初中英语中类比构词[论文]
用类比的方法写一篇英语作文80词
用类比的方法写一篇英语作文80词英文回答：Analogy is a powerful tool that can be used to compare two things, identify similarities, and draw inferences. It is a valuable skill that can be used in a variety of contexts, from everyday conversation to academic research.There are several types of analogies, including:Synonymous analogies: These analogies compare two things that have the same meaning. For example, "happy is to cheerful as sad is to gloomy."Antonymous analogies: These analogies compare two things that have opposite meanings. For example, "hot is to cold as up is to down."Part-to-whole analogies: These analogies compare a part of something to the whole thing. For example, "wheelis to car as arm is to body."Object-to-function analogies: These analogies compare an object to its function. For example, "hammer is to nail as key is to lock."Analogies can be used for a variety of purposes, including:Communication: Analogies can be used to clarify ideas and make them easier to understand. For example, you could say "learning is to the mind as exercise is to the body" to explain that learning is important for mental health.Education: Analogies can be used to teach new concepts and reinforce existing ones. For example, you could use the analogy of a computer to explain how the human brain works.Problem-solving: Analogies can be used to solve problems by identifying similar situations and applying known solutions. For example, you could use the analogy of a traffic jam to solve a problem with a production line.中文回答：类比是一种将两种事物进行比较，找出相似点并得出推论的有力工具。
类比构词方式及其理据
类比构词方式及其理据摘要：本文以典型理论为依据，从英语类比构词的语义构成、常见构成方式、语体特点几方面分析了类比构词。
类比构词法是指通过仿照原有的同类词创造出与之对应的词或近似词的构词方式。
这种构词手段反映出人们对事物某些特点的认识、比较、联想，因此主要属语义构词，其主要语体特点是生动形象、含蓄幽默、方便易懂。
类比构词是当今英语词汇发展与增加的重要途径之一，在构词中极具能产性。
关键词：典型理论；类比构词；语体特点随着社会的发展，英语词汇也不断地增加。
英语已成为世界5000多种语言中词汇量最大的语言之一。
英语词汇之所以如此丰富，除了从其他语言引进或借入外，一条重要的途径就是根据英语中一些单词的现有词根、词缀或构词成分，通过联想或推理类比不断仿造出新词语。
Eleanor Rosch等人（1973）提出了关于概念结构和功能的典型理论（pro- t otype theory）认为，概念是由一组必要和充分条件构成并由其原型来表征的，但人们在认识事物时很少用这些必要和充分的条件，而往往用该事物中最具典型特点的成员来指称这类事物。
典型成员具有特殊的地位，被视为该范畴的正式成员，非典型成员则根据其与典型成员的相似程度被赋予不同程度的非正式成员地位。
例如，在“鸟”的范畴内，“知更鸟”比其他的鸟更具代表性特征，常被视为典型成员，而“企鹅”、“驼鸟”等则为非典型成员。
因此可以说知更鸟也就成了鸟的“原型”。
当然，一个范畴的典型成员会因不同的人、文化、地理位置而有所不同，但在一个范畴中总能找到起代表作用的典型。
在类比构词中，类比成分与类比而成的词的关系是抽象与具体，属概念（speci es）与种概念(genus)，或上义(superordinate)和下义(subordinate)的关系，其构词成分已经抽象成为一个“原型”。
“原型”代表事物抽象化的典型特征，是最具典型的实例，是一种理想的认知模型。
如：-holic：沉湎于…的人，有…癖好的人，…迷（源自alcoholic：饮酒过度的人），类比而成的词：choc oholic, clotheaholic, colaholic, computerholic, creamholic, crediholic, f oodaholic, jadeaholic, milkaholic, shopaholic, spendaholic, workaholic 等。
刍议英语新词类比构词
如 ｓ ａ ｐ ｒｚｉ偷 拍 照 片 者 ） ｔ ｋ ｒｚｉ狗 仔 队 ） ｖ ｅ ｒｚｉ 录 ｎ ｐ ｅａｚ（ ， ａ ｅａｚ（ ｓｌ ，ｉ ｏａｚ（ ｄ 像 偷 拍 者 ） 一 系 列 的 新 词 。 名 词 ａｃ ｈ ｌ 中 的 “ ｏ ｃ 或 ＂－ 等 ｌｏ ｏｉ ｃ ｈ ｌ ” ａ ｉ ｈ ｌ ” 用 作 了 词 缀 ， 示 “ … … 有 嗜 好 的 人 ” 产 生 了 如 ｏｉ 被 ｃ 表 对 ． ｃ ｍ ｕｅｈ ｌ （ 算 机 迷 ） ｓ ｅ ｄ ｈ ｌ （ 花 钱 者 ） ｃｏ ｅ ａ ｏ ｐ ｔ ｏｉ 计 ｒ ｃ ，ｐ ｎ ａ ｏ ｃ 嗜 ｉ ，ｌｔ ｓ ｈ ｈ ｌ （ 究 穿 着 的 人 ）ｓ ｏ ａ ｏｉ（ 物 狂 ） 新 词 。 ｏｉ 讲 ｃ ，ｈ ｐ ｈ ｌ 购 ｃ 等 新 词 类 比构 词 以词 义 类 比居 多 ， 义 类 比 又 可分 为 六 类 。 词 １色彩 类 比 。指 通 过 替 换 表 示 颜 色 的 词类 比构 成 新 词 语 。 ． 由ｗ ｉ ／ｌｅ ｏ ａ （ 白 领／ 领 ” 类 比 出 了ｇｅ — ｏ ａ （ 领 职 ｈｔ ｂ ｕ ｌ ｒ “ ｅ ｃｌ 蓝 ） ｒｙ ｃ ｌ ｒ 灰 ｌ 工 ， 服 务 性 行 业 的职 工 ） ｇ ｌ— ｏ ａ （ 领 阶层 ， 高 级 专 业 指 ，ｏ ｃ ｌ ｒ金 ｄ ｌ 指 人 士 ） ｂ ｇ ｔｃ ｌ ｒ 亮 领 阶 层 ， 电脑 及 通 讯 专 业 人士 ） ，ｒ ｈ— ｏｌ （ ｉ ａ 指 。 ２数 字 类 比 。 指 通 过 改 变 由数 字 构 成 词 的 数 字 或 替 换 另 ． 个 成 分 ，类 比构 成 新 词 。 如 “ Ｒ… 指 美 国儿 童 们 熟 悉 的 ３ Ｓ Ｒ ａ ｉ ， ｉ ｉｇ ｎ ｒ ｈ ｔ （ 、 、 ） 种 能 力 。人 们 据 ｅ ｄｎ Ｗｒ ｎ ｄＡ ｔｍｅ ｃ 读 写 算 三 ｇ ｔ ａ ｉ ｉ 此 类 比 出新 词 ：ｈ ｈｅ ’（ｎｌｔ ｎ， ｔｒｓ ｒｔ，ｍｐ ａ ｈ ｎ ｔｅＴ ｒｅＩ Ｓ ｉｆ ｉ ｉ ｅｅｔ ａｅ ｉ ｅｃ ｍｅ ｔ ａｏ ｎ 通 货 膨 胀 、 率 、 劾 ） ， 根 据 Ｆｒｔ ｒ ，ｅｏ ｄＷｏｌ． 利 弹 等 又 ｉ ｌ Ｓ ｃｎ ｒ ｓ Ｗｏ ｄ ｄ Ｔ ｉ ｒ 类 比 出 了Ｆ ｕｔ Ｗｏｌ （ 有 资 源 的最 贫 穷 国 家 ） ｈｒ Ｗｏｌ ｄ ｄ ｏｒ ｒ 没 ｈ ｄ 。 ３反 义 类 比 。 指 用 与 现 有 词 中 的 一 个 成 分 意 义相 反 的词 ． 来 替 代 该 成 分 以构 成 新 词 。 人 们 把 人 才 流 失 叫 做 ｂａ — ｒｉ， ｒｉ ｄａ ｎ ｎ 又据 此 词 类 推 出 与ｂ ａ — ａ （ 示 人 才 流 人 ） ｒｉ ｇ ｉ 表 ｎ ｎ ；类 似 的 还有 ｈｇ —ｉ （ 代 社 会拔 地 而 起 的 高 层 建 筑 ） 比 出 ｌ — ｓ （ ｉ ｒｅ 现 ｈ ｓ 类 ｏ ｒ ｅ 原 ｗｉ 来 的 低 层 建 筑 ）ｈ ｕ ｅ ｉ （ 庭 主 妇 ） 成ｈ ｕ ｅ ｕ ｂ ｎ （ 持 ，ｏｓｗｆ 家 ｅ 构 ｏ ｓｈ ｓａ ｄ 操 家务 的 丈夫 ） 。 等 ４ 地 点 类 比 。指 在含 有表 示 地 点 成 分 的 词 中 。 过 替 换该 ． 通 成分 构 成 新 词 。如 南ｌｎ ｓａ ｅ （ 上 ） 景 ） 推 出ｍ ｏ ｓ ａ ｅ ａｄｃｐ （陆 风 类 ｏ ｎ ｃｐ （ 面 风 景 ） ｔ ｅｓａｅ 街 景 ） ； ￣ ｃ （ 路 抢 劫 ） 比 出 月 ，ｒ ｔ ｐ （ ｓｅ ｃ 等 由ｈ ａｋ 拦 类 ｓ ｙａ ｋ 空 中 劫 持 ）ｓ ａ ｃ （ 上 劫 持 ） 。 ｋ ｊｃ （ ，ｅｊ ｋ 海 ａ 等 ５ 近 似 类 比 。指 根 据 类 比 词 间 的 近 似 点 由此 及 彼类 比出 ． 新词 。 由ｅ ｖ ｏ ｍ ｎａ ｐ ｌ ｔ ｎ 环 境 污 染 ） 比 出ｎ ｉ ｏｌ— ｎ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｔｌ ｏ ｕｉ （ ｒ ｌ ｏ 类 ｏｅ ｌ ｓｐ ｕ ｔ ｎ 噪音 污染 ） ｃ ｌ ｒ ｏ ｕｉｎ 文 化 污 染 ） 。 ｉ （ ｏ ，ｕｔ ａ ｐ ｌ ｔ （ ｕ ｌ ｌ ｏ 等 ６ 方 式 类 比 。不 同 的 活 动 方 式 需 要 不 同 的 词 汇 。 可 以借 ． 助 于 类 似 的方 法 促 使 新 词 的 产 生 。 由ｂ ｏ ｄ ａｔ 广 播 ） 比出 ｒａ ｃ ｓ（ 类 ｒｄｏ ａ ｔ 无 线 电广 播 ） ｎ ｗ ｃ ｓ（ 闻 广 播 ） ｔｌｃ ｓ（ ａ ｉｃ ｓ（ ， ｅ ｓ ａｔ 新 ，ｅｅ ａｔ 电视 广 播） 。 等 总 之 ，通 过 类 比来 构 成 新 词 是 英 语 中一 种 十 分 活 跃 的 构 词方法 。 它反 映 了人 们 对 事 物 某 些 特 点 的 认识 、 比较 、 想 ， 联 显 示 出 人 们 在创 造 新 词 过 程 中 的 想 象 力 和 创 造 力 。作 为 一 种 有 效 的 构 词 法 ． 使 大 量 生动 形 象 的新 词 的 出 现 成 为 可 能 ， 其 它 令 中许 多词 语 具 有 鲜 明 的 “ 行 色 ” 不 失 为 使 词 汇 发 展 跟 上 当 流 ， 今 人 类 社 会 飞 速进 步 的 最好 途 径 之 一 。
类比法英语作文
类比法英语作文Using Analogical Reasoning in English Composition。
Analogical reasoning serves as a powerful tool in various aspects of life, including problem-solving, decision-making, and, notably, in the realm of English composition. Just as an artist draws inspiration from diverse sources to create a masterpiece, a writer can utilize analogies to enrich their compositions, making them more engaging and persuasive. In this article, we will explore the significance of analogical reasoning in English composition and how it enhances the effectiveness of written communication.Analogies, by their nature, draw parallels between two seemingly unrelated concepts, thereby shedding light on the unfamiliar by likening it to the familiar. In English composition, analogical reasoning operates on a similar principle, where writers employ comparisons to elucidate complex ideas or evoke specific emotions in their audience. For instance, describing the intensity of a storm as akin to a raging beast conveys a vivid image that resonates with readers, enabling them to grasp the magnitude of the situation more effectively than a plain description would.Furthermore, analogical reasoning aids in simplifying abstract or convoluted concepts by breaking them down into more relatable terms. Just as a teacher uses analogies to explain difficult subjects to students, writers can employ this technique to elucidate intricate ideas for their readers. For example, elucidating the concept of democracy by likening it to a communal decision-making process at a family dinner table makes the idea more accessible and comprehensible to a broader audience.Moreover, analogies serve as persuasive devices, allowing writers to sway their audience by appealing to their emotions and beliefs. By drawing parallels between a current issue and a historical event, writers can evoke empathy or indignation, compelling readers to align with their viewpoint. For instance, likening the plight of refugees to that of the Jews during the Holocaust invokes a sense of moral obligation in the audience, urging them to take action.In addition to enhancing clarity and persuasiveness, analogical reasoning fosters creativity in English composition. By encouraging writers to explore unconventional connections between disparate concepts, analogies inspire innovative approaches to conveying ideas. Just as a painter blends colors to create unique hues, writers fuse disparate elements to craft original analogies that captivate and engage their audience. This creative process not only enriches the writing but also stimulates intellectual curiosity and critical thinking skills in both the writer and the reader.However, it is essential to wield analogical reasoning judiciously in English composition, as excessive or inappropriate use can hinder comprehension and undermine credibility. Writers must ensure that their analogies are apt, relevant, and resonate with their audience to avoid confusion or misinterpretation. Moreover, overreliance on analogies may detract from the clarity and coherence of the writing, overshadowing the intended message with unnecessary embellishments.In conclusion, analogical reasoning plays a pivotal role in English composition by enhancing clarity, persuasiveness, and creativity. By drawing parallels between disparate concepts, writers illuminate complex ideas, simplify abstract concepts, and persuade their audience effectively. Moreover, analogies foster creativity, encouraging writers to explore innovative approaches to conveying their message. However, it is crucial for writers to exercise discretion in employing analogies to ensure that they augment, rather than detract from, the effectiveness of their compositions. Just as a skilled artist uses various techniques to bring their masterpiece to life, adept writers harness the power of analogical reasoning to craft compelling and impactful compositions.。
frendship英语作文类比手法
frendship英语作文类比手法some people say that friendship wind, like a cloud, as the years pass, it will slowly fade away.others said, the friendship, however, such as the sea, and through thetest of time, it will become deeper and more heavy.friendship is an intimate friendship, help each other to develop ideas, to success; and give a person with aggravation of hope and strength, add to the warmth of life.as the growth of the age, i gradually found that interpersonalrelationship is very complicated. whenever meet embarrassing, i always want to a problem: friendship really can forever?some people, the mouth moment to say: "for the sake of friendship can sacrifice everything." but quite differ to do and say. he is narrow-minded, once a friend gave him a joke, or where is misunderstood, will be opposite.true friendship is hard-won, so need more understanding between friends and love, let us common cultivation of the flower of friendship! irrigation it with pure soul, it with warm sunshine, let the friendship forever.everyone has his own think is the most precious thing: some people think that the most precious friendship; while some people believe that honesty is the most precious; also some people think that the care of others is the most precious... but in my opinion, friendship is the most precious thing, anything also can't replace it.on my birthday, my good friend lin lin came to me to her home to play. on the way to her, i secretly complacent: ha ha, she must know today is my birthday, so invite me to her home to play, then sing a "happy birthday" to me this song, and then gave me many nice present, and then share with me a big birthday cake, send you a message, be happy after the birthday... i still asleep in the middle of the "dream", was broken by a soul.but about beats to: "i wish you a happy birthday, lin lin!" when i heard those words, i suddenly thought of lin lin's birthday and i are on the same day. well, it doesn't seem that they are likely to celebrate my birthday.i looked at their pleasure, the in the mind very sad, i didn't think you don't care my birthday, only care about lin lin's birthday. i opened the linlin's door, is preparing to leave, heard the sound of a lily: "the gift,wait!" my heart is a pleased, they prepare to give me a birthday present? i decide to wait. but wait until 4 o 'clock in the afternoon, also see them to celebrate my birthday.i despair, such as after their good lin lin's birthday, i said also don't say left. that is, the house came the lily cries: "of course! the best program is left to the last! now, let's celebrate the gift of birthday!" at that time, my hands appeared many fine gifts, they give me through a happy birthday.since then, i know what is the most precious in the world: friendship.there is a kind of friendship is a friend to give you encouragement,there's a friendship is convinced that everyone of you and a friendship is to help others to you. friendship is to support our hearts of optimus prime, and let me know how important friendship is."shout, shout, shout." winds and get every tree all in all, the clouds sent to do a "golden bean" bump on the ground. a bolt of lightning like a sword cut the purple dark sky, make me feel creepy. jingle bell, the school bell has begun, the students with colourful umbrella with parents happily out of school. i think again: my mother told me she couldn't pick me up in the afternoon at noon and told me to his home, thought of here i took my umbrella to block rain to go home. but i put the bag upside down and still have not found a shade of an umbrella. i dull to look at the sky the thunder is rumbling thinking thought again: hurry to clear up! but to no avail, is really should not every day, pray to work! at this time a clear sound broke the silence, "xie yujie, didn't you carry an umbrella? you and me together and go home." my classmate said amiable, i embarrassed agreed. his umbrella on the way home has been on my side, the beans of rain straight into his, almost home his clothes wet a large, but he does not care. returned home after the moving moment thought of here i can't help but recall tearful buccal.ah! i finally know, this friendship has given me much help! the friendship gave me a warm, a little help, and trust. let me understand how important friendship is ah!friendship is essential for the existence of society. people live in munities and work in co-operation so that they could protect themselves from nature. the successful acplishment of any task calls for support from manypeople. it's the friends who are willing to help us. friendship is a guarantee of harmonious efforts.in the widest sense, all people are friends. people live in a mon society, co-operating and helping each other directly or indirectly all the time. from this respective, anyone could be a friend of others to a certain degree. and it's this kind of friendship that makes society harmonious though petition is universal.a friend in need is a friend indeed. unfortunately, people are so plex in the modern society due to various reasons. sometimes, we don't really know who are our real friends. adversity is the touchstone of friendship. that is to say, in hard times, it is easy for us to test whether the friendship is ture or not. no matter what happens, a true friend will never leave you alone and will always be with you.i value friendship in complex life, there are two points to keep in mind: to eat for survival, and soul need friendship. friendship is like colorful candy, always is permeated with in the heart.friend can encourage you to overcome difficulties, and can bring light to your life. sometimes, you have to be with your friends, say thank you, thank you for they have been in the accompany you. there are some people who abandoned his friend for money and power. so completely wrong!you should know: money and power to a temporary, and the true friendshipis a lifetime. i hope this sentence, become everyone's creed! for me, no friends, no everything to me! once upon a time, i have a very injury is rare. friends in my side support me, give me compassion, encourage and true love, i slowly happy. that makes me realize, how much i happiness and luck! without a friend, in my opinion, the one who is, won't be happy, not in adversity does not recognize friends. i will always cherish it from the bottom and thefriend's friendship.without friends, life is not worth living. but what kind of person can be accepted as friend? lots of people are classmates and aren't friends. lots of people are lovers but aren't friends. you can appreciate or admire someone, but that doesn't make them a friend. if their attitude is "for better or worse," if they stick with you through thick and thin, that's when you cantell it's friendship.the term, friend, covers a wide range of meanings. it can be a nodding acquaintance, a comrade, a partner, a playmate, a brother, etc. as life isfull of obstacles and conflicts, we need friends to give us supports to get through tough times, we also need friends to give us warnings to go against danger. true friends share not only joy but, more often than not, they share sorrow and difficulties.with friendship, life is happy and harmonious. without friendship, life is hostile and unfortunate. i have friends in the rank and file. some are richand in power. some are low and common. some are like myself, working as an ordinary teacher, reading and writing and content with the simple life. to many of my friends, i know what to treasure, what to tolerate and what to share, i will never forget my old friends and keep making new friends. i will not be cold and indifferent to the poor friends and will show concern for them, even if it is only a comforting word.of our mixed life two quests are given control: food for the body, friendship for the soul. friendship, like colorful candy, always filled withthe people.friends can give you encouragement to overcome the difficulties and bring brightness to your life. sometimes, you may extend your gratitude to them for their being there with you.some people may forsake their friends in favor of money or power. that's absolutely wrong. you should know that money and power are temporary and that friends are everlasting .that should be everyone's creed. to me, without friends,i am nothing.there was a time when i was heart-broken. my friends stood by me andoffered continuous quantities of sympathy,encourage and love, which cheerd me up. then, i was aware that i was so blessed and lucky!in my opinion, no man can be happy without a friend, nor be sure of his friend till he is unhappy. i will cherish my friendship from the bottom of my heart.friendship is a kind of human relations. it is a human instinct to make friends.when in trouble, weneed friends to offer us help, support and encouragement. with success achieved, we also need friends to share our joys.friendship is also one of the greatest pleasures that we can enjoy. it implies loyalty, cordiality, sympathy, affection,and readiness to help. no man can make the most of his life without carefully and conscientiously strivingto win the right kind of friends as he goes along.knowing how valuable friendship is, we should be very careful in making friends. real friends are those who have good character, superior ability and kindness of heart. real friends can share all our sorrows and double all our joys.while making friends, we should take care to select those who have such fine qualities. then we should treat our friends with courtesy, be careful not to interfere unreasonably with them,and not to ridicule their proceedings. we should forgive their failures and do our best to help the in short, when we have established friendship, we ought to cherish and treasure it by means of words and deeds. only thus, can we develop real friendship and keep the sacred lamp of friendship burning all our life.everyone needs friendship. no one can sail the ocean of life single handed. we need help from, and also give help to, others. in the modern age, people attach more importance to relations and connections. a man of charisma has many friends. his power lies in his ability to give.the term, friend, covers a wide range of raeanings. it can be a nodding acquaintance, a comrade, a confident, a partner, a playmate, a brother, an intimate etc.as life is full of strife and conflict, we need friends tosupport and help as out of difficulties. our frinods give us warnings against danger. true friends share not only joy but, more often than not, they share sorrow.with friendship, life is happy and harmonious. without friendship, life is hostile and unfortunate. i have friends in the rank and file. some are richand in power. some are low and common. some are like myself, working as a teacher, reading and writing and content with the simple life we have. to many of my friends, i know what to treasure, what to tolerate and what to share, i will never forget my old friends and keep making new friends. i will not hecold and indifferent to the poor friends and will show concern for them, evenif it is only a comforting word.friendship is a term used to describe cooperative and supportivebehaviours between two or more humans. there are different kinds of friendships.in an interpersonal interaction, friendship is a relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, and affection. friends will welcome each other's company and exhibit loyalty towards each other, of ten to the point of respect. their tastes will usually be similar and may converge, and they will share enjoyable activities.a group of friends consists of two or more people who are in a mutually pleasing relationship expressing a sentiment of camaraderie and mutual trust. there are varying degrees of closeness between friends. thus, some people choose to differentiate and categorize friendships based on this sentiment.friendship will engage in mutually helping behaviours, such as exchange of advice and the sharing of hardship. a friend is someone who may often demonstrate reciprocating and reflective behaviours. often time, friendship is nothing more than the trust. value that is found in friendships is often the result of a friend demonstrating on a consistent basis.i enjoy making friends and being friendly!one's life without friendship, however, and there are a few people to have a sincere friendship?"all good things must come to an end," there are some things, only lost, just know to cherish. friendship is not like this? although some people look made many friends, but how many sincere friends?in your life, if can make some sincere friends, even one, in your difficulties, also won't feel lonely, because, have a bosom friend abiding by for you, at least, you have the confidence to overcome difficulties. khalil gibran once said: "and you laughed together, you may forget it; but people cried with you, but you never forget." the man who can share the joys and sorrows with you is the most sincere friend.i also have a sincere friend, and she together, i can feel warm, happy, happy. to her, i learned to understanding, tolerance.once we quarreled, at that time, i was very angry, i do not understand, so many years friends, why not let me, but i never thought of her feelings, only know others to patronize me, but i don't know should to understand other people. finally, she apologized to me, after the event, i really very ashamed.no matter what you say, a sincere friend, you will get a beautiful sky!friends play an important role in our lives, and although we may take the friendship for granted. we often don't clearly understand how we make friends. while we get on well with a number of people, we are usually friends with only a few --for example, the average among students is about 6 per person. in all the cases of friendly relationship, two people like one another and enjoy bening together, but beyond that, the degree of intimacy between them and the reasons for their shared interest vary largely. as we get to know people we take into account things like age, race, economic conditions, social positions and intelligence. although these factors are of prime importance, it is more difficult to get on with people when there is a marked difference in age and background.in a word, good friendship can make your future life more colorful and beautiful, if you want to own a good friendship, please try as i said. good luck.thank you.friendships are relaxed, loyal relationships that involve intimacy, communication, and empathy. friendship is a relief. friends relate. friendship is an in-depth, relaxed relationship!it is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support, communication, loyalty, understanding, empathy, and intimacy.these are certainly aspects of life that all of us crave. being able to trust and relax with your friend is a big part of friendship. remember when you were young and went with a friend to her grandma's for the week-end. it was fun but when you got home, home was wonderful. your feeling was "i'm home.i can relax now."that's what a friendship should be. you go out into the world and do your best. you have your ups and downs, your problems and triumphs, your fun and tribulations. you charm and you perforthen you come "home" to a friend. you can relax, put up your feet; you are relieved. if you still have to be charming and/or performing, it's not a relief. friendship is a comfy situation like home. you get home, kick off your shoes, relax and sigh, "ahh, home."。
运用类比的英语作文范文(实用5篇)
运用类比的英语作文范文第1篇The black man's soul was full of calluses, and it was more and more difficult to hurt him. This is a simple natural law, just like the calluses on the feet. The ss are too tight.The feet are natural. The ss are worn by people. Tight ss can pinch your feet and make you scream.Sooner or later, if you don't take off your ss, a calluses will form on your feet and start to wear them, just like black American ss. The white man's system has been pinching, rubbing, squeezing his soul until it almost destroyed his soul, but it did not, now a co has formed on his soul, unless the system can adapt to him, the co will wear the system, now a co has formed on his soul, unless the system can adapt to him, otherwise the co will wear away It is unrealistic to expect individual countries to make the necessary sacrifices to protect international energy resources independently. If we want to protect the world's energy resources for future generations, leadership and global cooperation are essential.Another reason for the need for international efforts is that other issues of an international nature also require global cooperation, such as whether each country independently recognizes the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarms, rather than just through an international effort, which is mainly based on the coercion of powerful leaders against detractors and calls for their own interests. Do we For the same reason, that is, individual countries obstruct the efforts of the international community, and some progress has been made. It has been proved that drug trafficking is largely futile, because without similar international efforts, energy conservation issues transcend national boundaries. Either all countries must cooperate or all countries will eventually suffer Tagore's pain - her eager face haunts my dream, just like you The night rain as you walk around the house the woman serves your limbs like a mountain stream singing among the pebbles the touch of the nameless day is like moss around the old tree arguing and debating applied induction hasty induction wrong ogy.中文翻译：这个黑人的灵魂上长满了老茧，伤害他越来越难了。
英语类比构词
英语类比构词类比构词(Word-Formation by Analogy )是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式.其构词特点是,以某个同类词为模式,在语义上进行联想类比,替换其中某个词素,构造出与之对应或类似的新词来.例如,work aholic(工作迷)系仿alcoholic(嗜酒者)而造,而seajack(海上劫持)和skyjack(空中劫持)则是类比h ijack (拦路抢劫)而成,故都属类比词.从原形词与类比词的联系来看,英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类:一.数字,色彩类比先看数字类比,例如,美国总统夫人在英语中称First Lady(第一夫人),通过该词美国人又联想类比出Fist Family(第一家庭).First Mother(第一母亲)等词.就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增,获得了First Do g(第一狗)的殊荣,可谓一人得道,鸡犬升天. 再看色彩类比,例如,Black Power (黑人权力)最初是美国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号,后为美国其他少数种族所借用.为了反歧视争平等.印第安人提出了Red Power,美籍墨西哥人也提出了BrownPower.另外,老年人为维护自身权益则提出Gray Powe r.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出green power一词,借指"金钱的力量".green power虽与上述种种Power风马牛不相及,但同属色彩类比,甚是有趣,亦含幽默.再看一例,较早出现的blue-collar (蓝领阶层的)和white-collar(白领阶层的)分别指"体力工作者的"和"脑力工作者的",稍后产生的pink-colla r(粉领阶层的)和gray-collar(灰领阶层的),则分别指"典型女性职业工作者的"和"维修保养行业工作者的".近年来,又有两个新的英语类比词问世,即gold-collar (金领阶层的)和bright-collar(亮领阶层的), 分别表示"高级专业人士的"和"电脑及通讯专业人士的".二.反义,对义类比这方面英语类比词数目不少,俯拾可得.例如,nightmare (梦魇—daymare(昼魇),brain-drain(人材流失)—brain-gain(人材流入),flashback(倒叙)—flash-forward(超前叙述),high- tech(高技术的)—low-tech(低技术的),等等.在这方面,有些类比词来得有趣,仿造奇特.例如man Friday源于小说《鲁滨逊飘流记》,指主人公于星期五救出的一个土人,后成其忠仆,故名.该词进入英语词汇后泛指"忠实的仆人"或"得力的助手".后来出现的girl Friday一词系仿此而造, 专指"忠实的女仆"或"得力的女助手".又如,boycott(联合抵制) 一词的来历可追溯到19世纪末.当年在爱尔兰的梅奥郡有个地主名叫Charles CunnighamBoycott,他压榨佃农,灾年拒不减租,结果激起公愤. 全郡居民联合行动,拒绝与他往来,迫使他逃离本地.此事成了报刊上的头号新闻,Boycott姓氏不胫而走,成为"联合抵制"的代用语,并为法语, 德语, 西班牙语等欧洲语言所借用.最为有趣的是,人们将本为姓氏的boycott中的"boy"视为与girl相对应的boy(男子)一词, 故意加以错误类比,仿造出girlcott一词,用作"妇女界联合抵制"之意.三.近似情形类比在英语类比词中,这部分词为数最多.例如,Olympiad(奥运会)—Asiad(亚运会),ba-by-sit(临时代人照看孩子)—house-sit(临时代人照看房子),escalator(自动扶手电梯)—travolator (设在机场等处的自动人行道), chain- smoke (一支接一支地抽烟)—chain-drink(一杯接一杯地喝酒或饮料),hum an rights(人权)—animal rights(动物权), hunger strike (绝食罢工或抗议)—sleep strike(绝眠罢工或抗议),boat people (乘船出逃的难民)—land people(陆路出逃的难民),等等,数目众多,不胜枚举.有时英语里还发出连锁类比现象,以某原形词为模式仿造出一系列类比词来,令人叹为观止.例如,从ma rathon(马拉松赛跑)一词中类比出的新词就有好几个:walkathon(步行马拉松),talkathon(马拉松式冗长演说),telethon(马拉松式电视节目),sellathon (马拉松式推销).又如,以racism(种族歧视)为模式类比出的新词为数也不少;sexism(性别歧视),ageism(对老年人的歧视),ableism (对残疾人的歧视),fattism(对胖子的歧视),alphabetism(对姓氏按首字母顺序排列在后面的人的歧视).-ism实际已成为表歧视之义的后缀.再如,hamburger(汉堡包)这个词的类比也很有趣,它用作食物名本源于地名,但人们有意进行错误类比,将该词中的"ham"理解为"火腿",并据此仿造出一系列新词,用以指称类似汉堡包, 夹有各种馅子的食品,如fishburger, cheeseburger ,nutburger,beefburger,soyburger等.在现代英语中,类比构词一直很活跃.由于它合乎人们思维习惯,操作简便,故在百姓口语,报刊文章里均有运用,加之构词范围广,因而新词语不断涌现,层出不穷.科技的发展常产生新的英语类比词.例如,EQ(情商)是当前颇流行的心理学新概念,该词系仿IQ(智商)而造,指一个人控制自己情绪,承受外来压力,保持心理平衡的能力.航天技术的发展也为英语增添了一些类比词,例如, sunrise (日出)—earthrise (地出);earthquake(地震)—moonquake(月震),star quake (星震),youthquake(青年动乱).我们发现有趣的是,在后一组词的类比过程中,人们从地球联想到太空,然后思路一转,又回到地球上的美国社会.政治运动及社会生活亦是英语类比构词的另一重要来源.二十世纪60年代时,美国黑人曾掀起大规模的反种族隔离运动.当时黑人举行的室内静坐示威叫sit-in.随着运动的深入与扩大,黑人纷纷进入原先严禁他们入内的各种公共场所表示抗议,以verb+in为模式仿造的新词随之大量出现.黑人与白人同乘一车叫ride- in,到白人游泳池游泳叫swim-in,进白人图书馆阅读叫read-in,入白人教堂做礼拜叫pray-in.后来,-in的含义又扩展到其它内容或方式的抗议示威活动上.例如,camp-in(露营示威),sign-in(签名示威),talk -in(演讲示威),mail-in(邮寄示威),lie-in(卧街示威),lock-in(占驻示威),laugh-in(哄笑示威),stall-in(阻塞交通示威),turn-in (退还征兵令示威).凡此种种,不一而足,英语类比构词的活跃性和创造性,由此可见一斑.。
英语类比构词趣谈论文
英语类比构词趣谈摘要：类比构词（word-formation by analogy ）是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。
其构词特点是，以某个同类词为模式，在语义上进行联想类比，替换其中某个词素，构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。
关键词：类比构词；模式；类比中图分类号：g632 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1002-7661（2012）21-025-01类比构词（word-formation by analogy ）是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。
其构词特点是，以某个同类词为模式，在语义上进行联想类比，替换其中某个词素，构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。
例如，work aholic（工作迷）系仿alcoholic（嗜酒者）而造，而seajack（海上劫持）和skyjack（空中劫持）则是类比hijack（拦路抢劫）而成，故都属类比词。
从原形词与类比词的联系来看，英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类：一、数字、色彩类比先看数字类比，例如，美国总统夫人在英语中称first lady（第一夫人），通过该词美国人又联想类比出fist family（第一家庭）。
first mother（第一母亲）等词。
就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增，获得了first dog（第一狗）的殊荣，可谓一人得道，鸡犬升天。
再看色彩类比，例如，black power （黑人权力）最初是美国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号，后为美国其他少数种族所借用。
为了反歧视争平等。
印第安人提出了red power，美籍墨西哥人也提出了brownpower。
另外，老年人为维护自身权益则提出gray power.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出green power一词，借指“金钱的力量”。
green power虽与上述种种power风马牛不相及，但同属色彩类比，甚是有趣，亦含幽默。
再看一例，较早出现的blue-collar （蓝领阶层的）和white-collar（白领阶层的）分别指“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的”，稍后产生的pink-collar（粉领阶层的）和gray-collar（灰领阶层的），则分别指“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作者的”。
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浅析初中英语中的类比构词
在初中英语教学活动中，对类比构词法进行研究。
从类比构词法的定义、类比构词法的特点以及类比构词的分类等三方面分析，从而为类比构词的研究提供理论的指导。
初中英语教学活动类比构词语言由于时代的不断发展，新词递出，而新词的产生，在某些方面往往与旧词有着某些关联，遵循一定的规律。
语言所呈现这种“弃旧创新”不断完善和发展的过程体现出的就是一种规律，就是所谓的构词法。
类比构词作为构词法中的一种，有着其自身的特点。
一、类比构词法的定义
类比构词法是英语众多构词法中的一种。
它形象生动、趣味，近年来在英语词汇的发展创造中表现的非常活跃。
从构词特点来讲，类比构词法就是按照某个同类词的形式，通过语义上的联想类比，用新的词替换其中的某个词素，从而创造出相似或者对应的新词。
类比构词法充分表现出人们在新词创造过程中的强大的联想想象
能力。
同时通过类比构词法创造的新词通常具有易懂，易记的特点。
二、类比构词的分类
类比构词按照词的特点可以分为主要的三类。
分别是色彩的类比，意思方面的类比以及情形近似词的类比。
1.色彩的类比
色彩的类比即是根据已有的词，改变词中的颜色词素从而变换成新的词汇。
最为典型的要数“white collar”和“blue collar”
以及一系列的由“color“组成的词。
其中，“blue collar”可以作为词的先驱，意思为蓝领工人，引申为靠体力劳动的人。
用服装的颜色来形容人的职业。
其后，又出现了“white collar”，用来形容白领，即大多数坐办公室工作的人，也就是脑力工作者。
然后，又陆续出现了类似的词，如“pink-collar”“gray-collar”“gold-collar”“new-collar”，都是用来形容人的职业。
2.意思方面的类比
意思方面的类比即使反义，对义的类比，这种类型的类比比比皆是。
例如，“warm blood”（热血）以及“cold blood”（冷血）、“history”（历史）以及“herstory”（妇女历史）、“high-tech”（高技术的）、“low-tech”（低技术的）等。
3.情形近似词的类比
情形近似词构成了类比词的主体，也鲜明的体现了类比词的特征。
举例来讲，如“kindhearted”（好心肠的）和“warmhearted”（亲切的）两个词的词义相近，词性相同。
又如“fatigue out”（集体疲劳怠工）以及“sick out”（集体托病怠工）等。
三、类比构词的学习对于初中英语教学的重要意义
类比词通常都具有自己鲜明的特色。
对于我国来说，英语作为外语，与我们的汉语语言系统存在较大差异。
因此，中国人学英语时觉得英语是很难的，尤其体现在背单词的方面，更是让很多人感到无比的艰难。
类比构词的学习对于初中英语教学有着重要的意义。
1.类比构词已成为新词产生的一个主要的方式
随着社会的进步与发展，各种语言在原有的词汇基础上都是新词不断地涌现。
以英语为例，最初时英语新词的来源主要是借鉴其他语言，例如说法语，将吸收过来的词改变成英语单词习惯的拼写方式，从而形成新词。
还有的词是直接借鉴到英语中，只是读音符合英语的读音规则，这类型的词有“voyage”等。
而近现在以来，词汇的产生来源已经发生了巨大的变化，合成法、派生法等依然是新词的主要来源，但是类比构词所产生的新词一直成上升趋势。
很多的科技词，如“earthquake”（地震）和与之相对应的“moonquake”（月震），以及“sunrise”（日出）和“earthrise”（地出）等。
作为一种新词的产生方式，在初中英语的教学中，教师只有认真掌握了这种类比构词法，才能更加有效地研究词汇。
而对于教学中单词的拓展而言，类比构词也具有积极的意义。
2.类比构词所产生的词汇通常都比较有趣，能够使学习者印象深刻
类比构词所产生的一系列的词通常比较有趣。
类比词汇的学习过程中，学习者，例如说初中学生，能够在轻松愉快的氛围之下学习词汇，更加便于学习者记忆，从而更容易被接受。
类比构词法的掌握，对于阅读英美报刊杂志中不断涌现的新词，具有实质性的较大的帮助。
学生通过学习类比词，发现了英语词汇有意思的一方面，这样不仅可以改变英语词汇学习枯燥这一固有观念对学生的影响，还可以最大程度上提高学生的积极性，使学生被英语词汇无穷的魅力所吸引，有助于学生从新认识英语，将枯燥乏味变成有趣。
3.对初中学生的完型填空、阅读等有所帮助
很多学生都曾反应，对于完型填空和阅读中所出现的陌生词汇，不懂得如何根据已经学过的知识来猜测陌生词汇的意思。
类比构词法对于这样的情况实质上是有所帮助的。
如“white collar”这个词，我们知道是白领的意思，我们就可以猜测是穿衬衣的人，穿衬衣的人大多数在干什么呢？一般他们都做办公室，从而我们可以猜测白领就是坐办公室的人。
坐办公室的人都是什么样的？我们又可以根据常识推测这是脑力劳动者的意思。
那么如果在完型或者阅读中出现了“gold collar”这个词，首先，我们理解这个词的字面意思是金领。
根据前面的经验，我们可以知道这是指一种人。
什么人的领子是金色的呢？这是一种比喻，金色通常代表了富贵。
所以金领指的就是那些赚钱很多的工作很好的人。
这样，学生就可以根据已知的词汇，去推测陌生词汇的意思，那么在出现类比词的时候，词义就会被很好地推测出来。
这对于学生的学习有着积极的影响。
四、结语
类比构词法在今年的活跃程度足以引起我们的关注。
它不同于主流的合成法，派生法等被人们所广泛熟知，类比构词法的研究还有待加深，这将会是一条漫长的研究道路。
参考文献：
[1]刘向红.英语词汇学习策略综述[j].沈阳教育学院学报，2005.
[2]黄远振.词的形态理据与词汇习得的相关性[j].外语教学与研究，2001，（6）.
[3]郑已东.论英语中的类比构词[j].兵团教育学院学报，2009，（6）.。