英语词汇学第三章复习资料

第三章
词汇：morpheme 词素
morph 形素
monomorphenic words
allomorph词素变体
discrete adj. 离散的，不连续的
identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的
derived words 派生词
Affixes 词缀
要点：
一. Morpheme —A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.
（The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）
二.
1.Morph-A morpheme must be realized by discrete(分散的)
units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.
2.Monomorphenic words –morphemes are realized by single morphs.
3.Allomorph—Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes.
E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）
has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context
1).-s,/s/ 在/t,p,k/后；/z/在/d,b,g/后；/iz/在/s,z,shi,gi,chi/
change an internal vowel,foot-feet
zero morph,deer-deer
2).-ed,/t/在/p,k/后；/d/在/m,n,ng,l/;/id/在/t,d/
in-,im-,ir-,il- ，/im/ first sound /p,b,m/ ;/ir/ ,/r/;/il/,/l/;其余都用in
三.
1. Free morphemes or Free root —
The morphemes have complete meaning and
can be used as free grammatical units in sentences
e.g.cat,walk.
(They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphe mes are considered to be free.)
2. Bound Morphemes —
The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words
e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）
collect – free morpheme re-and
–ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）
Bound morphemes are found in derived words
1). Bound root —
A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a fr ee root. Unlike a free
root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.
e.g.-dict-
it conveys the meaning of ―say or speak as a Latin root
but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before
we obtain the verb predict meaning ―tell beforehand
Contradict ― speak against
Bound roots are either Latin or Greek.
limited in number,their productive power is amazing
2). Affixes —
forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morphemes.
a. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes —
Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical
relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of infl ectional affixes is small and stable.
(a. There is the regular plural suffix -s
（-es）which is added to nouns such as machines,desks.
b. Simple present for the third person singular. –s（-es）
c. The possessive case of nouns. ’s
d. –er and –est to show comparative and superlative degree
e. The past tense marker –ed
f. –ing to form present participles or gerunds.)
b. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes —
Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
a). Prefixes —are affixes that come before the word,
such as,pre+war,sub+sea
b). Suffixes —are affixes that come after the word,
for instance,blood+y
四.
1. Root
-- is the basic form of a word,which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. （What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.）
e.g. ―internationalists removing inter-,-al-,-ist,-s,leaves the root nation.
2. Stem —
a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
E.g. ―internationalists-nation is a root and a stem as well.
a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a affix. a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root。