英美政体不同 英文
EchoMrs. NelsonEnglish WritingApril 7, 2010British System of Government and American System of GovernmentBritish system of government and American system of government are both a kind of bourgeois democratic political system. They both have their own parliament or congress who masters the power of legislative authority and a two-party system. Also they both adopte separation system as the mode of power operation.Although they are similar, the two systems of government are very different from each other in the following five aspects.First, Britain system of government is parliamentary-based constitutional monarchy, but American system of government is democratic republican presidential system.Second, as to the parliament or the congress, the British parliament 's position is much higher than American congress in their own system of government. Although they both have the rights of making laws, supervising the government and supervising the finance, British parliament is the highest organ of state power and the highest national source of administrative power. What is more, it is the settled constitutional position of the United Kingdom that sovereignty rests with Parliament.Third, as to the government and its leader, the British government is composed of the Prime Minister and other ministers, who are formally appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. All the ministers must be the members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. Minister are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their own departments. As the head of the government, the Prime Minister controls not only the Cabinet but also the Parliament, as he or she is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister also must be responsible collectively to Parliament. In contrast, the President of the United States is both the head of state and the head of government. The Constitution gives the executive power to the President alone. All the government departments, agencies and offices are led by the President and are responsible to him. But the President is not bound to be responsible to Congress as he is neither appointed nor elected by it. The Cabinet, made up of the heads of the government departments, only advises the President and does not make any decision. The President is free to consult or ignore their advice. In the USA, the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch are supposed to be independent of each other, but each checks the other two so that no one can get all the power.Fourth, as to the head of state, in the UK, the head of the state is a king or queen who inherits his or her position. Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, in reality, however, almost all her acts are performed only on the advice of the ministers. She does not personally take part in the process in which decisions are made. Royal duties include visiting many parts of Britain each year to inaugurate scientific, industrial, artistic and charitable works of national importance; paying state visits of foreign counties; and undertaking tours of other countries in the Commonweath, of which the Queen is the head. On the other hand ,the head of state of the USA is the President, whose authorities and rights have been listed in the third aspect.Fifth, as to the party system, although the two countries both have a two-party system, in which two most important political parties compete with each other and come to power in turn, they are very different from each other. In the UK, the key of coming to power for each party is to win in the parliamentary election. Then the Cabinet will be composed by the parliamentary majority party, the winning party, whose leader will be the Prime Minister. On the other hand, in the USA, the key to coming to power for each political party is to win the presidential election after which the leader of the winning party will be the President. Parliamentary majority party is not necessarily the ruling party.That is the similarities and differences I can conclude between the two systems of government. They each has their own characteristic and advantage, which make their country and government distinctive and operate in their own way.。
英美政体对比
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the federal government
state governments
House of Commons
Cabinet
Leader of the Majority Party
British law
Civil and Criminal
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contrast between the American and british political system
• A、The same:
the Senate House of Representat ives众议院
senate参议院
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judiciary
[dʒuˈdɪʃiˌɛri, -ˈdɪʃəri]
Supreme Court
lower federal
courts
The two parties in America
• Two parties, the Democratic Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have dominated American politics since the American Civil War, although other parties have also existed.
sovereignty
[ˈsɑvərɪnti, ˈsɑvrɪn-]n.国家的主权(zhǔquán)； 君权，最高统治权； 独立自主； 主权(zhǔquán)国家
英美政体英文比较PPT课件
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6
Judicial Power
• Article Three describes the court system (the judicial branch.
• The article establishes the Supreme Court.
• The great weakness of the system is that it makes government slow and complicated which is a huge disadvantage in a world of fast-moving political and economic developments.
• This is also known as 'checks and balances‘.
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16
Terms of Office
• The President has a term of 4 years. • Members of the Senate serve for 6 years. • Members of the House of Representatives
US Political System
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1
The Basis
• The government of the United States is based on a written constitution, which is the shortest in the world.
• From this document, the entire federal government was created.
英美制度异同 英汉
英美制度异同对照Britain is one of the oldest capitalist countries in the world，while the United States is the most developed capitalist country in the world. Owing to their history and full development of economy, Britain and the United States have developed their respective systems of politics.45英国是迄今世界上最古老的资本主义国家之一，而美国是当今世界最发达的资本主义国家。
两国政体一脉相承，同时又因历史形成与经济发展道路的差异，两国拥有各自不同的政治制度。
1300 years ago, after the British bourgeois revolution, the British start to implement democratic politics and promulgated the Constitution. The first set of western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing, drawn lessons from Britain, U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. The political systems of Britain and the United States have the same theoretical basis，such as natural rights and “the separation of powers”.However, in the specific political system they presented different features .991 300多年前，英国资产阶级革命后，实施了民主政治，颁布了宪法。
英美政体英文比较ppt课件
4
Legislative Power
8
Amendments
• Article Five sets out the different ways in which Amendments can be made.
• Any new amendment may be approved by twothirds of both houses of Congress, then sent to the states for approval. To be adopted it must be approval by three-quarters of the states.
• Article One describes the Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. This has two co-equal houses:
– the House of Representatives to represent the people, and
judgments and orders can be reviewed by the Supreme Court. • Article Three also creates the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases and defines the crime of treason.
英美政体差异
In the UK, the key of coming to power for each party is to win in the parliamentary election. Then the Cabinet will be composed by the parliamentary majority party, the winning party, whose leader will be the Prime Minister.
Fourth, as to the head of state, in the UK, the head of the state is a king or queen who inherits his or her position. Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, in reality, however, almost all her acts are performed only on the advice of the ministers. She does not personally take part in the process in which decisions are made.
On the other hand ,the head of state of the USA is the President, whose authorities and rights have been listed in the third aspect.
Fifth, as to the party system, although the two countries both have a two-party system, in which two most important political parties compete with each other and come to power in turn, they are very different from each other.
英美政治体制的比较-in English
Contrasts between the American and British Political Systems SimilaritiesThe first western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from Britain ,U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. So there are many similarities between the American and British political systems.1.Head of StateBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a head of state .The president is the official head of state in the US. The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term.In the U.K., the queen or king is the official head of state. But the queen or king is only a figure head without real authority.However, the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of government2.The Upper HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have an upper house. The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U.K. has the House of Lords.The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. Each U.S. state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms.The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster.The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the House of Commons – they share responsibility for making laws and checking government action.3.The Lower HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a lower house. The U.S. House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats.The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.The House of Commons comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members (since 2010 General Election), who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election).Differences1.Form of governmentThe USA is a republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy.Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution.A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.ernmentThe government consisting of three parts，or branches，the executive，the legislative and the judicial in USA. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions，including the position of Supreme Count justice.The Senate ，however must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.However，the UK government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister, who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war, to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These appointments are entirely his choice and are not subject to scrutiny or confirmation by any other person of body. The Prime Minister also has the power to dismiss (“demand the resignation of”) any serving minister or secretary of state.3.The constitutionThe United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament such as statute law, the common laws and conventions.4.The political partiesThe United States has two major political parties.One is the Democratic Party.The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party. The symbol of the party is the elephant.There are three major national parties in UK—The Conservative party ，the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats.In the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties absolutely dominate federal and state elections with independents securing only small proportions of the vote. In the United Kingdom, the two main political parties - Conservative and Labour - win a smaller and declining share of the total vote, with a growing share being taken by the likes of the Liberal Democrat Party and the UK Independence Party at national level and by the likes of the Scottish and Welsh Nationalist Parties at the devolved level.In conclusion, a political system is an important integration of a country’s politics and different countries have their distinctive features.。
英美国家政治体制比较
相同点：These two capitalist countries were both regarded as the western democracy, whose powers were controlled by the bourgeoisies. They were two-party system and both have the cabinet. Both of them have the Parliament (Congress), which is the legislative organ of the country. They were both the three-tier countries.相同点：这两个资本主义国家都视为西方的民主，它的权力是由资产阶级控制。
他们是两个政党制度都有内阁。
它们都有议会（国会），这是国家的立法机关。
他们都是三级国家。
不同点：英国：British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy. The central government includes the Monarch, parliament, and the cabinet. The monarch who is the nation’s symbol reigns but not rules. He/She only does what parliament and cabinet want him/her to do. He/She whose appointment is hereditary reigns until he/she die. The prime minister who is the leader of the party in power is appointed by the monarch. He presides over the cabinet. Cabinet is the nation’s supreme executive organ and comes from the parliament. It is responsible to the parliament. Parliament is the nation’s supreme legislative organ. T he government is responsible to parliament and is checked by the parliament.英国：英国政府体系被称为君主立宪制。
英美政体比较（英文）
The political system comparison Through learning the course about the society and culture of major English-speaking countries an introduction,I expand my horizons and learn a lot. Now I would like to talk about the similarities and differences of Britain and the United states political system .First of all, we learn about the political system. Political system belongs to the superstructure , is about the state power management form and relevant national political activities .It includes some basic content about the main form of government, national structure and rule method.Britain and the United States both belong to the capitalist countries, but the two countries have different political system. So here we will to compare the differences between the Britain and the United States .Firstly, Britain is a typical constitutionalmonarchy . The parliament is the top legislature and highest organ of state power.the Cabinet responsibility .While the USA is a constitutional federal republic.The second difference is the form of government. British government consists of king or queen,Parliament and Cabinet.American government consists of Congress,president and Supreme Court.Thirdly,the status and power of the head of state is different.Monarch is the official head of state in Britain. But the monarch is hereditary and reigns but does not govern.He is the symbol of nation and has no real power.But in the United States,thepresident is the head of state He is also government leaders and the country's armed forces commander.The executive power concentrated in the President.The President decided to domestic and foreign policies with very broad powers.Fourthly,the relation of legislative and executive is different.The chief executive of Britain is Prime Minister. Prime Minister and Cabinet are responsible to the parliament. Parliament supervise Cabinet.But the prime minister has the right to dissolve parliament.The prime minister, cabinet and parliament check each other.The chief executive of the United States is the president.The President is responsible for the constitution.He has the right to veto the bill, but has no right to dissolve parliament.The vote can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and House of sentatives.Congress and the president have equal status and check each other.Fifthly,electoral system is different. The citizens in Britain can elect the house of Commons,the king and the house of lords is not elected by citizens.Inthe United States ,Congress and the president are both directly elected by citizens.So American have bigger rights than British.What causes the difference between Britain and the United States about the political system.There are some reasons.Firstly,the principal contradiction of British bourgeois revolution is the bourgeois class and feudal ruling class contradiction.While the United States is the contradiction of the bourgeois and the colonial rulers.Secondly, the bourgeois revolution in Britain is earlier, the power of the bourgeoisie is limited. Implementing a constitutional monarchy is actually bourgeois compromising to feudal forces.During the bourgeois revolution of the United States, capitalism went through a period of development again, the strength became morepowerful.There are also some Similarities between them. Above all,Britain and the United States both in power of Bourgeois class and capitalist country.They carry out universal suffrage.Then,they implement separation of the three powers.Legislative, executive, and judicial branch restrict and supervise each other,but just decentralization levels are difference.They are built on the foundation of capitalist private ownership of the means of production and service for bourgeois .What's more,they established in the same way.Through the establishment of legal documents, from the rule of man to the rule of law.American and British political system can say have the differences and similarities.As the product of bourgeois revolution, British and Americanpolitical system has its historical progress , so they are worth us to think and study.。
英美政党对比英文
Difference of the party system betweenBritain and America江西科技师范大学杨涛【Abstract】The party system is the main way to realize the rule of the bourgeoisie in the western capitalist countries. In the current capitalist countries, the more popular is the two-party system and multiparty system. And Britain and America are the most representative countries who are using two-party system in the world. although both of them have two-party system，but they are not completely same at all. This article will compare the party system between Britain and America on these aspects：historical conditions and developmental process of political parties，way come into power in turns，organizational discipline，and specific function of two parties.【Key Words】Bipartisan system，comparison，Britain，America1.IntroductionPolitical party is an organization consists of people which seeks to achieve goals common to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political power. People who have same political claim or in same class constitute to an organization called political to protect or realize their interests. It means that a political party has a distinct class nature. Modern political party born in Britain in 17th century and gradually developed into today's two-party system. Thetwo-party system mentioned here is not means there are only two political parties in a country, but refers to a system that the major political party in this country come into power in turns by winning the majority in the legislature or winning the presidential election[6].The maturetwo-party system of Britain deeply influenced the formation and evolution of political system of many countries, including America. And so far two-party system still plays a important role in the political systems of western democratic countries. It constitutes the foundation of the political system of Western capitalist countries with electoral system and parliamentary system.It is recognized that Britain and America are the most typical country of two-party system in the world.2.The difference of two-party system between Britain andAmerica1)historical conditions and developmental processBritain is the earliest capitalist country in the world that political parties in the modern sense come into being, and the earliest capitalist country created the two-party system. The two-party system was developed with long-term Anti-feudal struggle. During the restoration of Stuart dynasty, different political factions of different class formed within the parliament. In 1678, taught Titus Oates fabricated shocking "Catholic conspiracy case", claimed that there was a group plotting to assassinate King Charles II Catholics and ready to support Charles II's brother - Dukeof York, a Catholic, to be the king with the support of France. And this became the blasting fuse of big debate within parliament. In the matter of that whether Duke James has right to inherit the throne, the lawmakers in parliament was divided into two different factions. One factions hold the view that Duke James has right to be the king while another factions bitter against it. The former who supported Duke James to be the king was scolded as the Tory(Irish Catholic, criminals) while the latter was denounced as the Whig (Scotland, robber). At that time, the both Whig and Tory were not a political in real sense, but two different factions in the parliament. The Tory became the representative of the old aristocracy and the landlord class, and they claimed to maintain seignior-age. On the contrary, The Whig became the the representative of the new aristocracy and bourgeoisie, they claimed to limited seignior-age and to extend parliament's power. In 1832, the “Reform Act 1832”was passed, which made the competition between the Tory and Whig no longer in limited in parliament. As a result, the two-party system in the modern sense come into being. In 1930s,the Whig turned to be the Liberal Party, which represents interests of Industrial and commercial bourgeoisie.In 1980s, the Tory turned to be the Conservative Party, and it represents interests of the monopoly capitalists, landlords and the nobility. In the early 19th century, the Liberal Party was replaced by the Labour Party. Finally the two-party system that Conservative Party and Conservative Party come into power was set up i n today’s Britain.Unlike in the Britain, America haven't been through feudal age, so the two-party system was not developed with Anti-feudal struggle. After American Revolutionary War, America was under social unrest, they have urgent need for building a new nation. But on the question that what nation they need to build and how to divide the power among the different factions within the bourgeois, the leaders of the revolution has different views. In 1787, the “Constitutional Convention” was held in Philadelphia, the Congress was divided into two factions. One faction, called Federalist，led by Alexander Hamilton, represents interest of industrial, commercial and financial bourgeoisie in north. They advocated to form a powerful federal government and limited each state’s power. The another faction, called Anti-federalist, led by Thomas Jefferson, represents interest of the planters in south. They advocated to give more power to local government and power of president and Congress should be limited. These to factions became the rudiment of today’s two major political parties in America. Gradually Federalist turned into the Republican Party, and Anti-federalist turned into the Democratic Party.[4] Later, they comes into power in turns after the Civil War. Finally the two-party system in America was kept till today.2)The form of coming into power in turnsThe governmental form of British today is constitutional monarch , which also known as parliamentary monarchy. It is the parliamentary monarchy that makes the parliament become the center of Britain’s political system.As we know , Britain is a country that have long history of democracy. But a lots of its political mechanism was in accordance with practice, instead of according to the constitution. It is no exception on government-establishing. The general election in Britain will be held every 5 years. After the general election, as customary, the king of Britain will call in the leader of political party who won the majority in parliament and appoint him as the prime minister of ter, the new prime minister will deliberate with the other leader of party he belong to and draft a list of new member of cabinet. Then give it to the king for signing. After all of this, the majority party formally become to be the ruling party, and the another who didn’t won the majority in parliament become to the out party. In Britain, a political party who want to come to power have to win the competition on parliament election. Whether win themajority in parliament is key for a political party to be the ruling party.The governmental form of America today is presidential, which makes political system in America closely relevant to the president election. And president is the center of political system and nation’s political activity, instead of parliament in Britain. In Britain,the prime minister is the head of state in reality, the king is the head of state in law. It is different with America. In America, the president is not only head of state, but also the real controller of nation’s executive power. Compared with the prime minister in Britain, the president of America has more power. All nation’s executive was on president's hand, he has power of forming government, making external policy, and even starting a war. The presidential election is held every 4 years. The two major political--- Democratic Party and Republican Party, which been called as Donkey and Elephant , compete for winning the presidential election. After the election, the party won the presidential election become to the ruling party, definitely the lead of which becomes the president of America. And the another political becomes to the out party. Different with Britain, whether a political can comes into power is not decided by whether how many seat it has in the Congress, but by whether it win the presidential election. That means the reigning position of ruling party will not influence by how many seat in the Congress, even when it has minority in the Congress. For example, incumbent president Barack Obama is belong to the Democratic Party, but the Republican Party has the majority seats in the whole Congress.3)The degree of discipline of organizationThe two major political parties in British have strict party discipline. Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party have clear-cut, concrete political program and electionmanifesto.Because of this, “There are Clear boundaries between the two parties, and the base of party is stable. Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party implement member-registration system, party members have to participate in grassroots organizations and pay dues on time, thus the members of parties take a firm stand the number of them is clearly different”.[1] In addition, every political party has strict discipline to constraint their member when voting in parliament. On the important voting, every member is requested to take a same standpoint with the political party they belong to. Every party will send two party secretary, appointed by the party leader, to stand in the places where represent “agree”. Later, party members cross the places one by one according to where did their party secretary stand. In this way, every party can ensure all its member will stand together. What’s more, British parties have only one leading centers,and implemented centralized leadership system. The party's power is highly concentrated in the hands of the central organization and leadership. Therefore, the central organization of party firmly controls the nomination of candidates in parliament and other candidates for public office, also controls the distribution and the right of using of campaign funds. The organizational principle of Britain is lower level to the higher, and the whole party to the Central Committee, so as to form a top-down chain of authority. Thus both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party are party that have strong cohesive force.In contrast with the tightly knit political parties in Britain , the organization system of America political parties is very loose. Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party haven't clear-cut, concrete political program and they just have election manifesto. First, the boundaries between members of the two parties is fuzzy, because the two parties didn’t make a stipulation for membership of party and they didn’t require their members to register, nor did their members been required to join a grassroots organization and pay dues on time. So, how to identifythe identity of a people that which political party he belongs to? The former US Senator William Borah said: “ a person maybe believe every policy advocated by the Democratic Party, believes in free trade, believe in unconditional membership in the League of nations, believe in states' rights . But if he support the Republican primaries, he is a Republican. "[2] Therefore, it is very simple to identify which party does a person belongs to, because what need to do is to see which party did he vote for at the primaries. Due to the lack of clear restrictions of party members’ eligibility , it is a quite common phenomenon that members withdraw from a party and join the another. Thus the base of party in America is lack of stability. Second, the political in America implement the decentralized management system of layers , instead of centralized leadership system. The organizations of Parties at all levels have their own responsibility and authority within their purview, they can make decisions without the intervention of a higher level organizations. For example, the National People's Congress of both parties responsible for the nomination of presidential candidate and election agenda;the state representatives responsible for nominating members of both Houses of Congress and candidates for governor;the state Committee responsible for organizing campaign of president and members of Congress ; local organizations of party responsible for the nomination and election of local public officials. Organizations of parties at all levels perform their duties. And a organization has no right to give orders to the lower level party organizations of party. In this way, there are not only one center of power appeared in America’s political parties, which made America lack of a top-down power chain in political system.4) Operational modes and mechanisms of political partiesDuring the General election, Britain's two major political parties compete for seats in the House of Commons. The party which received a majority form a cabinet and government, and became the ruling party. Once the Cabinet come into being, it is responsible for the parliament. The another party become the out party, they form the shadow cabinet to prepare for next election and supervise current government. Therefore, at the same time, the ruling party actually is majority party in the parliamentary, so that the formed the Trinity political system of political parties, parliament,and government. Because of this system, the ruling party got more conditions to expand its purview. During the power, Britain's ruling party also can control the legislative power by utilizing the position of majority party in Parliament. Also, the British Cabinet has the right of legislative proposals, which means the ruling party has access to participate in .It is visible that British ruling party has a prominent role in legislation. Under this operational mechanisms, parliament is too weak to oversight the cabinet , because in one sense, the supervision on Cabinet is from its own member of Parliament.For that America is a presidential country, the presidential election and parliamentary election are separated.Unlike the Britain, the ruling party of America not always the majority party in the Congress. During the presidential election, the two major parties pay all attention to the competition for president. If won the presidential, the presidential candidate become to the president of America, and the party he belongs to become to the ruling party. It means that whether a party become the ruling party is not judged by how many seat they take in the Congress, but by whether they win the presidential election. Due to the check and balance, the president is not responsible for the Congress, but become a independent executive branch. In addition, the president will lose his real leadership of his political party automatically, replaced by national committee chairman.In America, political parties,congress ,and government didn’t formed aTrinity political system, it more likely three independent political system that grasp different power.3.ConclusionAlthough the party system has a lots difference between Britain and America, but there is no doubt that both of them essentially are tools of capitalist domination. And no matter which political party comes into power, what does it represent is just the interests of bourgeoisie,all it done is to protect the capitalist domination. In a country of two-party system, it doesn’t matter that which party comes into power, although their political platforms seems different.According to the comparison of difference between Britain and America’s party system, we known that no matter the two-party system in Britain or in America are developed based on their own certain history, culture.The reason they exists must be the choose of their history and people. As a developing country, there are still many things we need to learn from other countries, including the political party system. Although Britain and America are capitalist countries, while our country is a socialist country that implements system of multi-party co-operation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, but the party system of them still can be a reference for us.参考文献：[2] 弗格森和麦克享利 . 《美国政府大纲》. 1960[4] 黄柯可. 《美国两党制的形成及其历史特点》 . 世界历史. 1987[5] 万华炜. 《英美政党制度的比较及其启示》. 湖北工业大学学报. 2008[1] 张定河. 《英美两党制特征比较》[ J ] . 山东师范大学学报.1999[6] 周淑真. 《政党和政党制度比较研究》. 北京人民出版社. 2001。
英美政治体制的比较inEnglish
Contrasts between the American and British Political Systems SimilaritiesThe first western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from Britain ,U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. So there are many similarities between the American and British political systems.1.Head of StateBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a head of state .The president is the official head of state in the US. The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term.In the U.K., the queen or king is the official head of state. But the queen or king is only a figure head without real , the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of governmentUpper HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have an upper house. The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U.K. has the House of Lords.The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. Each . state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms.The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the House of Commons –they share responsibility for making laws and checking government action.Lower HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a lower house. The . House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats.The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislaturewhich also includes the number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.The House of Commons comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members (since 2010 General Election), who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election). Differences1.Form of governmentThe USA is a republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy.Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution.A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen byelected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition ofa republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.2.?GovernmentThe government consisting of three parts，or branches，the executive，the legislative and the judicial in USA. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions，including the position of Supreme Count Senate ，however must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.However，the UK? government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister, who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war, to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These appointments are entirely his choice andare not subject to scrutiny or confirmation by any other person of body. The Prime Minister also has t he power to dismiss (“demand the resignation of”) any serving minister? or secretary of state.3.The constitutionThe United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament such as statute law, the common laws and conventions.4.The political partiesThe United States has two major political is the Democratic symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party. The symbol of the party is the elephant.There are three major national parties in UK—The Conservative party ，the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats.In the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties absolutely dominate federal and state elections with independents securing only small proportions of the vote. In the United Kingdom,the two main political parties - Conservative and Labour - win a smaller and declining share of the total vote, with a growing share being taken by the likes of the Liberal Democrat Party and the UK Independence Party at national level and by the likes of the Scottish and Welsh Nationalist Parties at the devolved level.In conclusion, a political system is an important integration of a country’s politics and different countries have their distinctive features.。