大学化工专业英语Lesson 1
化学化工专业英语
The shift of electron density in a covalent bond toward the more electronegative atom or group can be observed in several ways. For bonds to hydrogen, acidity is one criterion. If the bonding electron pair moves away from the hydrogen nucleus the proton will be more easily transfered to a base (it will be more acidic). Methane is almost non-acidic, since the C–H bond is nearly non-polar. The O–H bond of water is polar, and it is at least 25 powers of ten more acidic than methane. H–F is over 12 powers of ten more acidic than water as a consequence of the greater electronegativity difference in its atoms. Electronegativity differences may be transmitted through connecting covalent bonds by an inductive effect. This inductive transfer of polarity tapers off as the number of transmitting bonds increases, and the presence of more than one highly electronegative atom has a cumulative effect. For example, trifluoro ethanol, CF3CH2– O–H is about ten thousand times more acidic than ethanol, CH3CH2–O–H.
化学化工专业英语课件
deci-分 decigram 分克(1/10克)；decimeter 分米
centi- 厘 centimeter 厘米；centigram厘克
nano- 纳
nanometer纳米；
nanosecond十亿分之一秒（10-9秒）
milli-毫 millimeter毫米；millilitre毫升； milligram毫克
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另 有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
数字 拉丁或希 烷烃-ane 烷基-yl 烯烃-ene 腊前缀 alkane alkyl Alkene
炔烃-yne 醇-ol alkyne alcohol
醛-al aldehyde
one mono- methane methyl
4.名词+动名词（n.+v.ing）
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ？
5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品（介词+名词） Make-up 化妆品（动词+副词） Out-of-door 户外 （副词+介词+名词） Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 （动词+代词+副词）
2.形容词+名词（adj.+n.）
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 Blueprint periodic table mixed-powder atomic weight
3.动名词+名词（v.ing+n.）
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作，而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ？
化工专业英语翻译
元素是单纯的物质，不能通过一般的化学变化分解成为更简单的物质。目前已知有109个元素。一些你熟悉的常见元素是碳、氧、铝、铁、氮和金。元素是组成物质的基本单元，就象0到9的数字是组成数的基本单元一样。就我们所知，已经在地球上发现的元素也是组成整个宇宙的元素。
About 85% of (85 percent of) the elements can be found in nature , usually combined with other elements in minerals and vegetable matter or in substances like water and carbon dioxide. Copper, silver, gold, and about 20 other elements can be found in highly pure forms. Sixteen elements are not found in nature; they
Lesson one Elements and Compounds
元素与化合物
Elements are pure substances that can not be decomposed(分解) into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At present there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of1 our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise(包含) the entire universe.
化工专业英语Unit1
=Result from difficulty comes in deciding at是 particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere
Department oInf ACuhguesmt 20ic09al Engineering
Guiding questions
When did the modern chemical industry start ?
Can you give a definition for the chemical industry ?
vt．碳化，使化合成碳酸盐(脂) Inorganic a无机的，无机物的 Dyestuff n 染料，颜料，
a 染色剂 Mauve n 苯胺紫〔染料)
a 紫红色的，谈紫色的 Sulphuric a[含)硫的 Ammonia n 氨（水）
Stand……in good stead 对……很 有用（帮助）
What are the contributions which the chemical industry had made to meet and satisfy our needs?
Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?
要注意的是，值得一提的是
无机的，无机物的
glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.
有机化学工业
开发，开采， 剥削，利用
The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with exploitation
大学化工专业英语Lesson-1
Chemical EngineeringChemical engineering is the development of processes and the design and operation of plants in which materials undergo changes in physical or chemical state on a technical scale.化学工程是过程的开发和工厂的设计与操作，在工厂中材料以某种技术规模进行的物理或化学状态的变化。
Applied throughout the process industries, it is founded on the principles of chemical, physics, and mathematics.它建立在化学、物理和数学的原则上，适用于整个流程工业。
The laws of physical chemistry and physics govern the practicability and efficiency of chemical engineering operations.物理化学和物理定律支配着化工业务的实用性和效率。
Energy changes, deriving from thermodynamic considerations, are particularly important.能量的变化，从热力学考虑派生，显得尤其重要。
Mathematics is a basic tool in optimization and modeling.数学是一个优化和建模的基本工具。
Optimization means arranging materials, facilities, and energy to yield as productive and economical an operation as possible.优化意味着合理安排材料、设备和能源，尽可能生产经济多产的操作。
化工专业英语 李文玲版
Unit 1.Industrial Chemical1.Translate the following into Chinese(1)commodity chemicals 日用化学品(2)Specialty chemicals 专用化学品(3)Fine chemicals 精细化学品(4)Raw material 原材料(5)Sodium chlride 氯化钠(6)Unit operation 单元操作(7)Flow sheet 流程图(8) Chemical processes 化工操作(9)Size reduction2.Translate the following into English(1)氢氧化钠sodium hydroxide(2)硫酸sulfuric acid(3)有机合成organic synthesis(4)表面活性剂surface active agent(5)离子交换ion exchange(6)热传递heat transfer(7)工艺流程图process flow chart(8)副产物by-product3.Translate the following sentences into Chinese(1)we define industrial chemistry as the branch of chemistry which applies physical and chemical procedures towards the transformation of natural raw materials and their derivatives to products that are of benefit to humanity.我们定义工业化学是化学的一个分支，它是用物理或者化学的方法把天然原材料或它们的衍生物转变为对人类有用的产品。
(2)the chemical industry can also be classified according to the type of main raw materials used and or type of principal products made.化学行业也可以根据所使用的原材料类型和主要产品的类型分类。
《化工专业英语第一》PPT课件演示教学
only for small shells.
• （3）运用图表、公式、符号、缩写词语等来替代和简化文字描述， 使论述和说明更为直观和简洁。如：LAS, e.g..
• (4).使用各类复合词较多，如chlor-alkali，by-products。
• 4.化学化工专业英语语法特点：
•
专业英语着重讲述客观现象和科学真理，要求行文简洁、表达客
问才能学好专业英语。广泛进行化学专业英语阅读，阅读过程中，有
意识地对反复出现的化学专业词汇进行观察、分析、归纳，发现化合
物命名中词头和词尾变化的规律。可以通过汉译英、英译汉、用英语 回答问题及写课文或某一段落摘要的练习，提高英语书面表达能力； 在具有较高基础英语听说能力后，不断积累并掌握简单、常用专业英 语词汇的听说技巧，能提高用英语进行专业技术交流的能力。
Oxys(酸)，后缀-gen 。 • 氟，F(Fluorum, [En]Fluorine)，得名于萤石(拉丁语 Fluor，原意是熔
剂)，化学成分是 氟化钙。 • 钠，Na(Natrium)，英语为 Sodium，因电解苏打(Soda，化学成分是
碳酸钠)制得而得 名。拉丁语 Natrium 意思也是苏打。 • 镁，Mg(Magnesium)，得名于苦土(Magnesia，希腊一个盛产苦土的
• 专业英语是大学课程体系的一个重要组成部分，是保证学 生能够真正掌握英语并能够实用英语的一个重要环节。
• 专业英语有着自身的特点，表现在语句结构、构词、写作 等方面，学生只有掌握了这些特点才能更好地学习并运用 专业英语。
• 本教材的内容包括：
• 按照化学基础知识如有机物和无机物、化学反应内容；化 工操作单元和化工设备如转热、反应器、喷雾干燥设备和 膜技术等内容；无机化工如盐酸和硝酸、纯碱、烧碱等内 容，有机化工、精细化工、高分子材料、化工产品说明书 和设备说明书、煤化工、环境保护和清洁生产、计算机辅 助设计、生物技术、锂离子电池等内容，使教材体现新技 术新材料技术的发展和应用。使本教材有简单到复杂、由 化学到化工、有设备到工艺、由基础到前沿的顺序安排学 习。同时让学生掌握化学化工词汇的构词规律，掌握专业 英语的特点和学习方法，掌握专业英语的翻译和写作。使 学生在今后的生产实践中能够借助词典阅读专业的先进技
化学化工专业英语电子版课本.
ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 PartⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 PartⅤPOLYMERS 136 Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三:聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四:练习题参考答案284 PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies ha ve been intimately tied to the members‘ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age.The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐☯❑♓陶器structural elements结构成分;property / ☐❑☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.―Structure‘‘ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed‗‗microscopic,‘‘ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‗‗macroscopic.‘‘The notion of ‗‗property‘‘ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, aspecimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise /♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的,复杂的; semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎含糊的,有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯❍♎亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❑☯☐♓♎微观的❍♋♍❑☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌❑☯✞☐♓♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermalconductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‗‗processing‘‘ and‗‗performance.‘‘ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material‘s perf ormance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire, which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/♎♓♐❍♏♓☞☯变形deteriorative/♎♓♓☯❑♓☯❑♏♓♦♓破坏(老化的elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❑♏⏹♑强度;dielectric constant介电常数;heat capacity 热容量refraction/❑♓♐❑✌☞☯折射率; reflectivity/ ❑♓♐●♏♓♓♦♓/ 反射率processing/☐❑☯◆♏♦♓☠加工light transmittance of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it, whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Ofcourse, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❑✌❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯蓝宝石transparent/♦❑✌☐☪☯❑☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的;polycrystalline/ ☐♓❑♓♦♦☯♓多晶体; translucent/♦❑✌✞♎半透明的; opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister, Materials science and engineering : anintroduction, Press:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♏♓决定trade off 权衡;折衷ductility♎✈♓●♓♦♓延展性/ ☯✞☯❑♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1.At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来,材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程,且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
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Chemical EngineeringChemical engineering is the development of processes and the design and operation of plants in which materials undergo changes in physical or chemical state on a technical scale.化学工程是过程的开发和工厂的设计与操作，在工厂中材料以某种技术规模进行的物理或化学状态的变化。
Applied throughout the process industries, it is founded on the principles of chemical, physics, and mathematics.它建立在化学、物理和数学的原则上，适用于整个流程工业。
The laws of physical chemistry and physics govern the practicability and efficiency of chemical engineering operations.物理化学和物理定律支配着化工业务的实用性和效率。
Energy changes, deriving from thermodynamic considerations, are particularly important.能量的变化，从热力学考虑派生，显得尤其重要。
Mathematics is a basic tool in optimization and modeling.数学是一个优化和建模的基本工具。
Optimization means arranging materials, facilities, and energy to yield as productive and economical an operation as possible.优化意味着合理安排材料、设备和能源，尽可能生产经济多产的操作。
Modeling is the construction of theoretical mathematical prototypes of complex process systems, commonly with the aid of computers.建模是将复杂过程系统建设出其理论数学原型的过程，通常需要借助电脑完成。
Chemical engineering is as old as the process industries.化学工程和过程工业一样古老。
Its heritage dates from the fermentation and evaporation processes operated by early civilizations.其遗产起源于早期文明的发酵和蒸发过程。
Modern chemical engineering emerged with the the development of large-scale, chemical-manufacturing operations in the second half of the 19th century.在19世纪下半叶，随着大规模的化学制造业操作的发展，现代化学工程出现了。
Throughout its development as an independent discipline, chemical engineering has been directed toward solving problems of designing and operating large plants for continuous production.化学工程作为一门独立的学科，纵观其发展过程，它已经朝向解决设计问题和经营连续生产的大型工厂的问题。
Manufacture of chemicals in the mid-19th century consisted of modest craft operations.在19世纪中叶，化工生产由小型的手工操作组成。
Increase in demand, public concern at the emission of noxious effluents, and competition between rival processes provided the incentives for greater efficiency.需求的增加，公众对有害物质排放的关注，和与对手的竞争过程为创造更高效率提供了激励机制。
This led to the emergence of combines with resources for larger operations and caused the transition from a craft to a science-based industry.这导致了更大的操作与资源相结合的联合工厂的出现，引起了从手工业到一个以科学为基础的产业（科技工厂）的过渡。
The result was a demand for chemists with knowledge of manufacturing processes, known as industrial chemists or chemical technologists.其结果是应了具有制作过程知识的化学家的要求，这是为工业化学家或化工技师所知晓的The term chemical engineer was in general use by about 1900.化学工程师一词广泛应用了约1900年。
Despite its emergence in traditional chemicals manufacturing, it was through its role in the development of the petroleum industry that chemical engineering became firmly established as a unique discipline.尽管出现在传统的化学品制造中，但它的价值却是通过其在石油工业——这门由化工工程牢固建立成的独立学科来实现的。
The demand for plants capable of operating physical separation processes continuously at high levels of efficiency was a challenge that could not be met by the traditional chemist or mechanical engineer.工厂的需求是能够高效连续地进行物理分离过程的操作，这是传统的化学家或工程师无法迎接的挑战。
A landmark in the development of chemical engineering was the publication in 1901 of the first textbook on the subject, by George E. Davis, a British chemical consultant. 化学工程发展的一个里程碑是1901年，一个英国化学顾问乔治·E·戴维斯出版的关于此话题的教科书。
This concentrated on the design of plant items for specific operations.这本书集中描述了设计工厂项目的具体操作。
The notion of a processing plant encompassing a number of operations, such as mixing, evaporation, and filtration, and of these operations being essentially similar, whatever the product, led to the concept of unit operations.注意到加工厂包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本相同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。
This was first enunciated by the American chemical engineer Arthur D. Little in 1915 and formed the basis for a classification of chemical engineering that dominated the subject for the next 40 years.这被美国化学工程师理特于1915年首次解释，形成了化学工程分类的基础，主导了未来40年的主题。
The number of unit operations—the building blocks of a chemical plant—is not large. 单元操作的数目——一个化工厂的建设模块数并不大。
The complexity arises from the variety of conditions under which the unit operations are conducted.复杂性来自于单元操作进行的条件的多样性。
In the same way that a complex plant can be divided into basic unit operations, so chemical reactions involved in the process industries can be classified into certain groups, or unit processes(e.g., polymerizations, esterifications, and nitrations), having common characteristics.同复杂的工厂可划分为基本的单元操作一样，过程工业中涉及到的化学反应也可分成一定的单元过程（如聚合、酯化和硝化），它们具有共同的特性。
This classification into unit processes brought rationalization to the study of process engineering.单元过程的这种分类对于过程工程的研究是合理的。