧变得尖锐起来，涉及到他们对生活的理解。
这由他们对手术的不同看法而暴露，男人说：我们可以拥有整个世界。
女人说：不，我们不能。
这世界已经不再是我们的了。
一旦他们把它拿走，你便永远失去它了。
在谈话的尾声，分歧达到紧张的程度，女人说：你再说我可要尖声叫了。
谈话中断了一会儿，列车即将到站，女人平静下来。
男人问：你觉得好些了吗？女人说：我觉得好极了。
但是，好极了是什么意思呢？女人同意了男的看法吗？没有结局，故事戛然而止。
回顾他们的交谈，可见冲突蓄势待发，过程曲折。
对是否做流产本身，两人似乎没异议了。
男人说他不会强迫女人做，女人说我可以去做，我不在乎自己。
可在表面的一致下，读者感觉到有某种阻碍，人物各自遭受挫折。
这也意味着，他们的关系随之有所变化。
车站的这场谈话，是这种变化的前奏。
由故事被这样讲述的特点，我们逐步感受到海明威的力量。
他选择了男人和女人的关系濒临变化的这一个时刻，将潜在的心理趋势揭示出来。
而他的表达维持了事件在这一阶段的模糊性，他没有强化和夸张其中尚不明显的东西。
他给我们看的是迹象，迹象里包含着可能性，可能性并不是任何明确的结果。
海明威风格的简洁从此可以看出。
这种简洁，表现在作家写作时，他非常明确什么东西有以一当十的作用，它既是一种当下情境，又含孕着其他的，读者通过求索可以获知的东西。
小说家米兰·昆德拉曾用这篇小说来讨论小说的艺术：寻找失去的现在。
他启发我们注意到这一点。
他认为，海明威这样来写小说，他在小说的艺术上有一个贡献，那就是对这种境况的捕捉：一个对话的视觉和听觉的表面。
这个捕捉的意义在哪里呢？昆德拉把海明威的小说放在小说的传统里来看。
他说到，在十九世纪初期，在司各特、巴尔扎克、陀斯妥耶夫斯基那里，小说被精心结构，成为丰富的场景；其中集中了情节、思想、心理的全部丰富性。
这样的场面里逻辑严谨，描写密集，所谓平凡、日常、偶然和简单的东西被放弃了。
是福楼拜使小说走出戏剧性--海明威这样说。
昆德拉认为这便是现代小说所发现的东西：发现现在的时间，发现这个时间的结构，发展我们的生活所赖以建立的基础--日常性和戏剧性共存。
昆德拉认为海明威不仅善于把握现实中这种对话结构，而且创造了一种形式，它简单、透明、清澈、漂亮。
对于"白象似的群山"这个比喻，昆德拉也谈到，海明威是不爱用比喻的人，小说中的这个比喻，属于他笔下的人物。
也有别的论者认为，白象暗示妇女怀孕的体型。
可是就海明威的叙述而言，白象的寓意并不那么明确。
我觉得，在呈现女人和男人的心理上，它的作用倒是更加有效。
它由女人说出，前后共有三次。
第一次被提及时，就显出两个人话不投机。
这里，微妙的语词张力使潜在的冲突有一种引而不发的势头。
第二次，女人重新解释说，山看上去并不真像白象，这正如她本人的话语，前后互相矛盾，含义模糊。
第三次出现，它变成一个问题，可供引申：如果我说什么东西像一群白象，你也会喜欢吗？它可以解释成：如果我和你不同，你也会喜欢吗？这个问题，在相爱的男女中，注定是一个基本的困扰，也许是烦恼的根源，或者它将决定这种关系的命运。
这样，这个也许完全是出自女人无意识的联想，这个与阳光、秃山或者与圆圆滚滚的大象外形相似的图象，就变成了小说的标题。
它的偶然性与戏剧性浑然一体，它很难引起我们的共鸣。
但正是这一困难，会让我们重新回忆起某个下午，某个车站，某对男女和他们悬而未决的感情……《白象似的群山》解读摘要:《白象似的群山》是海明威的经典短篇之一。
作者以凝练的笔墨给我们提供了一幅精彩的画面片段。
本文试图从文本的角度解释其象征的意蕴、隔阂的主题和神话的框架。
《白象似的群山》最突出的特点就是它的表达方式。
它不像传统小说有开端、发展和结局。
我们读后所了解到的只是两个人生活中的一个片段而已。
小说仿佛一幅水墨写意 , 冷峻疏朗 , 深邃含蓄 , 没有抒情渲染 , 没有梦幻寄托 , 甚至没有多少描写形象 , 稀稀落落的字里行间仿佛全然出于不经意 , 更像是一幕电影镜头 , 留下许多空白让我们去回味、推断。
其真正的意图往往是“千呼万唤始出来 ,犹抱琵琶半遮面” 。
初看上去 , 这篇小说并没有向读者阐明什么内涵 , 读者只看到故事发生的表象 , 这是体现海明威“冰山”创作理论的典型短篇之一。
在这个四千字左右的短篇中 , 他以简洁凝练的文笔 , 客观而准确地勾勒出了一幅富有实感的画面: 一对不知从哪里来到哪里去的男女在一个不知道名称的车站候车 , 喝酒 , 交谈。
小说真正做到了使读者参与进去 , 去思考 , 揣摩和推测。
正如他自己所说的: “关于显现出来的每一部分 , 八分之七是在水面以下的。
你可以略去你所知道的任何东西 , 这只会使你的冰山厚积起来。
” [1 ]本篇就是厚积薄发的典范。
文中有许多地方的解读是多义性的 , 开放式的 , 并留用了一个开放式的结尾。
读者可以想象自己的结尾方式 , 因此在读的过程当中有身临其境的感觉。
本文试图从文本的角度解读其丰富的思想意蕴 , 就教方家。
一、象征的意蕴故事讲述的是一个男人和一个女人到某地去旅游 , 且女人有可能要做堕胎手术。
故事中的许多细节都与生育和不妊的意象有关 , 这一主题也可以从小说的标题窥见一斑:“群山”喻指孕妇的大肚子形状 , 而“白象”则是一个典故 , 指无用或废弃的东西。
这里不想要的东西即是他们将要打掉的胎儿。
在小说的开头 , 叙述者用简单的语言描写了故事发生的背景 , 从中我们可以了解到故事发生在西班牙的埃波罗河谷 , 且小说中主人公将要乘坐的是一辆从巴塞罗那开往马德里的快车 , 但我们并不清楚故事发生的具体地点在哪 ,具体的时间和日期是什么 , 我们甚至不知道他们会不会乘车。
这里的火车象征着变化和运动 , 但从某种程度上说他们害怕这种变化和运动 , 因为变化和运动并不总是向着积极的方向发展 , 它也能标志着他们的关系向着消极的方向转变 , 那么它是否意味着是一辆“人生之车”呢 ?另外一个我们要注意的事实是: 火车只停留两分钟 ,很短。
这一有限的时间象征着吉格必须尽快堕胎的时间。
首先 , 她不可能长时间地琢磨这一难题 , 因为她越迟去堕胎 , 她的危险性就越大。
其次 , 因为堕胎在当时的西班牙是违法的 , 即使在近来也这样 , 在当时专制统治时期它是要遭到严厉惩罚的行为 , 在有人知道这事之前必须解决掉。
刚开始读小说 , 我们得到的第一印象就是我们处于烈日下一个干燥 , 寸草不生的地方 , 没有树 , 它强调了缺乏生命的暗示。
而与背景相反的是: 小说的主人公出现在生命活动浓郁的房子里 , 在房干燥热的阴凉处 , 这就强调了象征生育力的孕妇和她周围一切的对比。
这“一切”当然包括有“繁殖神”意蕴的那位美国男人 , 因为他也在荫凉处 , 在与外面的荒芜相区别的避荫处。
另外那道竹珠帘子把这两个年轻人和酒吧里的那许多人分开。
这让人想到隐私 , 那是使他们免遭酒吧里的世界侵扰的 , 房子的燥热的阴凉处的观念所突出的“隐私” 。
在第一自然段里 , 叙述者对人物做了简短明了的介绍。
2 1 1叙述者只是提到“那个美国男人和那个跟他一道的女孩” [2 ]。
我们并不知道他们叫什么名字 , 他们也许是像他们一样的众多夫妻的象征。
但我们可以从叙述者的不同处理上———称女的为“the girl (女孩)” , 而称男的为“ theAmerican (那个美国男人)”———可以推测二者年龄的差异。
后来我们知道女孩名叫“吉格” , 但仍不知道那位美国人叫什么。
况且女孩的名字不是一个常规的名字 , 而是具有象征性 , 因为它是一活泼的舞蹈的名字 , 或也指一种活泼的舞蹈 ? 或按《科林斯大词典》的解释 , 指一种人们随环境的变化而改变的特别的行为或活动 ? 她的名字暗示了她可能会改变堕胎的主意 , 这一点我们可以从后面的对话中得到证实 , 而那位美国男人则害怕她改变堕胎的主意 , 所以一直在让她确信堕胎“以后咱们就好了 , 就像从前那样” 。
紧接着第一段的介绍性描写 , 是两人的对话。
对话陈述得相当自然 , 但却是作者精心勾画的。
通过对话可以我们推想出他们的关系———不是夫妻 , 至少是情侣关系。
对话的语言简洁明快 , 并且富于口语化。
这种口语活的语言常常是用来表达感情的 , 而对话的真正主题并没有清晰地表述出来 , 而是隐藏在对话里面。
他们谈论爱情、感情和怀孕 , 有时气氛很紧张 , 但他们不能公开表达出来。
也许他们不想让别人听见 , 以免别人了解他们的隐私: 或者可能只是沟通的困难 , 或者是感情的困惑 , 或者兼而有之。
是那位女孩先开始对话的 , 这就包含着最终也由她自己决定是否堕胎。
她是引发谈话的人 , 也是做最终决定的人 , 她会沿着自己决定的方向一直走下去。
当酒吧女招待给他们端来饮料时 , 那位女孩子在眺望远处群山的轮廓 ,好像在考虑生孩子的可能性。
但当她告诉同伴她似乎看到了一头象时 , 同伴的回答是“我从来没有见过象” , 暗示着以前未当过爸爸。
听到这种话她对自己是否堕胎还是有点迟疑不决的。
小说中的人物对我们来说也很神秘 , 我们对他们的生活毫不了解 , 只知道他们的生活中只有“性”和“酒” 。
他们花时间喝酒 , 把酒当做春药。
他们要了两次酒 , 因为女孩想尝试没有尝试过的东西。
也许她正在考虑生活中一种新的关系 , 一种新的经历的可能性。
但当她尝了酒后 , 她说:“这酒甜丝丝的就像甘草。
”这是一种很普通的 , 不特别的味道。
一开始他们好像在谈论干草 , 但接下来的对话让读者觉得: 他们真的是在谈论干草吗 ?“That’s the way with everything.” [3 ](“样样东西都是如此” )“yes ,”said the girl . “Everything tastes of all the things you’ve waited so long for , likeabsinthe.”( “是的。
”女孩回答。
“样样东西都甜丝丝的像干草一样。
特别是一个人盼望了很久的那些东西 ,简直就像艾酒一样。
” )当女孩子重复那个词“样样东西”时 , 读者一下子就明白: 干草并不是谈论的话题 , 艾酒也不是 , 吉格的脑中也并不知道它到底是什么 , 只不过她用他的话来回答他、嘲讽他 , 是暗示了她的失落感。
并且又说:“样样东西都甜丝丝的像干草 , 特别是一个人期盼了很久的那东西……。