英美概况论文完结
英美文化概况结课论文
The Differences between the United States and China in Education “Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune.” Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said. As we all know, education is necessary to ourselves and even our society. But people in different countries receive various educations because of diverse culture. Let us see the differences in education between America and China and the influence of different education on people.First, there is much distinction between those two countries in ideals of education. American asserts equality. She claims that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want so that American can produce a society of literacy and local control. She places emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning. Students in America should learn to discover and create new approaches to understand what is already known. American students prefer to practice by themselves instead of listening to the teachers sitting in the classroom. However, students in China are taught to learn not creative thinking but basic skills. Chinese require that students should acquire knowledge as what teachers teach and what teaching materials tell. Chinese always instill into kids’minds a thought that what teachers and teaching materials say are definitely right so that Chinese students lack the critical thought since they are children. Thus, it becomes that American students possess great abilities though get low grades and Chinese students have low abilities while get high scores, as is known to all.Second, the atmospheres in the classroom show the divergence of the two countries’education. Chinese teachers are good at drawing conclusions from a question for students to make them have no question. But American teachers are efficient at enlightening students on a question and enable every student to put forward more new questions. A student in Chinese class has to put up his hand to be allowed to stand up by teachers to answer questions while in American class students are encouraged to speak freely. If a Chinese student disagree what his teacher say, he will suffer some criticisms; nevertheless, an American students will be awarded praise if he does that. We can find out that the Chinese class pays more attention to discipline and the United States focuses on human rights.Three, the ways to further education are entirely different in China and America. There is no annual college entrance examination. Applicants are chosen on the basis of four aspects: high school records, high school teachers’recommendations, the impression they make during interviews at the university, scores on Scholastic Aptitude Test. In an American soap opera called Gossip Girl, an actor called Dan, who wants to study in Yale and passed the SAT, struggles to get three recommendations from his high school teachers or famous writers. But every Chinese student knows that if they want to go to university they must pass the college entrance examination and if they hope to go to key colleges, they have to get higher scores. So the purpose of American education system is to make students find out their shortcomings and straighten them up and Chinese educational system is elimination.Four, students’ extra-curricular life in United States is more colorful than Chinese students’. There are many students’organizations----clubs and activities in the American school helping students become successful when pursuing hobbies. Inaddition, they often do some part-time jobs to make money, which may be for activities or other things. However, Chinese students don’t have so many activities and in their extra-curricular life they will spend most of time attending cram school or doing their homework. So, they are losing their hobbies gradually.In general, I think our government should make reformation on our educational system immediately. Not only should our grades be focused on, but also students’practical ability and creative thinking should be paid more attention. Thus, our country will be more thriving and prospering and we Chinese will be more happiness!。
英美国家社会与文化论文
The British Educational SystemAs far as we know, there are pre-primary schools, primary schools, secondary schools and university or college. Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools. And many of them are private. The emphasis of pre-primary schools is on group work, creative activity and guided play.Two systems of primary and secondary education in Britain: 1. State Schools: 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16), we can know that there is comprehensive school (84%), grammar school (3%) or secondary modern school (7%) from the state primary school. 2. Public schools/Independent schools: there is an only 7% public (independent) school from prep school.What are the main differences between the two? We can find four points. 1. School Funding. In state schools, state funding from central government; supplemented by local finance. And in public schools, funding from tuition fees; endowments or donations from society (esp. alumni to their ammeters). 2. Attendance. There are 93% in state schools, only 7% in the public schools. 3. Teaching Staff and Facilities. Public schools have better teaching staff & facilities. 4. Graduates. Students from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.Compulsory education begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland. Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants schools have equal to the first schools (for 2 years from 5). Junior schools (for 4 years to 11). There’s little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years.Compulsory education ends at age 16. At 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job. Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (GeneralNational V ocational Qualification).In my opinion, about the entrance procedures, in the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. Applications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions. Admission-selection on basis of A level results & an interview.In teaching methods, we can see, the UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods: lectures, seminars, tutorials, independent workand coursework.There are two famous universities in Britain. They are the Cambridge and Oxford. Cambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford. Cambridge is one of the world’s great universities, and has the ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.Oxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well-being as a civilized community in the future.The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829.The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has beenwon by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.In Chinese higher education, we can find five dilemmas. There is enrollment expansion, elite education vs mass education, intense competition in the job market, resources are straining and education quality is suffering.There are five defects of Chinese higher education. Defect 1: Blind Enrollment Expansion. Universities seem to have enrolled more than they can accommodate! Limited facilities & space, insufficient resources, shabby dorms (slum)…Expansion means a lot more! Fierce competition in the job market. Defect 2: Awkward Teaching Method. Teachers tend to spoon-feed their students who are in turn spoon-fed and force-fed!More trust, freedom, interactions and responsibilities for the students! Teachers should serve as advisors & assistants!Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated Textbooks. A lack of flexibility (few alternative choices), Outdated contents (keep pace with), The prescribed textbooks can be replaced by …Defect 4: Unreasonable Curriculum. Many outdated courses should be abolished! More utilitarian courses are welcome! (Computer Science, Business, Finance, Accounting and Law)One shouldn’t be confined to one’s specific field.Moral education is in urgent demand! (campus violence, suicide, theft, murder) Defect 5:Unfair Assessment System. Exam-oriented style! (Scores talk!)Students: exams of lottery(memory test / work overtime shortly before the test)How can we improve it? I will show my answer. It’s a time-consuming & systematic project.Never wait for the improvement! Get a move now! You and me are part of Chinese higher education! Try to make the best and most of the current situation! Stop complaining and try to make a difference from now on.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英美国家概况论文
Elizabeth’s worldElizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess.when she became queen of England in 1558, she inherited a weak and backward island that had been severely divided by three religious upheavals in two decades. Most of her subjects doubted the ability of a woman to lead the tattered country and anxiously waited for her to marry.But Elizabeth chose to play her role as the monarch of he realm alone.Applying her instinct,intelligence ,energy,and stubbon willfulness to the task, she would become the strongest and most beloved the island had seen in centuries. During Elizabeth’s forty-four year reigna of great success, England became one of Europe’s most powerful and sophisticated countries and a growing empire. In military strength ,exploration ,commerce ,and above all the arts .the nation experienced a golden age that changed the culture of England ,as well that of Europe and North America,forever.In November 7, 1558,Mary died of cancer .English legend has it that when lords arrived to bring Elizabeth the news ,thery found her reading a Bible under an oak tree in her garen.(The oak tree is an English symbol of the nation’s stability and duration.) Upon hearing of Mary’s death ,Elizabeth fell to her knees,anf the messengers heard her recite a werse from Psalm 118 in Latin:“This is the Lord’s doing;and it is marvelous in our eyes”As is know to everyone,“Bloody Mary”was a totally political innocent.she had left the nation in poor shape.Its military powers were diminished,the royal government was deeply indebt,poverty was widespread,and the population had become bitterlyby the rapid religious changes imposed by three monarchs in a row.No one could imagine that after a long social unrest, to be added the political chaos, religious persecution and external setbacks, the 1558 marked the great England that it was about to enter an unprecedented era.Elizabeth was a master of political science. She inherited her father's supremacist view of the monarchy, but showed great wisdom by refusing to directly antagonize Parliament. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. And then,she began to reccorganize the Privy Council ,the board of advisors that carried out the administrative function of the government in the matters of economy ,defense,foreign policy,and law and order,and its members served as the queen’s chief advisors. Elizaeth also dimissed thirty of Mary’s councilors. she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil. No one but Elizabeth herself was to have greater power during her reign .Though Ceil began his office holding the firm belief that a woman alone could not rule England ,he would serve Elizabeth faithfully for forty years.He was a voice for caution and moderation and a valuable counterbalance to some of the dashing ,but rash ,statesmen that flocked to Elizabeth ‘s court.What’s more, Elizabeth used the varying factions (instead of being used by them, as were her siblings), playing one off another until the exhausted combatants came to her for resolution of their grievances.Almost in every country of the world, they are all facing the politicalharassment at the turn of regime. That is to say,a drastic reform of Politics is imperative.When Elizabeth ascended the throne, the fighting between the Catholic who regarded the European continent as its core and Protestants was very intense because of "Bloody Mary" who is a paranoid. Religious reform of the United Kingdom ,the British civil wars, and religious wars in Europe liked staggered reefs, full of dangerous.The one mistake being made, the United Kingdom would not be only involved into a big bloody melee of continental Europe, but also into the "civil war" between the Protestant in Scotland and the Catholic in Ireland. That was the the real challenge which shou be faced When Elizabeth tookthe throne. It was hard to imagine that she was chosen and then consolidate the middle way.That was to say, Elizabeth established the ingenious Anglican System after then, making Protestant and Catholic strike a balance On the surfaceThis Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. During a long period of time, the British were in a stable era. Few English monarchs enjoyed such political power but Elizabeth, while still maintaining the devotion of the whole of English society.As the old saying goes，“All things dying, the spirit is forever.”The one of the best judgements to a monarchy, but also from the ideological legacy of its era. Elizabeth's reign ,known as the Elizabethan era ,was during one of the more constructive periods in English history. It was famous above all for theflourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake and John Hawkins. Moreover,Bacon ,with its fun-filled language, endowed the thinking way of human beings with the "new science" and "new tools". Hobbes was "frightened premature" in the gunfire of the “Spanish Armada" and later its "Leviathan" has become one of the pioneers of modern political science.What I want to emphasizs is that at that time,under the rule of the this beautiful and lonely Queen, the United Kingdom brought the whole world entered a golden era in human beings’history.But why did such a wonderful woman live alone, never married then? I guess this is what everyone does want to know. Whether out of kindness or political intentions, every one had a desire that expected that Elizabeth would marry.It was but despite several petitions from parliament, she never did. The reasons for this choice are unknown, and they have been much debated. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings.One of her mottoes was: "I see, and say nothing". This strategy, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances.Ever once,Elizabeth was surrounded by some radical ministers who forced her to get married,but then the whole country was totally shocked by what she said, “I can only have one, that is England”. Some psychologi sts believe that Elizabeth’s move was closely related to her painful childhood. Anyway,she was a heroine in England.Because she give up the joy of the flesh and become a completewell-being of women,jut for England.Although Elizabeth was called “Good Queen Bess” and she had so much reputation,her most important contribution were her concern for her subjects, her defense of the country, the use of a good consultant,and her help for England avoiding the economic crisis and religious wars, and whatever. However,each coin has two sides.According to what I know,historians tend to be more cautious in their assessments. They often depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity to the point where many of her subjects were relieved at her death,especially in the problems of the expedition to Spain and Portugal in 1589. Recently,there is a Intense criticism about the slave trade in Africa in Elizabethan era and her mistakes made in Ireland.At first,Queen Elizabeth put the blame on Hawkins who started to participate in such immoral trade.But Hawkins showed her the profits of his career soon after, she changed her views. She not only covered the trade of Hawkins, but also directly benefited from it, or even to provided him with ships and personnel. The support provided by the royal recognition of Queen Elizabeth on the slave trade made this trade legalized, even it made more British businessmen participate into it. On the other thing, Elizabeth did a military victory in the Irish, but not a religious and politica lvictory. That kind of extreme cruelty which meant annihilation, or one rebel, all need death.could not be erased from history.Since then,the Irish are always the problem of the Imperial bodybleeding, Pusing part- which has been extended to the contemporary Therefore, for my part, Queen Elizabeth should be criticized in some aspects not always be praised.However,she was an excellent England ruler, the Tudor dynasty founder of the Golden Age. As Queen, she had defeated Spain's all-powerful Armada, making the British Empire become the legendary founder of the Sea, letting the English Reformation in a calm and a firm advocate of national unity and executor.Her 44 years on the throne provided valuable stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.Elizabeth, women's classics, is a legend of the history of the classic human,评论，观念，各有不同做好自己那份就好。
英语国家概况期末论文1
英语国家概况期末论文1American and British educationThe number of people holds view that the future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of the children. Each country has its own education system. Most of countries try to put the national education in the first place. And most families consider the home education as part of their life. What are the country education systems? What are their purposes? How do parents do at ho me for their children’s education? The following I will talk about the formal education and family education among the United States and the United Kingdom.American Education1. Formal EducationIn the United States, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. There are three ideals of American education. Firstly, education is governed by state and local governments, not by the national government. Each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education, but some laws are similar, for example, all states require young people to attend school until the age of either 16 or 18. Secondly, receive an equal education. In the other words, many people are possible to have access to as much as education as they want. This ideal is an outcome of the American’s assertions about equality among people. Thirdly, American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than acquiring quantities of facts. And American students are encouraged to express their own opinion in class and to think for themselves, and goal of American education is to teach c hildren how to learn and helpthem reach their maximum potential. In addition, formal education in United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary education, which are the basis of public education, are compulsory. Classes of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Before attend the first academic institution,many parents choose to enroll their children in kindergarten and, even earlier, nursery school or daycare center. After high school, part of students will go to further education—university. There are some famous universities in the United States, such as Harvard University, a comprehensive university; Yale University with a high academic standard and great prestige; Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, an institute famous for its scientific and technological training and research.2. Family EducationIt is a general perspective that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. And some are tutoring at home by their parents, instead of school teachers. American parents suggest that little children are not just a process of memorizing knowledge that already exists in books, but work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. In addition, parents pay much attention to children’s independence. They think that children should do many things all by themselves. If parents do that for them, they would become lazy and dependent on others. When children make mistakes, American parents would punish them, let them realize their faults and warn them not to do that again. They would not pay much attention to children’s ability to learn or to read, but teach them to understand the world.The United Kingdom Education1. Formal EducationIn the history, education in British was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the church. Now education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary, secondary, further education and higher education. The compulsory education for all children is between the ages of 5 and 16. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, the state system and the independent system. The education in the state system is provided free of charge while the independent system requires fees.Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. Children begin primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 and stay there until 16. Free compulsory education is available for all children up to the age of 16. After that, they can choose to study for two more years in preparation for higher education and they start their university education around the age of 18. And some choose to comprehensive schools, which provide a general education. Most British universities are partially funded by central government grant. Students from poor families can receive the maintenance grant from the central government grant. Like the united states, the united kingdom has its famous universities, for instance, Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; Cambridge, which is well-known by its reputation for outstanding academic achievement. King’s College Lond on, which has a multicultural student body and an academic reputation that goes from strength to strength.2. Family EducationIn the United Kingdom, parents also pay much attention to tutor their children to be well controlled by themselves. Whenthe children do something wrong, parents would take action to correct their behavior or even punish them. There is no reason for them to get their parents’ overindulgence. Both the United States and the United Kingdom emphasize independence on Family education. Th e United Kingdom’s parents think that if they Over Indulgent their children, their children will never know what independence means. They also have a prospect that they should be responsible for the children’s future. The parents seem not to be competent a s their children couldn’t adapt the community or make contributions to the society; the common response is that parents should feel guilty as incapable of educating their children.As far as I am concerned, different countries have their own educational ways. But one in common is that all the national education systems and family education want to make the children out of boys and turn them into useful person in society. People believe that future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of children. The only thing we can do is to respect for cultural differences and take the essence and discard the dregs. Only in this way, children can grow up more happily and independent so that they can make great contributions to their society.。
英美概况论文
My view on social transformation in the United Kingdom Abstract:The seventeenth century to the eighteenth century has witnessed the great changes in the United Kingdom ,ranging from economic and social transformation to the change of value orientation.As fas as the various ways of historical research are concerned, the economic and social history study has become a new direction in the historical research.So today I will maily base on the reform of economy and discuss some economic and social problems in the transformation era in the United Kingdom.At the same time, I hope it will provide us some experiences towards the transformation in ChinaKey words:transformation,economy,social problems.It is universally ackowledge that the United Kingdom has undergone the Industrial Revolution since eighteenth century.What we should attach importance on is the profound impacts of the economic reforms.Economic activities’ change s in pattern,scale, benefit, and structure are the motivation of the development and the changes of human society. Therefore, the transformation from the medieval feudal society to modern capitalism is mainly based on the variations from traditional natural economy to the highly developed industrial and commercial economy.1We attribute the great reforms in the United Kingdom of this period to the profound and comprehensive changes in economy.Now,let us have a deep look at the transifomation.1、Economic reforms1)Commerilization of the agriculture: There was a change from the relativelyquiescent state in the Middle Ages to the currency market and commercial exchange with more freedom and liquidity .iiThere are many reasons for this kind of changes,such as the rapid increase in the population, the process of the civilization and the expansion of the international trade so on and so forth.The commercialization has interrelated with the capitalist production in agriculture,for it has provided the foudation of the production and the circulation in the future,which has promoted the process of manufature.2)Great-leap-forward development in industry:Coal exploiting and primitiveaccumulation of capital have contributed to the process of the large-scale machine industry,which is the epitome of the developmental of capitalist industry. The capitalist estancia and manual workshop have also deepened the development of it.At that time, the United Kingdom enjoyed ever increasing rate of economy growth,making it the most properous country in the world and she was regarded as the workshop of the world.3)Expansion of the maket demand:Dealing with the contradiction between thesupply and demand rightly is significant to the development of a country.The market demand has demonstrated diversification in the United Kingdom inseventeenth century.The jump of the national requirment has become an obvious feature in Britain,which provided the mass production with foundation and opportunities.The growth in the supply also met the demand of the people and the country in turn,thus making a virtuous circle between the supply and demand.2、Social transformationIn fact,sociology derived from the 18th century, and it appered as an independent discipline in the 1930s.It is the outcome of the modern capitalism,for the meaning of its existence is solving the social problems which comes hand in hand with the rapid development of the economy in the transformation time.We all know that the reforms had changed the society in various ways,and today I will select two topics which are mistaken by someone in the past to discuss as follows.1)Class differentiationThe Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain.Industrial capitalist class and industrial proletariat class have turned to be the two main opposed classes in the society.There is several climaxes of labour movements in Britain.But today I would like to talk about the differentiation among the working class.⏹Labours on the farm land:We all know a typical phenomenon in England thatthere lied an aristicracy and gentry----farmer------labour structure.It wasaristicracy and gentry who own the land,farmers who lend the land andlabours who work on the land.⏹Domestic servants:With a long history,domestic servants are a bigemployment department,especially for women.They lived together with theirmasters and have a comlex identification. But we have to admit that theirsocial standards were quite low to some extent.Industrial workers:In this period of time,workers in factories have differentiated in two ways,one is the propotion of population,the other one iseconomic status.For the industry where workers can be repalced bymachineries,it is evitably that the population of the labours decreased andtheir economic status descends.Textile industry is a typical example for thesekinds.2)PovertyThe poor in the seventeenth century can be divided into two different kinds,the first kind is people who lose all or part of the capital goods,such as sevants and hire labours,and the other one is people who need government subsidy to keep body and soul together.But based on the data1600-1720 the propotion of the expense on food by labours in the United KingdomActually,based on the Engel's Coefficient,the labours in England nearly have adequate food and clothing.But the data did lie some defect,for it assumed that thelabours worked everday of the year without enjoying the weekends.So the real propotion may come to 70%3However,the problem of starving is not so serious in the seventeenth in England when comparing with other European countries,like France.In a word,on one hand,the labours did go through their life with their slender wages,on the hand,they did not live with distress and darkness as some historians exaggerated before.The purpose of this paper is not only just analysing the phenomena in the economic and social transformation in England,but also offering us some expericences towards the reforms in China. It is believed that China had come to the era of social transformation in the late 1980s. At home,from the sociology scholars’point of view, social transformation was defined the meaning of three aspects:first is system transformation, namely system from planned economy to market economy system.the second refers to the social structure.Scholars who hold this idea maintain that social structure is the main part of social transformation, It consists of people's behavior, the way of life ,value system etc.The third one refers to the social form changes, namely refers to the variatation from traditional society to modem society, from agricultural society to industrial society, from closed society to open society.4We can easily sense the big changes in the society as well as some economic andsocial problems.However,what we should keep in mind is that these problems can not be avoided and all countries have undergone them in the history as we can see in the United Kingdom.But they can be solved by the development of the economics and sociology,by the adjustments of the policy,by the endeavor of the people of the whole country.1<经济社会史> 商务印书馆侯建新2002<The England of Elizabeth:A structure of Society> A.L.Rowse 1951 3John Komlos “The Food Budgt of England Workers Acomment on Shammas”Iournay of Economic History 19884/view/633149.htm?fr=ala0_1。
英美文化概论论文
英美文化概论论文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－英美文化概论论文In the past few weeks, we spent 10 lessons on essentials of British & American cultures study. In this course, we learn in brief about the history and government system etc. During the Learning process, what impresses me most is the cowboys.An integral part of the story of America, the cowboy is a national icon, a romantic, rugged metaphor for America’s frontier past, Westward expansion and creation myths. Sensationalizedby Hollywood and by real-life bad boys, the heroic, hard-working, hard-riding, free-thinking cowboy is inseparable from American history itself.America’s first cowboys came from Mexico. Beginning in the 1500s, vaqueros—the Spanish term for “cowboy”—were hired by ranchersto drive and tend to livestockbetween Mexico and what is now New Mexico and Texas. During the early 1800s, and leading up to Texas’s independence from Mexico in 1836, the number of English speaking settlers in the area increased. These American settlers took their cues from the vaquero culture, borrowing clothing styles and vocabulary and learning how to drive their cattle in the same way.The vaquero influence persisted throughout the 1800s. Cowboys came from a variety of backgrounds, and included European immigrants, African Americans, Native Americans and Midwestern and Southern settlers. In the nineteenth century, one out of three American cowboys in the south was Mexican.As America built railroads further and further west, fostering industry, transportation and white settlements in former Indian territories, the cowboy played a crucial part in the nation’s expansion. In the early 1800s, Texas cattleman had herded cows via the Shawnee Trail to cattle markets in St. Louis and Kansas City. During the 1860s and following the Civil War, they began herding via the Chisholm and Western Trails towards the new railroads in Kansas, where livestock was then loaded into freight cars and transported to markets around the country.In less than two decades cowboys herded more than six million cows and steers to the railroads. Most cowboys were young—the average age was 24—and hard-working men in need of quick cash, although the pay was low. The work was exhausting and lonely. Cowboys also helped establish towns, spending their money in the “cowtown” settlements across the wes t during their time off. Townspeople frowned oncowboys as lawless troublemakers who brought nothing but violence and immorality, and some even banned them from town.Ranching, or the raising of cattle or other livestock on range land, also expanded during the late nineteenth century. The forced removal of Native Americans and the clearing of the American frontier resulted in the near extinction of the region’s many buffalo and bison. This land, now dominated by white homesteaders, was used for ranching.Public lands on the Great Plains constituted “open range,” where any white settler could buy and raise cattle for grazing. The invention and distribution of barbed wire in the 1870s revolutionized the concept of privately owned land in the Midwest, fencing off homesteads suitable for farming and ranching—but also limiting the work to be done by cowboys.With the rise of private landholdings in the late 1800s, the cattle driving industry had lost its cachet. Private landowners and “free grazers”—vaqueros and cowboys alike—locked horns over what was appropriate use for land whose ownership was also in question. By the 1890s, the wideopen ranges and cattle trails were gone and privatized, and the days of the long cattle drives tothe railroads were over.Smaller-scale cattle drives continued until the mid-1900s, with livestock herded from Arizona to New Mexico and throughout the southwestern United States. Most cowboys left the open trail and took jobs at one of the myriad of private ranches that were settling across the West. But as the work of actual cowboys declined in the U.S., the cowboy lifestyle continued to be popularized—and stereotyped—by a new Hollywood film genre: the Western movie.The late 1900s were tough times for cowboys, ranchers, farmers and anyone working with the land in the U.S. Changing modes of food distribution and production, widespread urbanization and severe economic difficulties forced many to sell their land, go bankrupt, change professions, or take out large loans. As Vern Sager says in The Last Cowboy, “Don’t seem quite fair. A person works hard to make a little and gives it to the bank.”Cowboys in the 21st century might seem like an anachronism, but as Sager demonstrates, their work still needs to be done. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, cowboys—included in the occupation category “support activities for animal production”—numbered 9,730 workers in 2003, making an average of $19,340 per year, working in ranches, stockyards and rodeos. About one-third of these worke rs were listed in the subcategory of “spectator sports,” making their living primarily at rodeos, circuses and theatrical venues as livestock handlers.As the ranchers and cowboys of Sager’s generation age, who will be left to do their jobs? Despite decade s of socioeconomic change, cowboys still don’t have health insurance—and they don’t retire. Times might be changing, but as a symbol of persistence, self-sufficiency and a hard work ethic, cowboys live on.感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。
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天津师范大学考试试卷2013 —2014学年第二学期期末考试答题纸（A 卷）科目：英美概况学院：外院专业： 2013 级英语副辅修班级：姓名：学号：American’s role in the two World WarsAbstract:American experienced two world wars.Through two world wars American’s ecomomic，political have taken place great changes.Established the position in the international stage .The eassy discuss the time,development,result of two world wars and research the American’s role in the two world wars.Keyword: world ward；American；role1.Introduction1.1The significance of topicThe eassy talk about the two world wars’ cause,development and the results.Thinking American’s role in two world wars.Researching the internationalsituation changes and Americ an’s state in the international changes.1.2Research MethodThe main methods for the study are reading the relevant literature and querying the relevant information and combing with introduces the contents of the book.On the basis of this analysis and research,some history understanding are to be summarized.Put some context of myself.2.American and World War I2.1The cause of World War IWorld War I broke out in july 1914.The war was launch between two groups of imperialist powers,Allies and the Central European Power.The basic cause of the war lay in the political,economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers,stretching back into the late 19th century.First were the economic rivalries.Most of the European power competed the foreign market.The most serious economic rivalry taken place between Britian and Germany because of the latter’s rapidly developed of industrialization in the later 19th century and Germany’s industrial scale had beyond britian’s capacity and took the first place in economy in Europe by the 20th century.Economic rivalries brought colonial disputes.They were redividing the world according to their economic strength and the competition was restricted to Britain and Germany.The immediate cause of the War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo,Serbia on june 28,1914.It was use as an excuse for declared war on Serbia by Austria.2.2American in World War IWhen the war began,American just to observe strict neutrality until 1917 Wilson was leading the country into the war.In general,there were there reasons for the us to join the war so late.First,America’s traditional distrust of standing armies,the military power was too slight to join the war.Although the navy was strong,the air force was slight can only national defense.Then the national Security League andthe National Defense Act were passed between 1914 and 1916,which doubled the standing army,recorganized the National Guard,and provided for the military training of officers.A series bills was passed,the navy was expand.Second,it was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause.The American hold Allied powers’ bonds and stocks through sold war material to them.In order to prevented paper become worthless the Amerian have to join the war.Finally, the Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships helped the amerian turning the neutral opinion to against Germany.2.3the impact between war and AmericanIn the war,the navy was playing a decisive part .By the close of the war,American naval vessels,mostly destroyers and submarine chasers,wre in service in European water.In the meanwhile,the American’s air force was made huge improve.As American entered the war the Allues began to act on the offensive and finally victoried.3 American and WWII3.1 The cause of World War IIThe Great Depression serve a pavement for World War II.It was a major factor in bring about Nazism and World War II. World War II finally erupted in 1939,as a result of German aggression.3.2 American in World War IIBefore World War II,Congress passed three Neutrality Acts which prohibited the sale of munitions and the lending of money to the nations at war.TheAmerica -n explicated his neutrality state in the coming war by isolationist policy.At the beginning of World War II,the Congress repealed the arms embargo and substituted a “cash-and-carry” policy.This policy still seemed neutral but it was to the advantage of England.In 1940,when Franklin Roosevelt tried for a third term as President while the World War II was comprehensive fired.When the US was taking action to support the Allies,Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7,1941.This made America formally plunge into the war.3.3 The conferences during World War IIDuring World War II,navy was not the only power .Because of the the number of plane was increase,the air force played an important part,the availability of aircraft made frequent meeting possible between the leaders of the Allied countries.Those meeting is important for the war. Roosevelt and Churchill maooed out plans for the flighting against Japan until her unconditional surrender.The conference in Teheran on Nov.28,1943,was the first meeting at which Roosevelt,Stalinand Churchill were all present.And the Yalta Conference in Feb. 1945,developed and adopted the official charter of the United Nations Organization which was conclude 50 nations.The sharp contrast to the case after World War I,the US Senate,after a brif debate,ratified the UN Charter on July 18,1945.3.3 the impact of World War II to AmericaAs far as I am consider,there are four impact the World War II to America.First of all,the World War II improved the international status in the United States, became the world's leading powers of capitalism.Western Europe and Japan had to stick after the war. war Second benefit from the World War II,the U.S. economy is strong, has the world's most abundant gold reserves, dominated by the capitalist world monetary system, the bretton woods system.Third during the war the America established the dominance of dominant the establishment of a new international order, the Yalta system after the war.The United Nations was founded early manipulation by the United States..Last ,the American has the world's most powerful military force.The most powerful, conventional weapons are set up more than 500 military bases around the world.And it has a monopoly on the atomic bomb.4. ConclusionBefore the first world war, the United States is not strong.The army is only a total of 8000 people, but the navy is already the world's third is its main battle effectiveness.Early war on arms trade to make money quickly, and expansion of the army, the army's strength is also improved.Because the U.S hold a lot of the Allies’ stocks and bonds in order to prevent the Allies defeated, maintenance period of self-interest.1The United States took part in the war at the end of the first worldwar.Thus the army began to increase,.six months after the end of world war I, the United States grow into the world's big powers, but the influence is still unable to compare with the western powers.However, in the second world war the United States arms industry was very complete and continue to rely on arms industry to make money, use the plight of the expander arms trade, arms in the world market demand for more stimulus.The development of the industrial powers of military industry, the world currency inflows and scientific and technological personnel to join the United States economic development of the catalyst, nationalist sentiment in the United States are inspired after 1941, the United States using the accumulation of a large number of dollars into war bonds arms production, war double-digit economic growth, the rich human resources and material resources allow us to power delivery in Europe and the Pacific, the war in 1945, the United States economy into the saturation state, the United States at a cost of $2 billion and a group of scientists are likely to fail the atomic plan is a good one, at the end of the war with the United States has control of the world, almost the Marshall plan the implementation of the control of the Europe and the United States, the United States became the first world powersReference：1.Xu Luzhi.，《Understanding the US and the UK》，Qingdao：China oceanpress，2012：70-832.Glenn p.Hastedt:American Foreign policy:past,present,future[monograph]Upper Saddler River,N.J. Prentice Hall,c2000.。