英美概况论文英文版
英语国家概况论文FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THE COMMONWEALTH
FROM THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THECOMMONWEALTHI.Introduction.Great Britain, also known as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, had once been the center of world for centuries and made great contributionto human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise ofother countries, Britain began to fall in the fierce competition among capitalist countries. Afterwards, suffering great loss in the two world wars, Britain became less powerful and thecolonies won independence one after another. The Great Britain Empire gradually transformed itself to a friendly and harmonious Commonwealth. II.Background: The Rise of The British Empire.a)Industrial Revolution and ExpansionThe British Industrial Revolution, which took place in 1700s, resulted in great development of the British society.Hand production methods could no longer meet the need of products.The newly-invented machines simplified the process of production and greatly increased the productivity.And the well-known steam engine provided new source of power, thanks to which, fast development also took place in other important fields such as transportation, steel industry and coal industry.The industrial revolution marked the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind.In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the Great Britain, which marked Great Britain’s gaining of sea supremacy, and paved the way for the expansion.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, British citizens were encouraged to trade abroad,or even plunder and colonize through sailing. Weaker countries’ door s were first knocked open with commerce, and it was often followed by occupation and colonization backed withstrong military force.With advanced technology and broad market, bourgeoisie of Britain started their accumulation of capital, and the country started to lead theworld.b)The Sun-never-set EmpireThe British Empire became the “workshop of the world”, and London became the financial center. For over a century, it was the principal naval and imperial power, and almost unchallenged at seaand in territory. In the early 1900s, it ruled a population of over 500 million and occupied more than one fifth of the Earth’s total land ar ea.Because of its expanse around the globe, the sun could shine on at least one of its territories at any time. P eople call it “the empire on which the sun never sets”.III.Transformation to the Commonwealth.a)The Proposal of CommonwealthQueen Elizabeth II once declared that the confederation of Canada on 1st July 1867 marked “the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations".In 1884, Lord Rosebery, while visiting Australia, described the changing British Empireas some of its colonies became moreindependentas a "Commonwealth of Nations".In 1917, a specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts,at that time a member of the British Imperial War Cabinet, when he brought up the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations". The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which concluded the Irish War of Independence, when the term “British Commonwealth of Nations” was substituted for “British Empire” in the wording of the oath taken by the parliament of the Irish Free State.b)Falling EmpireThe two Industrial Revolutions pushed more countries to develop bourgeoisie and look for foreign markets and raw materials.Therefore, the competition became fiercer. Newly-emerging powers, especially Germany, struggled for a repartition of market and land, while the British Empire had to fight to defend the acquired benefits.The First World War broke out in 1914 and lasted about four years, during which nearly every country suffered from it except America.Although Britain was one of the victorious nations and won many new colonies from the Germans, it could n’t afford to the great expenses for maintainingsuch a huge lions of people died, economy suffered, and Britain became a debtor, rather than creditor. At the same time, independence movements in thecolonies were running high.The empire was losing its control of the colonies. The international financial center transferred to New York. All of these deprived the Empire of its hegemonic position.c)TransformationThe Balfour Declaration, issued by the 1926 Imperial Conference, declared that the United Kingdom and the Dominions are...autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. ...The declaration accepted the fact that the dominions were having growing independence in internal and external affairs in the years after World War I, and became the basis of the Statute of Westminster 1931.The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed Statute of Westminster in 1931. It is a statutory embodiment and formalization of the principles of equality and allegiance to the Crown, which were brought up in the Balfour Declaration. Until today, the Statute of Westminster still serves as a basis of the relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.d)Postwar ChangesAfter World War II, the situation of the world changed profoundly. Europe, a continent that had dominated the whole world for several centuries, was in ruins. The United States and Soviet Union held the super power, while Britain was left bankrupt.In this period, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations.The London Declaration was issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. It is considered a milestone in the history of the modern Commonwealth.The declaration allowed the Commonwealth to admit and retain members that were not Dominions, and it changed the name of the organization from the “British Commonwealth of Nations”to the “Commonwealth of Nations”. The dropping of the word “British” reflects the major changes.After London Declaration, the colonies gained their independence and new members from different continents joined the Commonwealth.Finally, the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997 marked the end of the long decolonization process, as well as the empire.monwealth Today.The Commonwealth of Nations is an voluntary intergovernmental organization of52 independent member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.Although they acknowledge the British Monarch as the symbolic head of the Commonwealth, they have no obligation to each other and have full autonomy on their own internal and external affairs. They are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.Commonwealth countries interact with each other outside governmentwith various non-governmental organizations of different fields, such as sport, culture, education, law and charity.The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organization, resourced by Commonwealth governments. It aims to strengthen civil society in theachievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication, people-centered and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.The Commonwealth games is the third largest multi-sport event in the world.Being held every four years, the games include sports particularly popular in Commonwealth countries, such as netball and rugby sevens. The games were designed with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.V.Conclusion.History witnessed the rise and fall of the British Empire and its transformation to the Commonwealth of Nations.From the history, there’s much we can learn.The rise of the British Empire from the Industrial Revolution can help us realize the importance of science and technology. With advanced technology, a little effort can produce great achievement.The lack of ability and power to control the large area of colonies can remind us that we should pre-estimate the situation, in order that what we wouldn’t cause results that we cannot control.The self-transformation to a loose commonwealth can also enlighten us that we should always follow the historical trend and that being against the trend is not a wise option.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
大题英美概况 英文版
名词解释1 bill of rights （英国美国）英国the Bill of Rights of 1689It is a Parliamentary act of Britain to invite William and Mary of Netherlands to serve as joint sovereign of British Monarchy. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.美国Bill of Rights: 1787The Bill of Right is amendments to the Constitution. It consists of 10 short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of the individual by the government, freedom of religion, of speech and of the press; the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons; No one can stop and search a person without good reason. The accused have the right to defend him in court of a jury trial. Cruel punishment is forbidden.Other Important amendments include, one forbidding slavery, rights of citizenship to people regardless of race, women’s right to vote, and lowering the voting age to 18.2英国国旗Union Jack--National Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:The flag consists of three heraldic crosses: the cross of St. George (Patron Saint of England), St. Andrew (Scotland) and St. Patrick (Ireland).3Magistrates’Courts (地方法庭)The overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’court,and there are more than 700 Magistrates’ Courts in England and Wales. However, nearly all of the UK’s criminals will pass through their doors. The Magistrate's court just deals with all kinds of petty cases, including criminal and civil cases.4百年战争The war between England and France started in 1337 when Edward III landed in Normandy. At first the English was on the offensive, but after a century’s fighting the war ended with the English army driven out of France in 1453影响（1）Ruling Normans came to regard Britain as their home and themselves as belonging to the English nation. English came to replace French as the official language.（2）The war stimulated the development of the woolen textile industry, which leads to the Industrial Revolution.（3) It also sped up the decline of English feudalism.5玫瑰战争In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace Lancaster king, Henry VI. The Lancastrians (with the badge of red rose) were supported by the nobles in the Scot and Welsh, the feudal landowners, while the Yorkists (with the badge of white rose) got support from the progressive South, the commercial-minded gentry. It was a war between the backward landowners in the north and the progressive commercial gentry in the south.The war ended in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy.6美国内战The American Civil War started in 1861, when some slavery southern states declared secession from the US and formed the Confederate States of America because of their intention to keep the black slavery.During the war, President Lincohn announced the Emancipation of Proclamation. The war ended with the surrender of the Confederate armies and the collapse of Confederate government in spring 1865, and it put an end to the black slavery in the USA.7美国土著人25,000 years ago Siberian tribes, in search of hunting grounds or refuge from pursuing enemies, crossed the Bering Strait to Alaska. By late 1500s, about 20 million people, mistakenly called Indians by Christopher Columbus, lived in America. They developed their own aboriginal cultures, ranging from those of the primitive tribes to the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs (阿兹台克文化), the Incas (印加文化) and the Mayas (玛雅文化).8美国战争的导火索(波士顿倾茶事件)In 1773, a group of American patriots responded to the Tea Act by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they boarded British ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.British responded with four intolerable acts (法令) on Boston. These acts closed the port of Boston, replaced civil government with martial law and sent more troops to Boston.The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history.9美国的总统大选The general election in three steps:A. Primary election: two parties hold separate primary election to select delegates to their national party convention. It is a party business but organized by state public authority.B. Party convention:1) writing the party’s platform, a statement of the party’s policy2) selecting the party’s presidential c andidateAfter winning the nomination, the candidate makes an acceptance speech, thanking the delegates and promising to win the general election.C. Nation-wide campaign and ballotingWinning the party’s nomination，the candidate and his team start with nation-wide campaign, a competitive effort of rival candidate to win support of voters with various means10 美国最早宪法为什么行不通P289The Constitutional Convention decided that the Constitution would go into effect once nine states, rather than all the 13 states, had ratified it. The Anti-federalists, mostly small farmers and people with debt, however, criticized the draft Constitution for its negligence of state power and the individual’s rights. The Constitution did not win its final ratification until the Federalists had promised to accept amendments proposed by the opponents. The promise paved the way for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution ,which have known as the Bill of rights.简答题1英国的四次侵略History of Invasions (Before 12th century):1) Invasion from the Roman Empire:The Romans started to invade England in 55 B.C. but they did not succeed to occupy England until 43 D.C., and the English were dominated for 360 years until 410.2)Invasion from Angles and Saxons.In the 5th century, to against Scotland, Britons found help from Angles and Saxons, who refused to leave and occupied the country. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundation of the English state.3) Raiding from Vikings in 8th centuryIn the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries A.D. There came a new wave ofinvasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe.4) Norman Conquest (1066):Headed by William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s cousin, Normans defeated the English army.and the Normans dominated English for 300 years.2.民主进程1.Henry II 's reform:He divided the country into six circuits and arranged the circuit judges who toured the country at least once a year. Investigations and trials helped to uncover the barons’illegal behavior and bring the lawless barons into submission.2. The Great Charter:The Great Charter is considered as “the corner stone of English history”It was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to set up a legal relationship between the king and his barons by defining their rights and obligations.It set the basic rules for the English legal systems and rules of law began to challenge feudal despotism.The starting of parliament英国民主进程3.美国政治体制的优与劣The advantages of the political systemthe delegates set up the government consisting of three parts or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has its own particular powers, which could limit the wrongful action that might be taken by any other two branches. And it can guard against the possibility of tyranny and deal with the possibility that the central government weaken the power of the state government. Problems of the Party System:The two factors - appointing people to public office and the majority vote system - led to a concentration of the American party system.Lack of party discipline and unity:Lack of clear policy alternativesIncrease in inefficiency and legitimacy deficits。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美概况
外语系2011级英语教育专科2班江瑞华20110301054The Enlightenment of BritainEducation System to Chinese Primary and Secondary Education.Abstract: As we all know, knowledge is power. And education is the main access to get it. As a student, I have been experiencing in Chinese education for nearly fifteen years. Although, Chinese education system has changed so much, it is still necessary to update and improve .Especially when learning Britain Education System deeply, we will realize that something should be done to revive our education and inspire Chinese students‟ creative ability and eth nical identity. The ideal education not only should be propitious to help kids pass their various examinations but also to heighten children‟s creative ability, highly respected morality and a civilized citizen with noble-minded and perfect character. And these people will be helpful to complete our socialistic construction. Nowadays Chinese Education System is similar to Britain‟s in some aspects, but the harvest is obviously different: Some Chinese students become a machine of passing examination but Britain students will be talents. Therefore, education for all-around development should be the core of education, especially the elementary education stage, which is important for kids‟ whole lifetime. As a teacher in the future, we have responsibilities to put forward something new, we get from Britain education, to cultivate more talents to build our country.Key words; Chinese UK education talents一、 A brief introduction to the Britain Education System.Within Great Britain there are simultaneously two education systems at work. England, W ales and Northern Ireland adopted the system of National Curriculum. This framework contains English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education as the core subjects, scheduled for students at different stages. Scotland on the contrary has an independent education and testing system, which emphasizes the breadth of knowledge as opposed to depth employed in the former. There are also two parallel school systems in primary and secondary education, the state sector and the private sector in England. The former is in the majority and is a reflection of the free education. But still there are people in favor of a private or independent school.Education in England is overseen by the Department for Education and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Local authorities (LAs) take responsibility for implementing policy for public education and state schools at a local level.The education system is divided into nursery (ages 3–4), primary education (ages 4–11), secondary education (ages 11–18) and tertiary education (ages 18+).Full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16, either at school or otherwise, with a child beginning primary education during the school year he or she turns 5. Students may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years (sixth form), leading most typically to A-level qualifications, although other qualifications and courses exist, including Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) qualifications, the International Baccalaureate (IB) and the Cambridge Pre-U. The leaving age for compulsory education was raised to 18 by the Education and Skills Act 2008. The change will take effect in 2013 for 16-year-olds and 2015 for 17-year-olds. State-provided schooling and sixthform education is paid for by taxes. England also has a tradition of independent schooling, but parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means. Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor's degree. Postgraduate degrees include master's degrees, either taught or by research, and the doctorate, a research degree that usually takes at least three years. Universities require a Royal Charter in order to issue degrees, and all but one are financed by the state via tuition fees, which cost up to £9,000 a term for English, W elsh and EU students.As to primary education, it is previously stated, by law all children between five and sixteen must receive full-time education in Britain. This compulsory stage covers generally the periods of primary and secondary education. A majority of Pupils in the UK, about 94 percent, are recruited to the public-funded state schools where they do not need to pay fees, whilst the rest chose either to attend some independent fee-paying schools or receive home schooling by suitable means. If a child of school age fails to receive any education and there is not a good reason, his parents will be sued at law. Same as the situation in China, children before school age normally receive pre-school education provided by child care centers, play grounds, nursery schools and nursery classes (reception) within primary schools. Such education aim to cultivate children‟s basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language, and physical development. Children start primary school normally at five years of age by first of September (exclusive of reception stage). Since the Education Reform Act 1988, all state schools are obliged to follow the national curriculum system, which divides primary education into key stages. Pupils are expected to accomplish varied educational knowledge and skills at each stage. According to the updated system, English, Maths, History, Geography, Science, Art and Design, Design and Technology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Music, Physical Education, are taught at primary schools. The main goals of primary education are for children to achieve basic literacy and numeracy and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography, history and other social sciences.The teaching approaches in a British primary school are typically students-centered and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography and other social sciences.Secondary education is the other constituent part making up British compulsory education, which has been extended to sixteen years of age. Pupils generally move to a secondary school, students study the same subjects as key stage 2, plus two extra subjects: citizenship and modern foreign languages. Key stage 4 starts at the fourth year and covers the rest of two years of secondary school. Pupils are also entitled to some areas such as the religious education, sex education and careers education. But since these subjects do not form part of the national curriculum, parents have the right to withdraw pupil from them if they wish.In the end of secondary education, students in England, W ales and Northern Ireland take serious of examination in specified subjects, known as GCSEs (equivalent to Standard Grade in Scotland). Therefore the last two years of secondary education centre around preparing students for the school leavers‟ examinations. Usually students make a decision on the GCSE subject at the end of key state 3 and most of them choose eight to ten subjects. Virtually all students take GCSEs in the three core subject: English Maths and Science. And individual schools may have specified requirements as well. Exams are taken in the last year of GCSE study, and as a result students are awarded qualifications showing varied ability levels.On leaving school at age 18, 23.1 percent of pupils become students at universities and colleges. There are eighty-seven universities in Britain: seventy-one in England, twelve in Scotland, two in W ales and two in Northern Ireland. They have 844,400 students and 176,900 lectures. The standard length of undergraduate study in Britain is three years for a Bachelor of Arts and Science degree (BA/B. Sc.), and up to seven years for …vocational‟degrees (that is, those linked to a specific job), like medicine, dentistry, veterinary courses or architecture. Students of subjects such as civil engineering spend an intermediate year in industry on a …sandwich‟course. Many univ ersities offer the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree which is a four-year course geared toward classroom experience. The majority of primary school teachers qualify by this route. The standard way to train to be a specialist subject such as biology, history or mathematics followed by a one-year Post Graduate Certificate in education (PGCE) which includes teaching practice.二、The difference about Chinese and Britain education.There are four important differences as following: At first, it‟s about the age when kids are allowed into school and begin their primary school. The kids in UK begin to go to school in 5 years old, but Chinese kids have to wait for passing their 8th birthday. Britain children are 3 years younger than Chinese kids, which means the learn the discipline of school even society earlier and get some practical skills from kinds of classes in school, besides their parents. It will help kids build independent habits and characters, which will be good for kids‟ whole lifetime.The second is the attention paid on education by government. In UK, their primary and secondary school is not only free but also written in the national law. Parents are forced to keep their kid in school till the kids complete their middle school education. This action is helpful to improve the national education level.The third one is the content of the class, Britain pre-school education Same as the situation in China, children before school age normally receive pre-school education provided by child care centers, play grounds, nursery schools and nursery classes (reception) within primary schools. Such education aim to cultivate chil dren‟s basic and comprehensive competence in creativity, social abilities, language, and physical development.;In primary school Pupils are expected to accomplish varied educational knowledge and skills at each stage. According to the updated system, English, Maths, History, Geography, Science, Art and Design, Design and Technology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Music, Physical Education, are taught at primary schools. The main goals of primary education are for children to achieve basic literacy and numeracy and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography, history and other social sciences.The teaching approaches in a British primary school are typically students-centered and at the same time students could establish the foundations in science, geography and other social sciences ; In the secondary school, they learn some subjects: English, Mathis, science, citizenship and modern foreign language and so on. Pupils are also entitled to some areas such as the religious education, sex education and careers education. But since these subjects do not form part of the national curriculum, parents have the right to withdraw pupil from them if they wish..Thus kids can know more extensive knowledge, which will help them understand nature and life better.The last but not the least is the teaching method. The teaching approaches in British primary schools are typically student-centered and a diversity of methods is used at class to cultivate students‟ interests. Instead of giving instructions throughout the entire class, teachers tend to leave room for students to reflect, discuss, and work out problem by themselves with the assistance of teachers tend to leave room for students to reflect ,discuss, and work out problem by themselves with the assistance of teachers. School day usually begins at nine o‟clock in the morning and ends at 4 o‟clock in the afternoon. Alongside classroom education, schools often organize various events and activities such as swimming, theater visits, and field trips. Through these informal ways of learning, students could well build up physical and practical abilities . Personally speaking, it is the most important reason why Chinese Education is different form Britain Education.三、The enlightenment to Chinese Primary and middle school.First and foremost, tine is short in human-being‟s lifetime, so we should save time tor kids. Therefore, the children‟s age of entering school should be advanced. It will make kids independent from their parents earlier. The kids will have more time to experience the society, find their own real dream and achieve their life goals and values. Also, the children can experience their brain and intelligence more when they learn the more knowledge in their younger age. That will inspire their ability of creating, which is Chinese shortage of, can help China to become more powerful. In addition, if we teach kids traditional culture about our country, it is easy for them to remember and master it. That is, they also can inherit our ethnical culture. About, the teaching content and method, we should pay more attention. The teaching content should not only be limited in maths and Chinese, but should include traditional culture such as traditional festivals, old history and ethnical origin. Some people would say kids are too young to know these complicate classes, which I can not agree with. Teachers can make their effort and make the best use of their brain to simplify this knowledge to be accepted by the kids. That will be helpful for kids to develop kids‟ patriotism and ethnical sense of belonging in childhood. And it also can enhance our ethnic cohesion. It also is important to kids‟ own growth. The most important is that kids should be given the more free time to explore the whole world and life by themselves. Like Britain government, Chinese government should increase their support to people‟s education for all-round development, which can make people more polite, respected character and individual value. Higher citizen quality is also critical to our socialistic construction. Thus, the government should pay more attention and even take law as a method to ensure kids‟ educational level. Of course, the government should pay more money to build and perfect Chinese Education System.四、ConclusionChildren‟s quality and mastering me thods of studying is more important than higher marks. However many Chinese do not really realize the core of education, they are still limited in traditional thought; education just for finding a good job and making a great success, rather than develop their perfect quality. They give up the most important essence in the field ofeducation. Therefore, the attitude to education of teachers, parents even society should be changed.Teachers should p ay more attention to students‟ quality than marks. So, the teaching goal should be changed into helping children build their perfect character through kinds of classes. Parents also should give kids more freedom to think, explore, experience and make conclusions by themselves, and never pay more attention on children‟s‟ marks, but their qualities which will be good for kids‟ whole lifetime. That is the most important skills. About society, it should realize that a perfect citizen may be more important than Doctor, who holds many certifications, because people‟s good quality can ensure the peace and security and the healthy development of the country. Qualified citizen is a strong branch of a country‟s power, so, every aspect in society should encourage children to develop in all-round. As old saying goes: “success can catch up with us when we seek for excellence continuously.”。
大题英美概况英文版
大题英美概况英文版名词解释1 bill of rights （英国美国）英国the Bill of Rights of 1689It is a Parliamentary act of Britain to invite William and Mary of Netherlands to serve as joint sovereign of British Monarchy. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.美国Bill of Rights: 1787The Bill of Right is amendments to the Constitution. It consists of 10 short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of the individual by the government, freedom of religion, of speech and of the press; the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons; No one can stop and search a person without good reason. The accused have the right to defend him in court of a jury trial. Cruel punishment is forbidden.Other Important amendments include, one forbidding slavery, rights of citizenship to people regardless of race, women’s right to vote, and lowe ring the voting age to 18.2英国国旗Union Jack--National Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:The flag consists of three heraldic crosses: the cross of St. George (Patron Saint of England), St. Andrew (Scotland) and St.Patrick (Ireland).3Magistrates’Courts (地方法庭)The overwhelming majority of the public who come into contact with the court system will do so with the Magistrates’court,and there are more than 700 Magistrates’ Courts in England and Wales. However, nearly all of the U K’s criminals will pass through their doors. The Magistrate's court just deals with all kinds of petty cases, including criminal and civil cases.4百年战争The war between England and France started in 1337 when Edward III landed in Normandy. At first the English was on the offensive, but after a century’s fighting the war ended with the English army driven out of France in 1453影响（1）Ruling Normans came to regard Britain as their home and themselves as belonging to the English nation. English came to replace French as the official language.（2）The war stimulated the development of the woolen textile industry, which leads to the Industrial Revolution.（3) It also sped up the decline of English feudalism.5玫瑰战争In 1455 the Duke of York tried to displace Lancaster king, Henry VI. The Lancastrians (with the badge of red rose) were supported by the nobles in the Scot and Welsh, the feudal landowners, while the Yorkists (with the badge of white rose) got support from the progressive South, the commercial-minded gentry. It was a war between the backward landowners in the north and the progressive commercial gentry in the south.The war ended in 1485 with the accession of Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy.6美国内战The American Civil War started in 1861, when some slavery southern states declared secession from the US and formed the Confederate States of America because of their intention to keep the black slavery.During the war, President Lincohn announced the Emancipation of Proclamation. The war ended with the surrender of the Confederate armies and the collapse of Confederate government in spring 1865, and it put an end to the black slavery in the USA.7美国土著人25,000 years ago Siberian tribes, in search of hunting grounds or refuge from pursuing enemies, crossed the Bering Strait to Alaska. By late 1500s, about 20 million people, mistakenly called Indians by Christopher Columbus, lived in America. They developed their own aboriginal cultures, ranging from those of the primitive tribes to the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs (阿兹台克文化), the Incas (印加文化) and the Mayas (玛雅文化).8美国战争的导火索(波士顿倾茶事件)In 1773, a group of American patriots responded to the Tea Act by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they boarded British ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.British responded with four intolerable acts (法令) on Boston. These acts closed the port of Boston, replaced civil government with martial law and sent more troops to Boston.The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history.9美国的总统大选The general election in three steps:A. Primary election: two parties hold separate primary election to select delegates to their national party convention. It is a party business but organized by state public authority.B. Party convention:1) writing the party’s platform, a statement of the party’s policy2) selecting the party’s presidential c andidateAfter winning the nomination, the candidate makes an acceptance speech, thanking the delegates and promising to win the general election.C. Nation-wide campaign and ballotingWinning the party’s nomination，the candidate and his team start with nation-wide campaign, a competitive effort of rival candidate to win support of voters with various means10 美国最早宪法为什么行不通P289The Constitutional Convention decided that the Constitution would go into effect once nine states, rather than all the 13 states, had ratified it. The Anti-federalists, mostly small farmers and people with debt, however, criticized the draft Constitution for its negligence of state power and the individual’s rights. The Constitution did not win its final ratification until the Federalists had promised to accept amendments proposed by the opponents. The promise paved the way for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution ,which have known as the Bill of rights.简答题1英国的四次侵略History of Invasions (Before 12th century):1) Invasion from the Roman Empire:The Romans started to invade England in 55 B.C. but they did not succeed to occupy England until 43 D.C., and the English were dominated for 360 years until 410.2)Invasion from Angles and Saxons.In the 5th century, to against Scotland, Britons found help from Angles and Saxons, who refused to leave and occupied the country. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundation of the English state.3) Raiding from Vikings in 8th centuryIn the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries A.D. There came a new wave ofinvasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe.4) Norman Conquest (1066):Headed by William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s cousin, Normans defeated the English army.and the Normans dominated English for 300 years.2.民主进程1.Henry II 's reform:He divided the country into six circuits and arranged the circuit judges who toured the country at least once a year. Investigations and trials helped to uncover the barons’illegal behavior and bring the lawless barons into submission.2. The Great Charter:The Great Charter is considered as “the corner stone of English h istory”It was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to set up a legal relationship between the king and his barons by defining their rights and obligations.It set the basic rules for the English legal systems and rules of law began to challenge feudal despotism.The starting of parliament英国民主进程3.美国政治体制的优与劣The advantages of the political systemthe delegates set up the government consisting of three parts or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has its own particular powers, which could limit the wrongful action that might be taken by any other two branches. And it can guard against the possibility of tyranny and deal with the possibility that the central government weaken the power of the state government. Problems of the Party System: The two factors - appointing people to public office and the majority vote system - led to a concentration of the American party system.Lack of party discipline and unity:Lack of clear policy alternativesIncrease in inefficiency and legitimacy deficits。
英美概况英国人口英语作文
英美概况：英国人口探析The United Kingdom, often referred to as the UK, is a sovereign state located on the island of Great Britain in Europe. It comprises four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich history and diverse culture, making it a fascinating country to explore. In this essay, we will delve into the demographics of the UK, specifically its population.The population of the UK is estimated to be around 67 million people, with England being the most populous constituent country. The UK's population density is relatively high, with the majority of people residing in urban areas, particularly in and around London, the capital city. London is the largest city in the UK and one of the most populous cities in the world.The UK's population is diverse, with people from various ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in the country's rich tapestry of languages, with English being the official language but many regional dialects and immigrant languages also spoken.The UK's multiculturalism adds to its charm and makes it a vibrant and inclusive society.The UK's population structure is also noteworthy. The median age of the population is relatively high, indicating a maturing society. This is due to several factors,including increasing life expectancy and decreasingfertility rates. The older population segment presents challenges and opportunities for the UK, such as providing adequate healthcare and retirement benefits while fostering economic growth and innovation.The UK's population dynamics are also influenced by migration. The country has a long history of immigration, with people from around the world settling in the UK. Migration has shaped the UK's demographics, economy, and culture, making it a truly global nation. However,migration has also been a contentious issue in recent years, with debates surrounding its economic, social, and cultural impacts.In conclusion, the UK's population is a dynamic and diverse entity that reflects the country's rich history and multiculturalism. The challenges and opportunitiespresented by the UK's population dynamics are numerous, but with careful planning and innovation, the country can continue to thrive as a global leader in culture, economy, and society.**英国人口概况探析**英国，常被称为联合王国，是一个位于欧洲大不列颠岛上的主权国家。
英美概况 政府的影响(英文)
The effects of governmentWe live in a modern society where culture, economy and various systems are highly developed. At the same time, people in growing numbers attach great importance to their right of freedom, calling for less and less constraint from the government . Maybe it's time to have a fresh look at the effects of government.According to my personal experience, a school which is like a small government has everything to to with our daily life. In the course of my schooling, rules set by schools always have different impact on us, and so as the rules set by the government.In primary school, we can see that schools set various rules,such as some requests on our study and some standards of our behaviours. I am greatly convinced that most of the primary schools will set various norms of conduct, making sure that their students will be under control. For example, when I was in primary school , our school kept in touch with our parents every day, for the purpose of knowing the performance of us in an all round way. Parents were also asked to check our homework so that we could finish our homework in time. Owing to these rules, we are on the alert even at home.It goes without saying that, due to the immature mentality, students in primary school can not form good habits without the help of parents and teachers. For this reason, schools set many mandatory rules to regulate the behaviours of children.A primary school is as same as a government in an instable society, making rules to solve the problem in real life. Since China's reform and opening up, we have confronted many challenges. In today's highly developed media world, we can see many problems every day in our society,such as the wide gap between rich and poor, difficulties in finding jobs and resource and environmental problems. Owing to these problems, it is necessary that government make some rules or laws to make the society under control. Taken as a whole, China is still in the primary stage of socialism and remains a developing country. So the domination of the government will of great help to create a better environment for us, such as a harmoniousco-existence for human and nature, and a well-coordinated development between socio-economy and environment.Now I have been in the university for nearly two year. During these time, I feel that the atmosphere in the university is more free than before and our school set no limits in many things. However, even so, rules in school still exist. For example, our university set strict rules on canteen's work time, making sure that each student will have meals during the reasonable time. Ever since then we can't sleep late in the morning any more. If not, we will have no breakfast to eat.Perhaps in some university, there are also some similar rules which are suitable for their respective situation. Although students in university are becoming more and more mature, they still have difficulties in adapting themselves to the society. If universities set no limits to students, they may do everything at will. If this continues, everything will be a mess.From my point of view, a university is as same as the government in a highly developed society. With the rapid development in both technology and economy, people in growing numbers are calling for complete freedom. However, assuming that there are no limits set by the government and people can do everything following their hearts, the results will be imaginable.So I think necessary rules are of good help to achieve a better result. No matter what the political ,social,or cultural level it is, we will also come across many problems which rely on the help of government.On the one hand, the domination will constrain humanity's natural state of freedom. However on the other hand, because of the rules set by the government, all people can live in peace and order.Whether we admit it or not, one thing certain is that the government is closely linked with our daily life. Under some circumstance, the government may be a sigh of constraint, as some of the rules made by it make us feel uncomfortable. We live in a society where people naturally aspire toward freedom. But everything has its two sides and we can not live in a society without any constraint. Although thegovernment has is negative effects, we can not ignore the benefits of it.In a word, the government plays an important role in different stage of the society and we can not live without it. My suggestion is that the government can further improve its policy measures in order to create the free atmosphere for human. At that time,I think all of us will live a happier life.。
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Tourism in America外语学院英本0801 张文凤20084336092【Abstract】This paper centers on the tourism employment and the four interrelated components: the tourists, travel information and arrangements, visitor attractions such as National Parks in the U.S.【Key Words】Tourism; America; Economy; Employment; Tourists; Tourism Organization; Tourist Attractions; HolidaysIntroduction：1.Tourism, a Major IndustryTourism in America has reached to a fairly high standard according to pleasure, shopping, entertainment, eating, accomodation and transportation.The six aspects are mutually combined with each other properly and there are no weak links in them. Generally speaking, I think that the distinguishing features of American tourism are come from these advantages.1.1 Tourism EmploymentThe most important contribution that tourism in America making to the U.S. National Economy is providing a great deal of jobs. In America, there are one in eight persons being involved into this job. There are 50 States in America,of which there are 32 states that their quality of tourism employment ranks to the first three in each trade.What’s more, there are 684,000 positions provided by tourism are in a high level.The service industry has historically been characterized as providing low paying employment in the United States. But the 1990s has begun a new era for the American economy with major underlying changes in its employment structure. Many of these shifts, however, have gone unnoticed, perhaps because of the difficulty in comprehending such profound fundamental structural changes in the U.S.employment after so many decades of being dominated by the manufacturing industry. For illustration, here are more facts.First, employment directly generated by travel has grown 27.7% in the last ten years （the 1990s）, much faster than the 19.6% increase in total nonagricultural U.S. employment. Second, average hourly earnings in the service sector had grown faster than in all other industries except finance, insurance, and real estate throughout the 1990s.Third, employment in executive positions in this industry had increased faster by the year 2006 than employment in the overall economy. Fourth, the transportation sectors of the travel industry, especially airlines, rank among the highest paying sectors in the U.S. economy.The rapid growth of travel and tourism in the United States through the is also reflected in the increasing travel expenditures in the country.There are two main types of tourism: leisure tourism and business tourism. Business tourism includes travel for business meetings, conferences and conventions, and exhibitions and trade fairs. It accounted for about a quarter of the total domestic trips throughout the 1990s while leisure tourism the other three fourth. Leisure tourism thus becomes the focus of my paper.1.2 Why Do People TravelThe motivations for leisure tourism are varied. Most people travel to meet personal needs. They can revitalize or enrich their lives, escape routine and have a relaxation, board their horizons and learn about different environments, get the chances to taste different foods and so on. Based on these motivations, leisure tourism can be sorted to the followings: education, culture and history, sightseeing, visiting friends or relatives, sports, health and adventure.America has a variety of tourists attractions and activities. They are graceful. People can go sightseeing, go hiking, go camping, go skiing, go swimming, go boating or recuperate and so on.Surprisingly, a growing motivation for much travel that combines pleasure-seeking and practical purposes involves discount shopping. Consequently, shopping become number one activity participated in by domestic travelers in 1999.2.Who Are the TouristsPeople who want to travel are limited by many things such as income, age, education, time. Leisure tourists are people who are away from home or on visits which are short term and temporary or just for pleasure.Even domestic travel is income-related, although styles of travel vary more than travel itself. Most Americans take a vacation trip most years. The differences are in cost level, from the luxury hotels and resorts to the car trip with budget motels and visits to friends and relatives.The demonstrated rule for travel was always that the young traveled more. Most advertising was directed towards those in their 20s and 30s. But things are changing. Those whose children are out of school and who are at the peak of their incomes are a major market segment. Early retirees are more likely to combine incomes adequate for travel with available time. They are especially sought after in the “of peak”seasons when children are in school.Young parents are more likely to stay near home and require different arrangements. Older adults free from parenting responsibilities re-emerge into the travel markets, but are still constrained by the schedule limitations of work.Those with higher levels of education are more likely to travel, seek learning experiences with new environments and cultures. Since education is correlated with income, however, they may also be markets higher cost tours that promise a quality experience.3.Tourism OrganizationsWhere do travelers obtain tourist information? It comes from a variety of resources, but the most direct information about the places that people want to travel comes from friends and relatives. The second most popular source of travel information is travel agency and travel companies are the third.Most of the international arrangements and half of domestic air travel tickets are handled over by the local travel agents. But a travel agent is just a retailer of travel packages for leisure travel. Hundreds of the combinations in tourism arrangements are booked in the local community through the agent.The American government alter some holidays to Monday or Friday to encourage people to travel. The holiday between Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day is the longest in a year. Holidays such as the Easter, the Independence Day and the Armistice Day are short holidays.In relatively, holidays of teachers and students are more. There is respectively a spring holiday in March, a summer holiday in June or July and a winter holiday in November.Tour operators put together the combinations of travel, hotels, meals, and all the other arrangements for the packages. American Express is a well-known tour operator that operates worldwide. Some tour operators specialized in domestic tourism while incoming tour operators specialized in tours for overseas visitors in the U.S. Most tour operators cooperate with the travel agencts to sell the products to their clients.Others are direct sell operators, who sell the package direct to the public. In essence, tour operators are the intermediaries between the airlines, hotel chains, bus companies,etc. and the travel agents.In America, several hotel chains are in the most major cities around the world such as Hilton. Their accomodations are upscal for the tourists and business travelers. They are well-developed for their combination of beaches and golf and other sports facilities along with luxury hotels and restaurants.Some hotel chains are also in cooperation with airlines in an attempt to bypass the local travel agents.America conducts vigorous propaganda for governmental travel.They are equipped with the most advanced economy, culture and technology in the world which are pretty attractive to the travelers all over the world.The American news media covering the whole world and films in Hollywood are actually soft advertisements for American tourism.There are some special policies for the economically backward regions.Openning gambling hells is not allowed in most states of American.But it is an exception in the eastern Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the western Neveda, Las Vegas andReno.Gambling is defined as any sort of game or contest in which individuals wager money in the hope of financial gain.4.Tourist AttractionsThere must be some attractions so that people become interested in one place and have an appetite for traveling. Attractions can be divided into two types: one is composed of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, museums, theaters and so on; the other includes natural ones, such as the mountains, rivers,etc.There are thousands of museums and artgalleries all over the United States. In the past 5 years, nearly 40 million Americans, or one-fifth of U.S. residents went on a garden tour, attended a gardening show or participated in some other garden-related activity. Going to the beach is one of the American people’s most popular leisure travel activities. National parks are one of America’s biggest attractions. They are managed either by the federal, the states, or the local governments. There are 48 national parks in the U.S.A. stretching from Maine to California, Alaska to Hawaii.Conclusion:In a word, American tourism is very prosperous.It makes a great contribution to economical development and meets people’s traveling demands.Tourism can improve the overall competitive strength and promote international standing. The tourism in U.S. is well-arranged and the project is very reasonable, and the scenery spots are really famous and attractive so that a lot of people look forward to taking a trip to those places.In return, it drive the tourism in America to develop.。