2012年考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版_4
2012年考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版
2011年管理类联考综合能力初数部分真题
一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分。
下列每题给出的A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.已知船在静水中的速度为28km/h ，河水的流速为2km/h ，则此船在相距78km 的两地间往返一次所需时间是
（A ）5.9h （B ）5.6h （C ）5.4h （D ）4.4h （E ）4h
3)E (54)D (34)C (35)B (4
)A (abc ,0)4c 5(5b 33a c ,b ,a .22-
--=
=-+++-则满足若实数
3.某年级60名学生中，有30人参加合唱团、45人参加运动队，其中参加合唱团而未参加运动队的有8人，则参加运动队而未参加合唱团的有
（A ）15人 （B ）22人 （C ）23人 （D ）30人 （E ）37人
333
33
R 93)E (R 31)D (R 3
4)C (R 938)B (R 3
8)A (R .4方体的体积是
工的最大正
加工成正方体，则能加的球体，拟用刨床将其现有一个半径为
5.2007年，某市的全年研究与试验发展（R&D ）经费支出300亿元，比2006年增长20%，该市的GDP 为10000亿元，比2006年增长10%。
2006年，该市的R&D 经费支出占当年GDP 的
（A ）1.75% （B ）2% （C ）2.5% （D ）2.75% （E ）3%
61E 5
1D 41C 3
1B 21A 133145.6）（）（）（）（）（名学生的概率为
个专业各有则该小组中人小组，
机派出一个名财会专业的学生中随名经济专业和名管理专业，现从
名
）（名）（名
）（名）（名
）（年九月底的在校学生有
名，则该校多招名，之后每年比上一年年招生
生九月份入学。
该校毕业生七月份离校，新一所四年制大学每年的3200E 6200D 9000C 11600B 14000A 200720020002001.7
2717E 95D 9
4C 278B 9
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种）（种种
！）（种）种
）（在一起的不同坐法有
人都坐
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的坐标为
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=
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数），且的三个不同的质数（素是小于设 (A)10 (B)12 (C)14 (D)15 (E)19
13.在年底的献爱心活动中，某单位共有100人参加捐款，经统计，捐款总额是19000元，个人捐款数额有100元、500元和2000元三种，该单位捐款500元的人数为
(A)13 (B)18 (C)25 (D)30 (E)28
14.某施工队承担了开凿一条长为2400m 隧道的工程，在掘进了400m 后，由于改进了施工工艺，每天比原计划多掘进2m ，最后提前50天完成了施工任务，原计划施工工期是
(A)200天 (B)240天 (C)250天 (D)300天 (E)350天
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已知
二、条件充分性判断：第16-25小题，每小题3分，共30分。
要求判断每题给出的条件（1）和条件（2）能否充分支持题干所陈述的结论，A 、B 、C 、D 、E
五个选项为判断结果，请选择一项符合试题要求的判断，在答题卡上将所选
项的字母涂黑。
（A ）条件（1）充分，但条件（2）不充分。
（B ）条件（2）充分，但条件（1）不充分。
（C ）条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分，但条件（1）和条件（2）联合起来充分。
（D ）条件（1）充分，条件（2）也充分。
（E ）条件（1）和（2）单独都不充分，条件（1）和（2）联合起来也不充分。
16．实数a,b,c 成等差数列。
.e ,e ,e 1c b a 成等比数列）（
(2) ln a , ln b , ln c 成等差
17.在一次英语考试中，某班的及格率为80%.
（1）男生及格率为70%，女生及格率为90%.
（2）男生的平均分与女生的平均分相等.
18. 如图2，等腰梯形的上底与腰均为x ，
下底为x +10. 则x =13.
（1）该梯形的上底与下底之比为13：23.
（2）该梯形的面积为216.
.2.
1.
24.23.19的某位男生）第二位面试的是指定（）第一位面试的是女生（种则面试的排序法有名女生参加面试名男生和现有
20.已知三角形ABC 的三条边分别为a,b,c . 则三角形ABC 是等腰直角三角形
(1) (a-b )(222b a c --)=0
(2) c = 2b
21.直线ax+by+3=0被圆22)1()2(-+-y x =4截得的线段的长度为23
(1) a=0, b=-1
(2) a=-1,b=0
22.已知实数a,b,c,d 满足.1,12222=+=+d c b a 则bd ac +<1
(1) 直线ax+by =1与cx+dy =1仅有一个交点
(2) a ≠c,b ≠d
23.某年级共有8个班友，在一次年级考试中，共有21名学生不及格，每班不及格的学生最多有3名，则（一）班至少有1名学生不及格
(1)（二）班的不及格人数多于（三）班
(2)（四）班不及格的学生有2名
24.现有一批文字材料需要打印，两台新型打印机单独完成此任务分别需要4小时与5小时，两台旧型打印机单独完成此任务分别需要9小时与11小时，则能在2.5小时内完成任务
(1) 安排两台新型打印机同时打印
(2) 安排一台新型打印机与两台旧型打印机同时打印
25.已知{a n }为等差数列，则该数列的公差为零
(1) 对任何正整数n ，都有a 1+a 2+…+a n ≤n
(2) a 1≥a 2
2011年MBA MPA MEM MPACC管理类联考综合参考答案一、数学部分
1—5 BACBD 6—10 EBDED 11—15 EDADC
16—20 AEDBC 21—25 BEDDC。
2012考研英语二参考答案
2012考研英语二参考答案（解析版）2012年01月08日 14:17:45来源： 人民网 新华微博 【字号：大 中 小】【打印】 【纠错】完形填空1. B served2. B common3. A bore4. A necessities5. C but6. D against7. A meaning8. A handed out9. C made 10. D neither11. D distinguished 12. B collection 13. C interviewed 14. D human15. C patrolled 16. A paralleled 17. C emphasized 18. C fragments19. B To 20. D at that pointTEXT1：21. A is receiving more criticism22. C may have problems finishing their homework23. A discourage students from doing homework24. B it counts much in schooling25. D A Faulty Approach to HomeworkTEXT2：26. A should not be the sole representation of girlhood27. B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls28. A the marketing of products for children29. C classify consumers into smaller groups30. C mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenTEXT3：31. C genes to be patentable32. B only man-made products are patentable33. A establishing disease correlations34. D gene patenting was a great concern35. D objectiveTEXT4：36. D look on the bright side of the recession37. D reconsider their lifestyle38. B bring out more evils of human nature39. D recover more quickly than the others40. B positive新题型：41. A emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.42. F dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.43. G depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.44. C focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.45. E held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.翻译当发展中国家的人们开始为移民担心时，他们关注的是在发达国家的硅谷、医院和大学里的最光辉灿烂的前景。
2012年英语二(完整版)
I have to complain about the poor quality of the dictionary. For one thing, the dictionary often automatically turns off at the very moment I am eager to see the word explanations. For another, it seems loose in the conjunction part. The screen part cannot be properly settled.
发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心，往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来。英国、 加拿大和澳大利亚等国给大学毕业生提供的优惠移民政策，就是为了吸引这部分人群。
诸多研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人才往往可能有移民倾向。2004 年，曾针对印度家庭进行过一次大 型调查，结果发现，近 40%有移民倾向的人受过中学以上教育，而 25 岁以上的印度人只有约 3.3%受过中学以上教 育。“人才流失”问题长期以来一直让发展中国家的决策者很苦恼，他们担心这种情况会危及其经济发展，夺去他 们紧缺的技术人才，而这些人才本该在他们自己的大学任教，在他们自己的医院工作，为他们自己的工厂研发新产 品。
Since the problems are unaccepted to me, I would like to get a refund or a new dictionary that can work well. Your prompt response will be highly appreciated.
To sum up, the senior citizens enjoys more content than the young people. In order to improve this situation, and make life of those who are between 40s and 50s easier, the authorities, relevant departments and certain enterprises should adopt some measures to increase salaries and perfect welfare system. What’s more, adults under 40 themselves should also treat their work with a positive and proper attitude and spare more time on physical practice after long-hour work. Only in this way can we assure that as many people as possible will live a contented life.
2012考研英语二真题及答案解析
15.[A]ruined[B]commuted[C]patrolled[D]gained16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advances19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary[B]by this means[C]from the outset[D]at that pointSectionⅡReading ComprehensionText1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.School districts across the country,most recently Los Angeles Unified,are revising their thinking on his educational ritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses,homework may no longer count for more than10%of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.But the policy is unclear and contradictory.Certainly,no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment.But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives,it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling:teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want.But with homework counting for no more than10%of their grades,students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards.Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework,but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?It is quite possible that the homework helped.Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students,the policy imposes a flat,across-the-board rule.At the same time,the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’academic achievement,it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments,not make them count for almost nothing.Conversely,if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board,which is responsible for setting educational policy,looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.It is not too late for L.A.Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph1that nowadays homework_____.[A]is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homeworkB should not be associated with girls'innocenceC cannot explain girls'lack of imaginationD cannot influence girls'lives and interests27.According to Paragraph2,which of the following is true of colours?A Colors are encoded in girls'DNAB Blue used to be regarded as the color for girlsC Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing gendersD White is preferred by babies28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by ________.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph4that department stores were advised________.A focuses on infant wear and older kids'clothesB attach equal importance to different gendersC classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers'terms30.It can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be_____.A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its panies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by2005some20%of human genes were patented.But in March2010a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.Executives were violently agitated.The Biotechnology Industry Organisation(BIO),a trade group,assured members that this was just a“preliminary step”in a longer battle.On July29th they were relieved,at least temporarily.A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer.The chief executive of Myriad,a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine,the courts will remain rather busy.The Myriad case itself is probably not over.Critics make three main arguments against gene patents:a gene is a product of nature,so it may not be patented;gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it;and patents'monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case,arguing that an isolated DNA molecule“is no less a product of nature...than are cotton fibres that have beenseparated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court's decision,big questions remain unanswered.For example,it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it.The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain.firms are now studying how genes interact,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s panies are eager to win patents for‘connecting the dots’,explains Hans Sauer,a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue,brought by the Mayo Clinic,which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term.The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.Each meeting was packed.31.It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patentableD.the BIO to issue a warning32.Those who are against gene patents believe that_____A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovationsD.courts should restrict access to genetic tests33.According to Hans Sauer,companies are eager to win patents for_____A.establishing disease correlationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34．By saying“each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that_____A.the Supreme Court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventions35.Generally speaking,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is_____A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText4The great recession may be over,but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.Before it ends,It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.And ultimately,it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture,and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many said that unemployment,while extremely painful,had improved them in some ways;they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent;they were more aware of the struggles of others.In limited respects,perhaps the recession will leave society better off.At the very least,it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part,these benefits seem thin,uncertain,and far off.In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S.,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive,and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases,as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession,but it has not shrunk in this one.Indeed,this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides,and decrease opportunities to cross them---especially for young people.The research of Till Von Wachter,the economist in Columbia University,suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times;it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age,it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society.More difficult,in the moment,is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects,the U.S.was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history,and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results.We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.But they certainly it,and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying“to find silver linings”（Line1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the government[B]explore reasons for the unemployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believed that economic recession may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to_____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT1.(10points)Universal history,the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,”wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.Well,not any more it is not.Suddenly,Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.This could be no more than a passing literary craze,but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past:less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.Today,we want empathy,not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance,the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.In1337,Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus-On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus(or virtue)of classical heroes.Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.In The Prince, the championed cunning,ruthlessness,and boldness,rather than virtue,mercy and justice,as the skills of successful leaders.Over time,the attributes of greatness shifted.The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day,stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory.By contrast,the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,industrialists and explores."The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help,if patient purpose,resolute working and steadfast integrity,issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character,exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself."His biographies of James Walt,Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle,who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther,Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate,but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day,Write an email to the customer service center to1)Make a complaint and2)Demand a prompt solutionYou should write about100words on ANSERE SHEET2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use"zhang wei"instead.48、write an essay based on the following table.In your writing you should1)Describe the table,and2)Give your commentsYou should write at least150words(15points)2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文是一篇以人物介绍为中心的说明文。
2012年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本文是一篇以人物介绍为中心的说明文。
讲述了身为草根的G.I.Joe，成长为美国对外战争中一名战斗勇士。
第一、二段介绍了一个普通人G.I.Joe的生活背景及在美国和其他国家战争中的英勇表现从而获得美国政府的奖励。
第三段指出G.I.Joe为代表的普通士兵们对和平和安定的平民生活的渴望。
试题解析Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I.Joe as a mindless war toy，the symbol of American military adventurism,but that's not how it used to be.To the men and women who__1__in World War II and the people they liberated,the G.I.was the__2__man grown into hero，the poor farm kid torn away from his home，the guywho__3__all the burdens of battle，who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the__4__of food and shelter，who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.This was not a volunteer soldier,not someone well paid，__5__an average guy，up__6__the best trained，best equipped，fiercest，most brutal enemies seen in centuries.【译文】数以百万计的美国人和外国人将G.I.Joe视为毫无头脑的战争玩偶，看作美国军事冒险主义的象征，但在过去事实并非如此。
2012年考研英语二真题(全部答案解析完整版本)
英语二真题：Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who neve r 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.(19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests withoutcompleting their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational rit ual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homewo rk[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homewor k[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminat ed[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Polic y[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about HomeworkA Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girl s’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts develop ed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlho od[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girl s.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for childr en[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller group s[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessm en[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'panieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfor decades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereun patentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOr ganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“prelimina rystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatent stotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.Thechiefexecuti veofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatients alike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswi llremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethr eemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotb epatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents' monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberse styearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogen etictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,a rguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanareco ttonfibresthathavebeensepar atedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexam ple,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsof individualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34.By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, ifpatient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstan ces directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A翻译：而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家的一些医院和大学。
2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译标准答案超详解析
20１2年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二）试题答案与解析Seｃtion I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了G．I. Joe由普通人成长为英雄,是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。
二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题:Ｇ. I. Jｏe 这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。
空格中需要填动词,在定语从句中做谓语,其主语是ｗho(指代meｎａnｄwoｍｅｎ)，动作发生的地点是ｉn ＷorlｄWar IＩ；空后的句子“theｐeoｐle they ｌiｂｅｒaｔed”中ｔhey也指代men and ｗoｍeｎ，他们有ｌiｂeratｅ的动作,由此推断“ｔhe men ａnd woｍｅｎ”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人,即服役的军人。
只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思,所以选B。
A 项peｒfｏrｍ意为“表现;执行;表演”;C 项rebel 意为“造反，反抗”;Ｄ项beｔｒay意为”背叛,出卖”,皆不符合文意，为干扰项。
２．【答案】Ｂ【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的ｔhe poor farm kiｄ和tｈe ｇuy在含义上呼应,同时与空格后的“ｇrown intoherｏ”逻辑含义应保持一致,因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对,后面的分句说他背井离乡,经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（commoｎman）成长为英雄,所以选B。
A 项actual 意为“实际上,事实上的”；C 项ｓpeｃｉａl 意为“特殊的,专门的”;Ｄ项normaｌ意为“正常的,常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意,为干扰项。
３．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是ｗho（the gｕy)，宾语是aｌl thｅburdeｎs of baｔtle，要表达“承担战争带来的负担,应该用动词beaｒ或ｓｈｏｕldeｒ,所以这里选A，boｒe。
2012年考研英语二真题原文及答案解析
Section 1 Use of Eninglish
Directions :
Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who （1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the （2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who （3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the （4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,（5) an average guy ,up （6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted
2012年考研英语(二)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年考研英语（二）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who【C1】______in World War II and the people they liberated, the GI. was the【C2】______man grown into hero, the pool farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who【C3】______all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the【C4】______of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 【C5】______an average guy, up【C6】______the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name isn’t much. GI. is just a military abbreviation【C7】______Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles【C8】______to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 【C9】______it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrac ... a working class name. The United States has 【C10】______had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe. GI. Joe had a 【C11】______career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a【C12】______of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle【C13】______portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the【C14】______side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were【C15】______or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports【C16】______the”Willie”cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men【C17】______.the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 【C18】______of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 【C19】______Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, 【C20】______the most important person in their lives.1．【C1】A．performedB．servedC．rebelledD．betrayed正确答案：B解析：从空格所在的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空格前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次世界大战的男人和女人。
2012考研英语真题及答案
8.[A] handed out [B] turn over [C] brought back [D] passed down9.[A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed10.[A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither11.[A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished12.[A] company [B] collection [C] community [D] colony13.[A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned14.[A] ethical [B] military [C] political [D] human15.[A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained16.[A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted17.[A] neglected [B] avoided [C] emphasized [D] admired18.[A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances19.[A] With [B] To [C] Among [D] Beyond20.[A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that pointSection ⅡReading ComprehensionText 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of astudent‘s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to theimplication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and didtheir homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimport ant to its students‘ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to dohomework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] itshould be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls‘ lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls‘ identity t o appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls‘ lives and interests.Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothingmanufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying "it is ... The rainbow"(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink _______.A should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB should not be associated with girls' innocenceC cannot explain girls' lack of imaginationD cannot influence girls' lives and interests27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A Colors are encoded in girls' DNAB Blue used to be regarded as the color for girlsC Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing gendersD White is preferred by babies28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by________.[A] the marketing of products for children[B] the observation of children's nature[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________.A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothesB attach equal importance to different gendersC classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers' terms30. It can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____.A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a ―preliminary step‖ in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patientsalike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule ―is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres thath ave been separated from cotton seeds.‖Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach theSupreme Court.AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug‘s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for ‗connecting the dots‘, explains Hans Sauer, alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______A. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patentableD. the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____A. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made products are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovationsD. courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for_____A. establishing disease compellationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34．By saying ―each meeting was packed‖(line4,para6)the author means that_____A. the Supreme Court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author‘s attitude toward gene patenting is_____A. criticalB. supportiveC. scornfulD. objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneaththem that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean tim es are affecting society‘s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so thelonger they extend.36.By saying ―to find silver linings‖（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the government[B]explore reasons for the unemployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believed that economic recession may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to_____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others‘[D]recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.（10 points）―Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,‖ wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Car lyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus （or virtue）of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills ofsuccessful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere morals.Communist Manifesto. For th em, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:―It is man, real, living man who does all that.‖ And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:―Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from thepast.‖This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became justas fascinating as upstairs.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineerindustrialists and explorers.41. Petrarch出现在文章第二段第二行―In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus （or virtue）of classical heroes.‖根据此句的提示，Petrarch强调英雄美德。
2012年考研英语二真题及答案
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it need to be. To the men and women who 1 in World War Ⅱand the people they liberated, the GI was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battles, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies in centuries.His name isn’t much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac…a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice- president or secretary of state Joe.GI. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Poly 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about thedirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, GI. Joe was American soldiers, 20 the most important person in their lives.1. [A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2. [A]actual[B]common[C]special[D] normal3. [A]bore[B]caused[C]removed[D] loaded4. [A]necessities[B]facilities[C]commodities[D] properties5. [A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6. [A]for[B]into[C]from[D]against7. [A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8. [A]handed out[B]turned over[C]brought back[D]passed down9. [A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10. [A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11. [A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12. [A]company[B]collection [C]community[D]colony13. [A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14. [A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15. [A] ruined[B] commuted[C] patrolled[D] gained16. [A]paralleled[B] counteracted[C] duplicated[D] contradicted17. [A] neglected[B] avoided[C]emphasized[D] admired18. [A] stages[B]illusions[C] fragments[D] advances19. [A] With [B] To[C] Among[D] Beyond20. [A] on the contrary[B] by this means[C] from the outset[D] at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recently years it has been particularly scorned. Schooldistricts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the shool board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3’one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students’ indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers’ power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4 a key question unanswered about homework is_____.[A] it should be eliminated[B] it counts much in schooling[C] it places extra burdens on teachers[D] it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be____.[A] wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy[B] A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C] Thorny Questions about Homework[D] A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Gi rls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into chi ldren’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sa les, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences-or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying “it is … the rainbow” (Line3, Para.1), the author me ans pink____.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls’ innocence[C]cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls’ lives and interests27. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A] Colours are encoded in girls’ DNA.[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D] White is preferred by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children’s nature[C]researches into children’s behaviour[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers’ terms30. It can be conclu ded that girls’ attraction to pink seems to be____.[A]clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C]mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In2010, a fe deral judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented .But in March 2012 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battleOn July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer .The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are unlikely patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies a re eager to win patents for “connecting the dots,” explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like_____.[A] their executives to be active[B] judges to rule out gene patenting[C] genes to be patentable[D] the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____.[A] genetic tests are not reliable[B] only man-made products are patentable[C] patants on genes depend much on innovation[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer , companies are eager to win patents for_____.[A] establishing disease correlations[B] discovering gene interactions[C] drawing pictures of genes[D] identifying human DNA34. By saying“Each meeting was packed”(Line 4,Para.6), the author means that______.[A] the supreme court was authoritative[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation[C] gene patenting was a great concern[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is______.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] scornful[D] objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them - especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economic at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s charact er. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggests that the jobless try to ___.[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] explore reasons for the unemployment[C] make profit from the troubled economy[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people___.[A] realize the national dream[B] struggle against each other[C] challenge their prudence[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may___.[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to___.[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is _____.[A] certain[B] positive[C] trivial[D] destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by reading information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Make your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)“University history, the history of what man has accomplished in the world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian Thomas Carlyle Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing Debins Illustribus-on Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and author of their day, stressing theuniqueness of the artist’s person experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smile wrote self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self -help, of patient purpose resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit.” wrote Smile, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josian Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engel in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint, and2)demand a prompt solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“ZhangWei”instead.Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should1) describe the table, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15point)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(微博)英语(二)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。