chap14 Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for Attributes

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品质名词中英对照(1)

品质名词（中英对照）AABC analysis ABC 分析Abnormality 不正常性Abscissa 横坐标Absolute deviation 绝对离差Absolute dispersion 绝对离势Absolute error 绝对误差Absolute frequency 绝对次数Absolute number 绝对数Absolute reliability 绝对可靠度Absolute term 绝对项Absolute value 绝对值Absolute variation 绝对变异Abstract number 抽象数Abstract unit 抽象单位Accelerated factor 加速系数，加速因子Accelerated life test 加速寿命试验Accelerated test 加速试验Acceleration 加速度Acceptable limit 允收界限Acceptable process 允收制程水平Acceptable quality 允收品质Acceptable quality level (AQL) 允收质量水平Acceptable reliability level (ARL) 允收可靠度水平Acceptability 允收性Acceptability criterion 允收标准Acceptance 允收，验收Acceptance, probability of 允收机率Acceptance, region of 允收区域Acceptance and rejection criteria 允收与拒收准则Acceptance boundary 允收界限Acceptance coefficient 允收系数Acceptance control chart 验收管制图Acceptance cost 验收费用Acceptance criteria 允收准则Acceptance error 允收误差Acceptance inspection 验收检验Acceptance limit 允收界限Acceptance line 允收线Acceptance number 允收（不良品）数Acceptance plan 验收计划Acceptance procedure 验收程序Acceptance/rectification scheme 允收/精选方案Acceptance sampling, attribute 计数值验收抽样Acceptance sampling, variable 计量值验收抽样Acceptance sampling plan 验收抽样计划Acceptance sampling scheme 验收抽样方案Acceptance test 验收试验Acceptance value 允收值Acceptance zone 允收区域Acceptance product 允收品Accepting lot 允收批Access time 接近时间，故障诊断时间Accessibility 可接近性Accident rate 意外率Accidental error 偶误，偶然误差Accidental fluctuation 偶然波动Accidental movement 意外移动Accounting test 验算（决算）试验Accumulated operating time 累积操作时间Accuracy 准确度Accuracy of data 数据准确度Accuracy of estimation 估计准确度Accuracy of the mean 平均数准确度Achieved availability 实际可用度Action 行动，措施Action, corrective 矫正行动（措施）Action control chart 行动管制图Action limit 行动界限Active line 行动线Active maintenance time 实际维护时间Active parallel redundancy 主动并复联（置）Active preventive maintenance 现行预防维护时间Active redundancy 主动复联（置）Active repair time 实际修复时间Active standby 主动备用Active time 运用时间Actual frequency 实际次数Actual limit 实际界限Actual range 实际全距Actual value 实际值Adaptability 可适应性Adaptive control 修改管制Addition theorem 加法定理Additivity 加法性，可加性Adjusted average 修正平均数Adjusted value 修正值Adjustment factor 调整系数Administration time for a repair 修复之管理时间Administrative time 管理时间Adopted value 采用值Advisory Group on Reliability of Electronic Equipment (AGREE) 电子装备可靠度顾问团Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) 航空无线电公司After-sales service 售后服务Age 年限Age at death 死亡年限Age at failure 失效年限Age-based maintenance 年限基准维护Aggregative method 综合法Aging 老化Agreement of quality assurance 质量保证之协议Agreement on verification method 验（查）证方法之协议Alarm signals 警告（报）讯号Alert time 待命时间Algebraic sum 代数和Algorism (Algorithm) 阿拉伯数字计数法Alias 假名Alienation 余相关Alignment chart 列线图Allocation 配当Allocation of reliability 可靠度配当Allowable percent defective (Acceptable quality level, AQL) 允收不良率（允收质量水平）Allowance 允差，裕度Alternative hypothesis 对立假设American Management Association (AMA) 美国管理协会American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 美国标准协会American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) 美国质量管理学会American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 美国机械工程师学会American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 美国材料试验学会American Standard Association (ASA) 美国标准协会American Statistical Association (ASA) 美国统计协会American War Standards (AWS) 美国战时标准Ambient condition 周遭条件Analysis, sequential 逐次分析Analysis by accumulated frequency 累积法，累积次数分析Analysis by non-accumulated frequency 次数法，非累积次数分析Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 共变异数分析Analysis of means (AVON) 平均数分析Analysis of problem 问题之分析Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 变异数分析Analysis sample 分析样本Analytical error 分析误差Angular transformation 角度转（变）换Anti-logarithm 逆对数Anti-mode 逆众数AOQL Sampling Table 平均出厂质量界限抽样数Applicability 应用性Applied statistics 应用统计学Apportionment of reliability 可靠度配当Apportionment techniques 配当技术Appraisal cost 鉴定成本，评估成本Appraisal system 评估制度Appraisal of quality 质量评估Approach to sequential testing 逐次试验法Approval of processes and equipment 核准制程与设备Approximate mode 近似众数Approximate number 近似数值Approximation 近似法，概算AQL (Acceptable quality level) 允收（质量）水平Arbitrary average (Assumed average，Arbitrary mean) 假定平均数Arbitrary origin 假定原点Arbitrary scale 假定标度Area bar chart 面积条图Area chart (diagram, graph) 面积图Area sampling 地区抽样Arithmetic average 算术平均数Arithmetic cross 算术交叉Arithmetic graph 算术图Arithmetic line chart 算术线图Arithmetic mean 算术平均数Arithmetic paper 算术纸Arithmetic probability paper 算术机率纸Arithmetic progression (Arithmetic series) 算术级数，等差级数Arithmetic scale 算术标度，等差标度Arithmetic series 算术级数，等差级数Army Ordnance Table 陆军兵工署（抽样）表Army Service Forces Table 陆军（抽样）表序列Array 序列Array distribution 序列分配（布）Array of data 数据序列Assemble 装配（组立）Assembled product 装配品Assembly 装配件Assembly inspection 装配检验Assembly quality analysis report 装配质量分析报告Assessed failure rate 评估失效率Assessed mean active -maintenance time 评估时间现行维护时间Assessed mean life 评估平均寿命Assessed mean time between failures 评估平均失效间格时间Assessed mean time to failure 评估平均失效前时间Assessed reliability 评估可靠度Assessed value 评估值Assessment of subcontractor 分包商之评鉴Assignable cause (Special cause) 非机遇原因（特殊原因）Assignable variation 非机遇变异Associated dependent variable 相联因变数Associated variate 相联变量Association coefficient 相联系数Association of attribute 品性相联Association table 相联表，联合表Assumed mean (Assumed average，Arbitrary average) 假定平均数Assumed median 假定中位数Assumed origin 假定原点Assurance quality 保证质量Assurance function 保证功能Asymmetrical distribution 不对称分配（布）Asymmetry 不对称Asymptotic distribution 趋近分配（布)At random 随机Attribute 计数值，属性Attribute classification 品性分类Attribute data 计数数据Attribute inspection 计数值检验Attribute sampling 计数值抽样Attribute sampling plan 计数值抽样计划Attribute testing (Go no-go testing) 计数值试验（通过与不通过试验）Attribute value 计数值Audit 稽核Audit for reliability 可靠度稽核Audit of decision 稽核决策Audit plan 稽核计划Audit report 稽核报告Auditing report 稽核报告Auto-correlation 自动相关Automatic switch-over redundancy 自动切换复联（置）Automatic test equipment (Am) 自动试验装备Auto-regression 自动回归Availability 可用性，可用度Average (Mean) 平均数，平均值Average, grand 总平均Average, moving 移动平均数Average, sample 样本平均数Average, standard error of 标准误平均数Average, universe 群体平均数Average, weighted 加权平均数Average amount of inspection 平均检验数Average and range chart 平均数及全距（管制）图Average availability 平均可用度Average deviation (A.D.) (Mean deviation) 平均差Average error (Mean error) 平均误差Average number of defects 平均缺点数Average of ratios 比例平均数Average outgoing quality (AOQ) 平均出厂质量Average outgoing quality curve 平均出厂质量曲线Average outgoing quality level 平均出厂质量水平Average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) 平均出厂水平Average quality level 平均出厂质量界限Average quality level line 质量平均线Average quality protection 平均质量保护Average range 平均全距Average run length (ARL) 平均连串长度Average sample number (ASN) 平均样品数Average range 平均全距Average run length (ARL) 平均连串长度Average sample number(ASN) 平均样本数Average sample number curve 平均样本曲线Average sample size (ASS) 平均样本大小Average sample size curve 平均样本大小曲线Average sample 平均抽样Average total inspection (ATI) 平均总检验（件）数Average total inspection curve 平均总检验数曲线Average value 平均值Avoidable cause 可避免之原因Avoidable quality cost 可避免之质量成本Axiom 公理Axis 轴Axis of abscissa 横轴Axis of ordinate 纵轴BBad lot 坏批Balance frequency 平衡次数Balanced complete type 平衡完备型Balanced design 平衡设计Balanced experiment 平衡实验Balanced incomplete type 平衡不完备型Balanced sample 平衡样本Band chart 带形图Band curve chart 带形曲线图Bank of reliability data 可靠度数据库Bar chart (diagram) 条（形）图Bartlett's test 巴特莱特试验Base line 基线Base number 基数Base period 基期Base point 基点Basic reliability 基本可靠度Batch (Lot) 批Batch of material 材料批Batch process 分批制造方法Batch size 批量Batch testing 批试验Bathtub curve 浴缸曲线Bathtub failure curve 浴缸失效曲线Bayes' estimator 贝式估计式Bayes' theorem 贝式定理Bayesian approach 贝式法Bayesian approcah to design 贝式设计法Bayesian estimation 贝式估计Bead map 标珠图Bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线Bell-shaped distribution 钟形分配（布）Bell-shaped failure pattern 钟形失效型态JBell System 贝尔系统Bell Telephone Laboratories 贝尔电话实验室Bell Telephone Laboratories Sampling Table 贝尔（电话实验室）抽样表Benign failure 无危险的失效Bernoulli distribution 白努利分配（布）Best fit 最适配合Best fitting line 最适线Best fitting curve 最适曲线Best linear invariant estimator 最佳线型不变估计式Best linear unbiased estimator 最佳线型不偏估计式Beta coefficient β系数Beta distribution β分配（布）Beta function β函数Between-class variance 组间变异数Between-column variance 组间变异Between-column variation 行间变异Between-row variation 列间变异Between sample variation 样本间变异Bias 偏差Bias, downward 向下偏差Bias, downward type 向下型偏差Bias, upward 向上偏差Bias, upward type 向上型偏差Biased error 偏误Biased estimate 偏差估计Biased sample 偏差样本Biased test 偏差试验Bilateral 双边Bill of material (BOM) 物料清单Bimodal 双峰Bimodal curve 双峰曲线Bimodal distribution 双峰分配（布）Bimodal redundancy 双峰型复联（置）Bimodality 双峰性Binary system 二元制Binomial, skewed 偏态二项Binomial coefficient 二项系数Binomial curve 二项曲线Binomial distribution 二项分配（布）Binomial equation 二项方程式Binomial expansion 二项展开式Binomial population 二项群体Binomial probability distribution 二项机率分配（布）Binomial probability paper(BIPP) 二项机率纸Binomial series 二项级数Binomial theorem 二项定理Bi-serial 双数列Biserial correlation 双数列相关Biserial coefficient of correlation 双数列相关系数Biserial ratio of correlation 双数列相关比Bivariate 双变量Bivariate distribution 双变量分配（布）Bivariate frequency distribution 双变量次数分配（布）Bivariate normal distribution 双变量常态分配（布）Blend 混，混合Block 量块，（实验）区，方块Block design 实验区设计Block diagram 方块图Block factor 地区因素Block in series 串联方块Boundary 界Boundary, cell 组界Bowker-Goode variables plan Bowker-Goode 记量值（抽样）计划Bowl drawing 碗珠抽样Bowl experiment 碗珠实验Bowl test 碗珠试验Bowley's coefficient of skewness Bowley偏态系数Bowley's formula Bowley公式Bureau of Ordnance, U.S. Navy 美国海军兵工署Break-even chart 损益平衡图Break-even point (BEP) 损益平衡点Breakthrough 突破British Standards Institution 英国标准协会Broken curve 中断曲线Broken series 中断数列Broken trend 中断趋势Built-in test (BIT) 内含测试，自测Bureau of Commodity Inspection and Quarantine (BCIQ) 商品检验局Bulk sampling Burn-in 大宗抽样Business Process Management (BPM) 业务流程管理Buyer 买方，客户CC chart C（管制）图Calculated value (Computed value) 计算值Calculation chart 计算图Calendar time 日历时间Calibration 校正Calibration record 校正记录Camp-Meidell inequality Camp-Meidell不等式Capability 能力Capability, machine 机器能力Capability, process 制程能力Capability ratio 能力比Capacity 能量，容量Caption 纵标目Carrying out the audit 实施稽核Cartogram 统计图Case method 个案法Catastrophic failure 突然故障，崩坏失效，致命失效Category 类别Cauchy distribution Cauchy 分配（布）Causality 因果律Cause 原因Cause, assignable 非机遇原因Cause, avoidable 可避免原因Cause, chance 机遇原因Cause, common 共同原因Cause, findable 可寻找原因Cause, random 随机原因Cause, special 特殊原因Cause, substantial 本质原因Cause, unavoidable 不可避免原因Cause and effect 因果Cause and effect diagram 特性要因图Cell 组Cell boundary 组界Cell deviation (d) 组离差Cell frequency (f) 组次数Cell interval (i,h) 组距Cell limit 组限Cell method 分组法Cell mid-point (Xm) 组中点Cell value 组值Censored sample 检剔样本Censored test 检剔试验Censorship 检剔Census 普查Center line 中线Central inspection station 中央检验站Central limit theory 趋中理论，中央极限理论Central limit theorem 趋中理论，中央极限理论Central line (CL.) 中心线Central moment 中心动差Central ordinate 中纵坐标Central tendency 集中趋势Central value 中值，中心值Certainty 确定性Certified chart 验证图Certified equipment 合格设备Certified quality engineer (CQE) 合格质量工程师Certified quality technician (CQT) 合格质量技术师Certified reliability engineer (CRE) 合格可靠度工程师Certification 验证Chain model 炼结模型Chain reliability 炼结可靠度Chain sampling plan (CHSP) 炼结抽样计划Chance 机遇Chance cause 机遇原因Chance error (Probable error) 机遇误差，机误Chance factor 机遇因素Chance failure 机遇故障，机遇失效Chance failure period 机遇失效期Chance fluctuation 机遇波动Chance variable 机遇变数Chance variation 机遇变异Change control 改变（变更）管理Chaotic variation 混乱变异Characteristic （质量）特性Characteristic, qualitative 质的特性Characteristic, quantitative 量的特性Characteristic curve, operating (OC curve) 操作特性曲线，OC曲线Characteristic diagram 特性要因图Characteristic function 特性函数Characteristic life 特性寿命Characteristic operating curve (OC curve) 特性操作曲线（OC曲线）Characteristic value 特性值Chargeable failure 可计列失效，故障Charlier check Charlier 覆检法Chart 图，（管制）图Chart, acceptance control 验收管制图Chart, average and range 平均数及全距（管制）图Chart, average number of defects 平均缺点数（管制）图Chart, control 管制图Chart, cumulative sum 累积和（管制）图Chart, defects per unit 每单位内缺点数（管制）图Chart, fraction defective 不良率（管制）图Chart, group 多项（管制)图Chart, individual 个别值（管制）图Chart, median 中位数（管制）图Chart, moving and range 移动平均数及全距（管制）图Chart, moving range 移动全距（管制）图Chart, modified control limits 修正管制界限（管制）图Chart, multi-variation 变异值（管制）图Chart, multiple 复式（管制）图Chart, number defectives 不良（品）数（管制）图Chart, number of defects 缺点数（管制）图Chart, percent defective 不良率管制图Chart, range 全距（管制）图Chart, run 操作（记录）图Chart, shop 工厂（管制）图Chart, Shewhart control Shewhart 管制图Chart, two-way control 双向管制图Chebyshev's inequality Chebyshev 不等式Check inspection 复核检验Check sampling 复核检验员Check inspector 复核抽样Chi-square ，卡方Chi-square distribution 分配（布），卡方分配（布）Chi-square test 检定，卡方检定Chi-squared distribution 分配（布），卡方分配(布）Chip 小圆片Chronic defect 慢性缺点Chronological chart 时序图Chronological series 时序数列Class 组Class boundaries (True class limits)组界（真实组限）Class form 组形Class frequency (f) 组次数Class interval (i,h) 组距Class limit 组限Class mark 组标，中值Class mean 组平均数Class mid-point(Xm) 组中点Class mid-value 组中值Class of median 组中位数Class value 组值Classes, number of 组数Classification chart 分组，分类Classification frequency 分组次数Classification frequency series 分组次数数列Classification of defectives 不良品分类Classification of defects 缺点分类Classfication of failure 失效分类，故障分类Classification process 分组（方）法Clearance 间隙，余隙Cluster 集团Cluster sampling 集团抽样Cochran's test Cochran 检定Code 简化，代号Code letter 代字Coded unit 简化单位Coded value 简化值Coding 简化Coding rule 简化规则Coefficient 系数Coefficient, correlation 相关系数Coefficient of alienation 余相关系数Coefficient of association 相关系数Coefficient of binomial distribution 二项分配（布）系数Coefficient of colligation 束联系数Coefficient of contingency 列联系数Coefficient of correlation 相关系数Coefficient of determination (r2) 定限系数Coefficient of dispersion 离势系数Coefficient of kurtosis 峰度系数Coefficient of multiple correlation 复相关系数Coefficient of net correlation 净相关系数Coefficient of net regression 净回归系数Coefficient of non-determination 不定限系数Coefficient of part correlation 部份相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation 部份相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation 等级相关系数Coefficient of reliability 可靠度系数Coefficient of regression 回归系数Coefficient of skewness 偏态系数，偏斜系数Coefficient of variation (CV) 变异系数Cold standby 冷置系数Collective quality 集体品质Columbia sampling table Columbia 抽样计划Column (Column/Row) 行，纵行（行/列）Column head 标目Column diagram 直行图Combination 组合Combinational model 复合模型Combined environmental reliability test (CERT) 复合环境可靠度试验Combined failure 复合失效，复合故障Combined stress life test 复合应力寿命试验Commissioning 委制Commodity 商品Common cause (Chance cause) 共同原因（机遇原因）Company standard 公司标准Companys need 公司需要Company-wide quality control (CWQC) 全公司质量管理Comparability 可比性Comparable measure 可比量数Compensating error 补偿误差Compensating fluctuation 补偿波动Competing product 竞争产品Complete association 全相联Complete block design 完全区集法Complete confounding 完全交络Complete dissociation 全不相联Complete failure 完全故障，完全失效Completely randomized design 完全随机法Complaint 抱怨Complaint index 抱怨指标Completed product verification 成品验证Component 组件，组件Component bar chart 成份条图Component distiibution 组成份分配（布）Component part diagram 成份图Component ratio 成份比Component reliability 组件可靠度Component variance 成份变异数Components of variance 变异数成份Composite curve 复合曲线Composite design 复合法Composite hypothesis 复合假设，组合假设Composite unit 复合单位Compound distribution 复合分配（布）Compound event 复合事件Compound probability 复合机率Compounding technique 复合法Compressed limit 压缩界限Compressed limit gauging 压缩界限规则Computed value 计算值Concentric circle diagram 同心圆图Conception of limit 极限概念Conceptual design 概念设计Conceptual design review 概念设计审查Concession 特采，特认Concomitant factor 共变因素Concomitant variable 共变数Concomitant variation 共变异Concurrency 并行Condition maintenance 状态维护Condition monitoring 状态监督Condition-based maintenance 状态基准维护Conditional probability 条件机率Conditions of use 使用条件Confidence 信任，信赖Confidence coefficient 信任系数，信赖系数Confidence interval 信任区间，信赖区间Confidence in test results 试验结果的信赖度Confidence level 信任水平，信赖水平Confidence limit 信任界限，信赖界限Confidence range 信任全距，信赖全距Configuration control 型态管制Configuration items 型态件Configuration management 型态管理Confirmation 确认Conformance to the requirement 符合要求Conformation 一致Conforming article 合格品Conformity 符合Confounding 交络Confounding, complete 完全交络Confounding, partial 部份交络Connector 连接器Consignment 委托，寄售Consistency 一致性Constancy 恒久性Constancy of great numbers 大数恒久性Constant 常数Constant cause system 恒常原因系统Constant error 恒常误差Constant failure period 恒常失效期Constant failure rate dustribution 恒常失效率分配（布）Constant weight (Fixed weight) 固定权数Constraint 束缚Consultant 管理顾问师Consumer 消费者Consumer acceptance specification 消费者允收规格Consumerism 消费者主义Consumer's risk (CR) 消费者冒险率Consumer test panel 消费者试验小组Consumer preference 消费者偏好Consumer sensitivity test 消费者感官试验Contingency 列联Contingency coefficient 列联系数Contingency table 列联表Contingency theorem 列联理论Continuity correction 连续校正Continuous change 连续变更Continuous data 连续数据Continuous distribution 连续分配（布）Continuous production 连续生产Continuous sampling 连续抽样Continuous sampling plan (CSP) 连续抽样计划Continuous series 连续数列Continuous variable 连续变量Contract 合约Contract preparation 拟定合约Contract review 合约检讨Contract requirements 合约需求Contract requirements analysis 合约需求分析Contractors 合约商Contrast analysis 对照分析Control, in 在管制（状态）下Control, lack of 缺乏管制Control, out of 超出管制Control, state of 管制状态Control, under 在管制（状态）下Control chart 管制图Control chart, cumulative sum 累积和管制图Control chart, defects per unit 每单位内缺点数管制图Control chart, two-way 双向管制图Control chart factor 管制图系数Control chart for attribute 计数值管制图Control chart for variable (measurement) 计量值管制图Control chart method 管制图法Control chart pattern 管制图类型Control factor 管制因素Control gaging (gauging) 管制规测Control level 管制水平Control limit 管制界限Control limit, lower 管制下限Control limit, modified 修正管制界限Control limit, upper 管制上限Control limit factor 管制界限因子Control line 管制线Control of measuring and test equipment 量测与试验设备之管制Control of nonconforming material 不合格物料之管制Control of nonconforming product 不合格产品之管制Control of production 生产管制Control of reliability 可靠度管制Control of verification status 验证状况之管制Control plan 管制计划Control point 管制点Control station 管制站Control system 管制系统Controllability 可管制性Controlled process 管制制程Controlled state 管制状态Controlled variability 管制变异性Controlled variable 管制变数Controlling item 管制项目Convenience lot 合宜的批Convergence 收敛Cooked distribution 中断分配（布）Coordinate 坐标Coordinate axis 坐标轴Coordinate line 坐标线Coordination 协调Coordination for reliability 可靠度协调Correction 校正，修正Correction, Sheppard Sheppard 校正数Correction factor 修正因子Correction for continuity 连续校正Correction for mean 平均数校正Correction term 校正项Corrective action 矫正行动，改正措施Corrective maintenance 矫正维护，改正维护Corrective maintenance time 矫正维护时间，改正维护时间Corrective sorting 修正选别Correlated measure 相关量数Correlated samples 相关样本Correlation 相关Correlation, coefficient of 相关系数Correlation, direct 直接相关Correlation, index of 相关指数Correlation, inverse 反相关Correlation, multiple 复相关Correlation, negative 负相关Correlation, net 净相关Correlation, nonlinear 非线性相关Correlation, nonsense 无意义相关Correlation, part 部份相关，偏相关Correlation, partial 部份相关，偏相关Correlation, perfect 完全相关Correlation, rank 等级相关Correlation, serial 数序相关Correlation, simple 简相关Correlation, zero 零相关Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation chart 相关图Correlation, coefficient 相关系数Correlation coefficient, rank 等级相关系数Correlation matrix 相关矩阵Correlation of attributes 品性相关Correlation ratio 相关比Correlation of x on y x与y的相关比Correlation ratio of y on x y与x的相关比Correlation scatter chart 相关散布图Correlation surface 相关面Correlation table 相关表Correlation theory 相关理论Correlogram 相关图Corrosive atmosphere 腐蚀性空气Cost 成本，费用Cost, acquisition 取得成本Cost, appraisal 评估（鉴定）成本Cost, external failure 外部失败成本Cost, internal failure 内部失败成本Cost, life cycle 寿命周期成本Cost, logistic 后续成本Cost, prevention 预防成本Cost, quality 质量成本Cost, quality control 质量管理成本Cost, rework 重加工成本Cost effectiveness 成本效益Cost function 成本机能Cost model for reliability optimization 可靠度最佳化成本模式Cost reduction 成本减低Count (Countable) data 点计数据Counter variation 反行变异Co-variation 共变异Covariance 共变异数，共变数Covariance analysis 共变异数分析Covariance matrix 共变异矩阵Craps, game of 掷骰游戏Credibility 信用Creep failure 潜变失效，潜变故障Crest 峰Criteria for workmanship 工作技艺准则Criterion 准则，规范Criterion, acceptance 验收准则（规范）Critical component control 重要组件管制Critical defect 严重缺点Critical defective 严重不良品Critical design review 关键设计审查Critical failure 关键故障，严重失效Critical items 关键品目，重要件Critical path 要径Critical path analysis 要径分析法Critical region 临界区域，弃却区域，判定区Critical value 临界值，判定值Criticality 严重性，关键性Cross 交叉Cross check 互校Cross classification 交叉分类Cross correlation 交叉相关Cross formula 交互公式Cross-hatch 交叉线Cross-hatched map 交叉图Cross-over design 交叉计划Crossed design 交叉法Crude mode 概括众数Crude moment 概括动差Cubic chart (diagram) 立方图Culled 检选Cumulant 累积数Cumulation, downward 向下累积Cumulation, total 全部累积Cumulation, upward 向上累积Cumulation average chart 累积平均数（管制）图Cumulative curve 累积曲线Cumulative curve chart 累积曲线图Cumulative damage 累积损坏Cumulative distribution (Ogive) 累积分配（布）Cumulative distribution function 累积分配（布）函数Cumulative error 累积误差Cumulative failure frequency 累积故障次数，累积失效次数Cumulative frequency 累积次数Cumulative frequency arrangement 累积次数排列Cumulative frequency curve 累积次数曲线Cumulative frequency 累积次数曲线图Cumulative frequency distribution 累积次数分配（布）Cumulative frequency polygon 累积（次数）多边形Cumulative frequency (probability) function 累积次数（机率）函数Cumulative frequency table 累积次数表Cumulative function 累积函数Cumulative graph 累积图Cumulative hazard function 累积冒险函数Cumulative mean 累积平均数Cumulative normal distribution 累积常态分配Cumulative number of failures 累积失效数，累积故障数Cumulative percentage of failures 累积失效百分率，累积故障百分率Cumulative probability distribution 累积机率分配（布）Cumulative sum 累积和Cumulative sum chart 累积和（管制）图Cumulative sum control chart 累积和管制图Cumulative terms 累积项Curtailed (Truncated) inspection 截略检验Curtailed (Truncated) sample inspection截略样品检验Curtailed sampling 截略抽样Curtailed sampling inspection 截略抽样检验Curtaijed sampling plan 截略抽样计划Curtailment of sampling plan 抽样计划之截略Curve 曲线Curve, frequency 次数曲线Curve, normal 常态曲线Curve chart (diagram) 曲线图Curve fitting 曲线配合Curve of error 误差曲线Curve of means 平均数曲线Curve of probability 机率曲线Curve type criterion 曲线型准则Curve shape 曲线形状Curvilinear correlation 曲线相关Curvilinear regression 曲线回归Curvilinear trend 曲线趋势Curvilinearity 曲线性Customer 客户，顾客Customer complaint 顾客抱怨Customer feedback information 顾客回馈信息Customer incurred cost 顾客引发成本Customer operation cost 顾客作业成本Customer repair cost 顾客修理成本Customer requirement 顾客要求Customer satisfaction 顾客满意度Customer's need 顾客需要Cusum chart 累积和（管制）图Cycles 周期Cycles between failures 失效间隔周期，故障间隔周期Cycle of operation 操作周期Cyclic curve 周期（循环）曲线Cyclic damage 周期性损坏Cyclic load 周期性负荷Cyclical deviation 周期（循环）离差Cyclical fluctuation 周期波动Cyclical trend 周期趋势Cyclical movement 周期移动Cyclical variation 周期变异Cycling failure rate 周期性失效率，周期性故障率DD chart d管制图Data 数据Data analysis 数据分析Data bank 资料室（库）Data exchange program 数据交换计划Data, inspection 检验数据Data item 数据项，文件项目Data processing 数据处理Death rate 死亡率Debug (debugging) 除错Decile 十分位数Decimal fraction 小数Decision function 决策函数Decision line 决定线Decision making 决策Decision variable 决策变数Decreasing failure rate distribution 递减失效率分配(布）Decrement 减量Decrement rate 减率Defect 疵病，缺点Defect, chronic 慢性缺点Defect, critical 严重缺点Defect, incidental 偶发缺点Defect, major 主要缺点Defect, minor 次要缺点Defect, sporadic 突发缺点Defect and failure analysis 缺点与失效分析Defect chart 缺点数（管制）图Defect Free 零缺点Defect prevention 缺点预防Defects, number of 缺点数Defects classification 缺点分类Defects per hundred units (dphu) 百件缺点数Defects per unit chart 每单位（内）缺点数（管制）图Defects per unit plan 每单位（内）缺点数（管制）计划Defective 不良品Defective, fraction 不良率Defective chart 不良品数（管制）图Defective material 不良材料Defective number 不良品数Defective part 不良零件Defective parts, percentage of 不良零件百分率Defective prevention 不良品预防Defective unit 不良品（单位）Defectives, number of 不良（品）数Defectives classification 不良品分类Definition(s) 定义Deflated series 调节数列Deflated value 调节值Deflating index 调节指数Degradation 劣化Degradation failure 劣化故障，劣化失效Degree of accuracy 准确度Degree of approximation 近似度Degree of association 相联度Degree of confidence 信任（赖）度Degree of contribution 贡献度Degree of freedom (DF) 自由度Degree of reliability 可靠度Delivery 交货，出厂Delivery inspection 出厂检验Delivery qulaity 出厂品质Delivery time 运送时间Demerit 减点Demerit chart 减点（数）（管制）图Demerit rating 减点评比Demerits per unit 每单位（内）减点数Demonstration 示范，验证，展现Demonstration test 验证试验，展现试验Density function 密度函数Dependability 可恃性，相依性，依赖性Dependent factor 因变因子Dependent failure 相依失效，相依故障Dependent variable 因变数Derating 降等，额降，减额定Derivation 导出Derived table 导出表Descriptive item 说明项Descriptive statistics 记述统计（学）Design 设计Design baseline 设计准则Design change 设计变更Design considerations 设计考虑Design control 设计管制Design change control 设计变更管制Design control, new 新设计管制Design criterion 设计准则Design disclosure package 设计启导文件Design effect cost 设计效应成本Design freeze 设计冻结Design in 设计进去Design input 设计输入Design matrix 设计矩阵Design output 设计输出Design of experiment 实验计划Design planning 设计规画Design profile 设计轮廓Design proving 设计认可Design qualification 设计之合格性Design release 设计发布Design requalification 设计合格之再认定Design review 设计审查Design specification 设计规格Design validation 设计确认Design verification 设计验证，查证Design verification test 设计验证试验Designation 名称Designed experiment 实验计划Destructive inspection (test) 破坏性检验（试验）Detailed design 细部设计Detailed design review 细部设计审查Detailed inspection (100% inspection) 全数检验（百分之百检验）Detect 侦测Detection of a failure unit 失效单位之检测，故障单位之检测Detection time 检测时间Deterioration 衰变，劣化Determination, coefficient of 定限系数Development 发展Development test 发展试验Deviation 离差Deviation, average 平均差Deviation, mean 平均差。

计数标准型与计数调整型抽样检验

1、一批产品(批量N)中，有d 个缺陷品，缺陷品率为：
p%=(d/N) ×100%。
2、批中的缺陷品个数d是客观存在的事实，如果做100%检验可以准确得知缺陷品率p%。在抽样的条件下，这个p% 的存在也是的客观事实，不论你是否知道，反映了“批质量”的状况。
3、批中缺陷品彼此之间，以及与正常品之间是无法简单区分的 (比如，它们看起来都是“白球”或者都是“红球”)。在一次只抽出一个产品的条件下，恰好抽到一个缺陷品的概率就是p% ；并且在这种条件下，对于任何一个缺陷品被抽到而言都是“等概率”的，均为p% — 批中的缺陷率或不合格率。这可以理解为等概率公理。
接收批
拒收批
抽样方案和抽样计划
在ANSI/ISO/ASQC A3534标准中：
抽样方案 (sampling plans)被定义为：规定了所使用的样本量以及相应的批接收准则的特定方案。也就是对批的接收抽样归结为确定两个参数：样本量n 和接收数Ac—— （n, Ac）
抽样计划 (sampling schemes) 则是各种抽样方案与方案之间的转移规则的组合。
一次抽样: 从批中只抽取一个样本的抽样方式。二次抽样：是根据第一个样本提供的信息，决定是
否抽取第二个样本的抽样方式
多次抽样：是可能依次抽取多达K个样本的抽样方式。
序贯抽样：序贯抽样是逐个地抽取个体。但事先并不固定抽取个数的抽样方式。根据事先规定的规测，直到可以作出接受或拒收此批的决定为止。（一般用于大型或贵重产品）
负二项分布
y (r s 1)! prqs (r 1)!(s!)
r-发生次数
s-试验次数与发生次数之差
p-发生概率
用于定义某一事件发生r次需要r+s次试验的概率，该事件每次发生的概率为p

商务与经济统计第14版 Ch21 Statistical Methods

• TQ stresses learning and adaptation to continual change as keys to organization success.
4
Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)
control • Constructed a diagram that would now be recognized as a statistical control chart • Brought together the disciplines of statistics, engineering, and economics and
5
Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)
Quality Philosophies (1 of 4)
Dr. Walter A. Shewhart • Developed a set of principles that are the basis for what is known today as process
ability to satisfy given needs.” • Organizations recognize that they must strive for high levels of quality. • They have increased the emphasis on methods for monitoring and maintaining quality.
1
Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Statistical Process Control(英文版)(ppt 23页)

Statistical Process Control
Statistical Process Control
Variability exists in everything - people, machines and nature
Purpose - to be sure that processes are performing in an acceptable manner
variation
– random variation - natural variation, uncontrollable
– assignable variation - can identify cause
determine whether non-random sources of variation are responsible for problems
– monitor over time – forecast if will still be well in future – determine factors that make it out of
control
Statistical Process Control
Design quality checks into the process - eliminate need for inspection
between random and assignable variation -
usually 3
Each new sample statistic is plotted and compared to the control limits
UCL
LCL
Statistical UCL Process Control

抽样标准

ICS 03.120.30 A 41GB/T 2828.1-2003/ISO 2859-1:1999代替GB/T 2828-1987中华人民共和国国家标准计数抽样检验程序第1部分：按接收质量限(AQL)检索的Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes —国家质量监督检验检疫总局逐批检验抽样计划Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL)for lot-by-lot inspection (ISO 2859-1:1999, IDT)中华人民共和国发布前言GB/T 2828《计数抽样检验程序》由若干部分构成，其预期结构及对应的国际标准和将代替的国家标准为：——第1部分：按接收质量限(AQL)检索的逐批检验抽样计划(ISO 2859-l：1999，IDT，代替GB/T 2828-1987)——第2部分：孤立批计数抽样检验程序及抽样表(对应ISO 2859-2；代替GB/T 15239-1994)——第3部分：跳批计数抽样检查程序(对应ISO 2859-3；代替GB/T 13263-1991)——第4部分：声称质量水平的评价程序(对应ISO 2859-4；代替GB/T 14437-1997、GB/T 14162-1993) ——第10部分：计数抽样系统介绍(对应ISO 2859-10)本部分为GB/T 2828的第l部分。

GB/T 2828的本部分等同采用国际标准ISO 2859-1：1999《计数抽样检验程序第1部分：按接收质量限(AQL)检索的逐批检验抽样计划》及ISO于2003年3月1日发布的对ISO 2859-1：1999的技术修正案1，同时对ISO 2859-l：1999文本中的错误做了如下更正：——在表9中去掉了Ac=4的曲线；——在表9中Ac=9的曲线中去掉箭头；——在表9中Ac=7的曲线中，箭头位置从3移至3.15；——在表9中Ac=27，Ac=30，Ac=41，Ac=44的曲线中，其横坐标改为n乘以每百单位产品不合格数。

spc专业词汇

quality improvement 质量改进quality control and improvement 质量控制及改进statistical 统计学reliability 可靠性conformance to Standards 符合标准characteristic 特性，性能regression analysis 回归分析random 随机的rectifying inspection 挑选型检验systematic reduction of variability 减少系统性波动acceptance sampling 验收抽样total quality management 全面质量管理company-wide quality control 全公司质量控制total quality assurance 全面质量保证quality standards and registration 质量标准和注册process control 过程控制quality system 质量体系internal audits 内部审核第二章专业词汇binomial distribution 二项分布mean 平均值variance 方差sample fraction defective 样本不合格品率sample fraction nonconforming 样本不合格品率Poisson distribution 泊松分布stem-and-leaf plot 茎叶图frequency distribution and histogram 频率分布和直方图box plot 箱线图probability distributions 概率分布hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布Pascal and related distributions 帕斯卡及其相关分布normal distribution 正态分布exponential distribution 指数分布the first quartile 第一四分位数the third quartile 第三四分位数Inter quartile range 四分位距sample mean 样本均值sample variance 样本方差sample standard deviation 样本标准差sample median 样本中位值mode 众数continuous distributions 连续分布discrete distributions 离散分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验（或贝努利试验）第三章专业词汇statistical process control (SPC) 统计过程控制check sheet 检查表Pareto chart 排列图cause-and-effect diagram 因果图defect concentration diagram 缺陷位置图scatter diagram 散布图control chart 控制图in statistical control 处于统计控制状态assignable causes 非随机原因，可查明的原因standard deviation 标准差average to signal(ATS) 平均报警时间（指：过程发生变化后平均发信号时间）average run length(ARL) 平均链长ATS=ARL×h（h 为时间）false alarms 误发警报missing alarms 漏发警报positive correlation 正相关causality 因果关系capability 能力（第四章出现该词通常指过程能力的意思）trial control limits 试验用控制限（指试验用控制图的控制限）specification limits 规范限，规格限current control 当前（生产）控制X bar and R chart 均值－极差控制图in control 受控（状态）out of control 失控（状态）process variability 过程波动unbiased estimator 无偏估计量departures 偏离variable sample size 可变样本容量exhibited 呈现recompute 重新计算parameter 参数equation 等式，公式standard values 标准值（指过程参数）the process mean 过程均值make process modifications 过程改进Cyclic patterns 周期性（变化）模式A shift in process level 过程水平发生偏移standard normal cumulative distribution function 标准正态累积分布函数quality characteristic 质量特性range 极差nonconforming 不符合，不合格nominal value 标称值subgroup 子组rational subgroup 合理子组range method 极差法weighted average approach 加权平均法the moving range 移动极差control chart for individual measurement 单值控制图operating-characteristic curves 操作特性曲线Over control 过度控制a shift in process level 过程水平偏移第五章专业词汇fraction nonconforming 不合格品率target value 目标值variable-width control limit 可变宽度控制界限individual sample 每个样品specific sample size 特定样本大小the upper control limit 控制上限the lower control limit 控制下限square root 平方根estimate of the standard deviation 标准偏差估计average sample size 平均样本容量approximate set of control limits 近似的一组控制限the standardized control chart 将控制图标准化（指通用控制图）nonrandom 非随机的nonconformities per unit 单位不合格数the preliminary data 原始数据the average number of nonconformities per unit 平均单位不合格数the number of inspection units 检验单位个数variable control limits 可变控制限center line 中心线process fraction nonconforming 过程不合格品率不合格品率控制计算公式：nonconformity 不符合、不合格第六章专业词汇process capability analysis 过程能力分析probability plot 概率图process capability ratio （PCR）过程能力指数off-center process （分布中心）偏离公差中心的过程confidence interval 置信区间uniformity 一致性quality characteristic 质量特性product characteristic 产品特性tolerance 公差vendor 供方designed experiments 实验设计chi-square distribution 卡方分布process performance indices 过程性能指数normal probability plot 正态概率图variables 计量，计量值（注意：variable 意思是“可变的，变量”）第七章专业词汇sampling plan 抽样方案sampling scheme 抽样计划acceptance sampling 验收抽样items 项目，产品liability risk 可靠性风险、责任风险Lots 批lot-by-lot 逐批attributes 计数，计数值single-sampling plan 一次抽样方案acceptance number 接收数inspection 检验OC curve(the operating characteristic curve）操作特性曲线probability of acceptance 接收概率discriminatory power 判别力、鉴别力（指判别批质量好坏的能力）acceptable quality limit（AQL）接收质量限lot tolerance percent defective(LTPD) 批允许不合格品率rejectable quality level(RQL) 拒收质量水平limiting quality level(LQL) 极限质量水平probability distribution 概率分布finite size 有限（样本）容量lot fraction defective 批不合格品率fixed percentage 固定百分比double sampling 二次抽样a final lot dispositioning decision 批的最终处置决定the fraction defective 不合格品率sample size code letter 样本大小字母tightened inspection 加严检验nonconformities per 100 items 每百单位产品不合格数lot size 批量100% inspection 全数检验，100% 检验rejection number 拒绝数reduced inspection 放宽检验skip-lot sampling 跳批抽样sampling procedures 抽样程序defective 不合格品average sample number curve 平均样本量曲线double-sampling plan 二次抽样方案curtailed inspection 截尾检验multiple-sampling plan 多次抽样方案disposition decision （批）处置决定subsequent sample 后续样本specified values 规定值sequential-sampling plan 序贯抽样方案sampling procedures for inspection by attributes 计数抽样检验程序continuing series of lot 连续多批LQ 极限质量poor lot 劣质批lots in isolation 孤立批percent nonconforming(in a sample) (样本)不合格品百分数responsible authority 负责部门limiting quality 极限质量isolated lot inspection 孤立批检验skip-lot sampling procedures 跳批抽样程序sentence 判别audit tool 审核工具accept with no inspection 免检average outgoing quality 平均检出质量AOQ rectifying inspection 挑选型抽样方案lot sentencing 批的判断random sampling 随机抽样ideal OC curve 理想 OC 曲线the producer's risk point 生产方风险点the consumer's risk point 使用方风险点P96--P98 Trial control limits 试验用控制限Current control 实时控制X bar and R chart 均值－极差控制图Statistical background 统计背景In control 受控Out of control 不受控Process variability 过程变量。

GB2828抽样标准1

工序专检和线上检验、外发检验、库存检验、客处检验
1.1.4统计检验的分类
1.1.4.6按抽取样本的次数分类一次抽样检验（只做一次抽样的检验）二次抽样检验（最多抽样两次的检验）多次抽样检验（最多5次抽样的检验）序贯抽样检验（事先不规定抽样次数，每次只抽一个单位产品，即样本量为 1，据累积不合格品数判定批合格/不合格还是继续抽样时适用。针对价格昂贵、件数少的产品可使用）
等于0，1，2，……，D）
1.2.2.2 OC函数的计算
对于无放回抽样，X服从超几何分布：公式见上页。
例：N=50，D=3，（n=5,Ac=1）,p=6%,求其接收概率？
答：Pa(p)=p(x≤1)=p(x=0)C+3p0(Cx=4715 )
C31 C474
Cnk=
n! k!(n-k)!
=
C+505
Pa(p)=p(x≤Ac)
Pa(p)=p(x≤15)
=p(1x0=00)+p(x=110)1+……p(x=1150) 15
0!
1!
15!
=
e-10+
e-10 +……
e-10
=0.951
1.2.2.3 OC曲线的分类
0≤P≤1 0≤Pa（p）≤1 当p1＜p2时，有Pa(Ppa(p1))也＞Pa(p2)
当P=0时，肯定接收当P=1时，肯定不接收当0＜p＜1时，可能接收也可能不接收 X：表示抽取n件产品可能发现的不合格品数
Pa(p)=P（X≤Ac）当X（随机变量）服从超C几Dx 何C 分N－布D ,nP-x(X=x)
Pa(p)=P(x)=
CNn
N：批量 n:抽样量 D(np)：批中不合格数 X:样本中抽到不合格品数（x可

GB2828-2003抽样国家标准

GB/T ISO2859-3 13263-91
.
18
3、 GB／T2828系列标准简介
已颁布的和正在修改的GB/T2828系列如下：
GB/T2828.4 –2003 对应：声称质量水平的评价程序 ISO2859-4
替代：GB/T 14162-93 14437-97
GB/T2828.10-2003 计数抽样系统介绍
感官检验：利用手、眼、耳的感觉进行判断试验性使用
2004-1-31
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13
2、统计抽样检验基本概念
检验分类（按检验系统）：
逐批检验
周期检验
检验分类（按检验效果）：
判定性检验：依据标准的符合性判断，是把关的职能
信息性检验：利用检验所获得的信息进行质量控制，又很强的预防性
寻因性检验：在产品的设计阶段，通过充分的预测，寻找潜在不合格的原因
全数检验：对每个产品进行评判，接收的全是合格品，拒绝的是少量不合格品。
抽样检验：根据对部分产品的检验结果，对一批产品做出判断，接收的产品中可能有不合格品，拒绝的是整批产品（统计抽样检验、非统计抽样检验）
免检
2004-1-31
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11
2、统计抽样检验基本概念
检验分类（按检验人员）：
自检互检专检
检验批：同样生产条件下生产的单位产品汇集样本：取自一个批并且提供有关该批的信息的一个或
一组产品样本与总体之间是一种推断关系，抽样检验就是用统
计的方法控制总体质量水平
2004-1-31
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8
2、统计抽样检验基本概念
抽样检验两类错误
第I类：弃真——将应该接收的批误判为拒收，发生概率α α= 1－Pa（P0）， Pa（P0）表示0个不合格时的接收概率第II类：取伪——将应该拒收的批误判为接收，发生概率β β= Pa（P1）， Pa（P1）表示1个不合格时的接收概率 ∵样本不合格品率≠总体不合格品率

Back to Basics

Back to BasicsShut the LidPutting the final tools in the total quality management chestBy Steven A. Melnyk, Ph.D., CPIM, and R.T. (Chris) ChristensenFor a few months now, we have been focusing on various total quality management (TQM) tools. We now come to the last two: acceptance sampling and the Deming Wheel.Acceptance samplingProcess control is highly effective when the process is accessible to management—meaning, when it is part of the internal operations system. But how can managers make the right decision about a batch of products sourced from an inaccessible process? When a batch of parts arrives on a shipping dock, managers must decide whether or not the parts meet the design specifications. Thus, testing is usually done to determine quality.One approach is to test every single part in the batch. However, this method is time consuming, as every part must be removed and tested—not really a value-added activity and may not even be possible, because the part number may have to be destroyed in order to evaluate it. (For example, to test the thickness of a coating on a part, it may have to be sawed in half.)A more common approach is to apply acceptance sampling. This is a statistics-based approach in which a decision (accept or reject) is made for the entire batch of parts based on the information gained from evaluating a relatively small sample. The objective is to achieve the desired level of quality in a manner that is appropriate for the specific environment. Acceptance sampling plans are designed to balance the costs of sampling against the risk of making an incorrect decision regarding the batch.As expected, when the sample size is increased, sampling costs rise and the risk of making an incorrect decision decreases. There are two types of i ncorrect decisions: consumer’s risk (deciding a batch is acceptable, when in fact it is unacceptable) and producer’s risk (deciding a batch is unacceptable, when in fact it is acceptable).Many types of acceptance sampling plans have been developed. Most fit into one of three categories: lot-by-lot, continuous flow, and special cases. Lot-by-lot sampling, which occurs when goods or services can be grouped into lots, can be specified for attribute or variable data. These plans can be broken down into either acceptance-rejection plans (plans in which a sample is drawn from the lot and the lot is accepted or rejected based on the analysis of the sample) or rectifying plans (plans that call for continued sampling until a decision can be made). A continuous flow sampling plan is used when units cannot be grouped into convenient lots (for example, products on a conveyor). Finally, sampling plans are developed for special cases and include chain sampling plans, skip-lots, variable plans, narrow limit plans, and first and last sampling.The Deming WheelThe final tool in the TQM chest is a popular approach to problem solving—theDeming Wheel, also known as the plan-do-check-act, or PDCA, cycle. PDCAdescribes the sequence that managers or workers use to solve problems and improve quality continuously over time. (See Figure 1.)The PDCA cycle consists of four separate but linked activities.1. Plan: Managers identify a problem by studying the current situation to detect a gapbetween itand the desired future situation. Actions are identified to improve thesituation, and a plan toclose the gap is formulated.2. Do: Managers and users implement the plan.3. Check: Results are monitored and inspected, and any unplanned or previouslyunseen problems areidentified. It is in this step that performance measurement and metrics become critical, as the datamust be accurate.4. Act: In the final stage, managers and users review information and take appropriatecorrective actions. The goal is to prevent any recurrence of problems and train for the next round of the PDCA cycle.Next month, we turn our attention to project selection and management.Steven A. Melnyk, Ph.D., CPIM, is an instructor at Michigan State University, East Lansing. He may be reached at (517) 353-6381 or melnyk@.R.T. (Chris) Christensen is the director of the executive education program at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He may be reached at (608) 441-7326 orrtc@.。

运作管理课程常用词汇英汉对照

第1章运作管理的应用领域简介运作管理（Operations Management (OM)）全面质量控制（Total Quality Control(TQC)）生命周期（Life Cycle）企业战略（Corporate Strategy）柔性制造系统（Flexible Manufacturing System(FMS) ）科学管理（Scientific Management）生产系统（Production System）5P的运作管理（Five P′s of Operations Management）ISO 900标准化生产（Just-In-Time(JIT)）价值增值服务（Value-Added Services）服务运作（Service Operations）计算机集成制造（Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)）业务过程（Business Processes）运作策略（Operations Strategy）未来工厂（Factory of the Future(FOF)）顾客群（Mass Customization）物料需求计划（Materials Requirements Planning(MRP)）核心服务（Core Services）企业过程再造（Business Process Reengineering(BPR)）学习网址：Ben and Jerry′s()Tektronix()Hewlett-Packard()National Association of Purchasing Management()第2章运作策略与竞争运作策略（Operations Strategy）核心企业（Core Enterprise）世界级制造商（World-Class Manufacturers）运作重点（Operations Priorities）核心能力（Core Capabilities）订单赢得要素（Order Winners）生产率（Productivity）交货速度（Delivery Speed）交货可靠性（Delivery Reliability）柔性（Flexibility）厂中厂（Plant-Within-a-Plant(PWP)）企业战略（Corporate Strategy）运作能力（Operations Capabilities）价值（Value）成本（Cost）订单资格要素（Order Qualifiers）过程质量（Process Quality）产品质量（Product Quality）需求的变化（Changes in Demand）学习网址：Federal Express()Compaq Computer()Citicorp()第3章项目管理项目（Project）计划评审技术（PERT）纯项目小组（Pure Project）阶段标志（Milestone）最早开始与最迟开始表（Early Start/Late Start Schedules）矩阵制（Matrix）甘特图（Gantt Chart）项目管理（Project Management）关键路线法（CPM）职能项目组（Functional Project）工作分解图（Work Break down Structure）时间-费用模型（Time-Cost Model）学习网址：Primavera Systems,Inc.()第4章制造业的产品设计与过程选择并行工程（Concurrent Engineering）产品-过程矩阵（Product-Process Matrix）检测过程（Testing Processes）质量功能展开（Quality Function Deployment）损益平衡分析（Break-Even Analysis）工艺专业化生产（Job Shop）价值分析与价值工程（V alue Analysis/Value Engineering）合资企业（Joint Venture）装配线（Assembly Line）制造过程（Fabrication Processes）装配过程（Assembly Processes）工业设计（Industrial Design）虚拟工厂（Virtual Factory）过程流程结构（Process Flow Structure）质量屋（House of Quality）过程流程图（Process Flow Diagram）批量（Batch）转化过程（Conv ersion Processes）战略供应商（Strategic Suppliers）连续流程（Continuous Flow）学习网址：Rubbermaid ()Boeing()Hewlett Packard()第5章服务行业的产品设计和过程选择服务包（Service Package）服务蓝图（Service Blueprint）服务核心（Service Focus）上门服务（Field-Based Service）服务承诺（Service Guarantees）与顾客高度接触和低度接触（High and Low Degrees of Customer Contact）基于设施的服务（Facilities-Based Service）防故障程序（Poka-Yoke）服务体系设计矩阵（Service-System Design Matrix）顾客（Customer）学习网址：Nordstrom Department Stores()Marriott International Inc()第5章附录排队论排队（Queue）单通道、单阶段（Single Channel,Single Phase）泊松分布（Poisson Distribution）到达率（Arrival Rate）有限队列（Finite Queue）指数分布（Exponential Distribution）排队系统（Qeuuing System）多通道、多阶段（Multichannel Multiphase）服务率（Service Rate）学习网址Disney Enterprises.Inc.()第6章质量管理关键词全面质量管理（Total Quality Management TQM）质量成本（Cost of Quality(COQ)）制造质量（Conformance Quality）源头质量（Quality at the Source）戴明奖（Deming Prize）防故障程序（Fail-Safe Procedures(Poka Yoke)）质量内涵（Dimensions of Quality）设计质量（Design Quality）马可姆•波里奇国家质量奖（Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award）连续改进（Continuous Improvement(CI)(Kaizen)）PDCA循环（PDCA Cycle）零缺陷（Zero Defects）定点超越（Benchmarking）ISO 900学习网址：Baldrige Award()Deming Institute()ISO.900(http://www.iso.ch)第6章附录统计质量控制方法统计质量控制（Statistical Quality Control (SQC)）批量容许不合格品率（Lot Tolerence Percent Defective (LTPD)）公差上限与公差下限（Upper and Lower Tolerence Limits）抽样检验（Acceptance Sampling）过程能力指数（Capability Index(C pk)）统计过程控制（Statistical Process Control(SPC)）操作特性曲线（Operating Characteristic (OC)Curves）田口方法（Taguchi Methods）可接受质量水平（Acceptance Quality Level(AQL)）6σ质量（Six-Sigma Quality）学习网址：ASQC()第7章战略能力计划生产能力（Capacity）战略生产能力计划（Strategic Capacity Planning）最佳作业水平（Best Operating Level）生产能力利用率（Capacity Utilization Rate）决策树（Decision Tree）作业复杂度的百慕大三角形（“Bermuda Triangle”of Operational Complexity）生产能力中心（Capacity Focus）生产能力柔性（Capacity Flexibility）范围经济性（Economies of Scope）生产能力余量（Capacity Cushion）学习网址：M&M Mars()Shouldice Hospital() TreeAge Software() Airlines Online()第8章准时化生产系统准时化（JIT）预防维修（Preventive Maintenance）生产周期（Cycle Times）成组技术（Group Technology）均衡技术（Level Schedule）现场管理（Bottom-Round Management）自动化（Autonomation）成本倒流法（Backflush）均衡工厂负荷（Uniform Plant Loading）集中工厂网络（Focused Factory Network）全面质量管理（Total Quality Control (TQC)）看板拉动系统（Kanban Pull System）源头质量（Quality at the Source）冻结区间（Freeze Window）质量小组（Quality Circles）自动检测（Automated Inspection）学习网址：Arvin Automotive() Saturn Corporation()第9章设施选址自由贸易区（Free Trade Zone）因素评分法（Factor-Rating Systems）德尔菲分析模型（Analytic Delphi Model）阿德兰启发式算法（Ardalan Heuristic Method）贸易集团（Trading Blocs）重心法（Center of Gravity Method）回归分析（Regression Model）学习网址：Toyota()Toys“R”Us()第10章设施布置工艺原则布置（Process Layout）成组技术布置（Group Technology (Cellular)Layout）工艺（CRAFT）节拍（Cycle Time）优先关系（Precedence Relationship）服务场景（Servicescape）产品原则布置（Product Layout）定位布置（Fixed-Position Layout）系统布置设计（Systematic Layout Planning）装配线平衡（Assembly-Line Balancing）零售服务业布置（Retail Service Layout）办公室布置（Office Layout）学习网址：Cimtechnologies Corporation(http://www )第11章工作设计与作业测定工作设计（Job Design）作业测定系统（Most Work Measurement Systems）正常时间（Normal Time）工作扩展（Job Enrichment）社会技术系统（Sociotechnical Systems）激励工资制（Financial Incentive Plans）预定动作时间标准法（Predetermined Motion-Time Data Systems）人类工程学（Ergonomics）收益分配（Profit Sharing）工作抽样（Work Sampling）时间研究（Time Study）劳动专业化（Specialization of Labor）工作要素（Work Factor）标准时间（Standard Time）标准资料法（Elemental Standard-Time Data）工作生理学（Work Physiology）利润分配（Gain Sharing）方法时间衡量（Methods Time Measurement）作业测定（Work Measurement）学习网址：The MTM Association()第11章附录学习曲线学习曲线（Learning Curve）组织学习（Organizational Learning）个人学习（Individual Learning）第12章供应链管理供应链（Supply Chain）快速反应（Quick Response(QR)）价值密度（Value Density）物料管理（Materials Management）后勤供应（Logistics）制造与购买（Make or Buy）外购（Outsourcing）有效消费者反应（Efficient Consumer Response(ECR)）战略伙伴合作（Strategic Partnership）准时采购（Just-in-Time Purchasing）学习网址：Expert Choice()Grant Thornton Consultants()National Association of Purchasing Management() FedEx()第13章预测独立需求（Dependent Demand）线性回归预测（Linear Regression Forecasting）移动平均（Moving Averages ）时间序列分析（Time Series Analysis）季节因子（Seasonal Factor）平滑常数（Smoothing Constants Alpha(α)and Delta(δ)）高层决策（Executive Judgment）平均绝对值偏差（Mean Absolute Deviation(MAD)）市场调研（Market Research）聚焦预测（Focus Forecasting）德尔菲法（Delphi Method）非独立需求（Independent Demand）趋势效应（Trend Effect）指数平滑（Exponential Smoothing ）一般预测（Grass Roots）消除需求的季节性（Deseasonalization of Demand）因果联系（Causal Relationship）跟踪信号（Tracking Signal）小组讨论（Panel Consensus）学习网址：Tech Wed(.)第14章总生产计划总生产计划（Aggregate Planning）需求管理（Demand Management）订单进度计划（Order Scheduling）主生产计划（Master Production Schedule(MPS)）单一策略（Pure Strategy）劳动力水平（Workforce Level）现有库存（Inventory on Hand）生产能力需求计划（Capacity Requirements Planning）长期、中期、短期计划（Long ,Intermediate,and Short-Range Planning）生产计划策略（Production Planning Strategies）生产率（Production Rate）粗能力计划（Rough-Cut Capacity Planning）混合策略（Mixed Strategy）学习网址：National Association of Temporary and Staffing Services(/staffing)第15章独立需求库存系统库存（Inventory）任意补充系统（Optional Replenishment System）库存水平（Inventory Position）成品（Finished Products）单箱系统（One-Bin System）服务水平（Service Level）独立与非独立需求（Independent and Dependent Demand ）周期盘点（Cycle Counting）ABC分析（ABC Analysis）定期订货模型（P模型）（Fixed-Time Period Models(P Models)）原材料（Raw Materials）双箱系统（Two-Bin System）安全库存（Safety Stock）在制品（Work in Process）库存精度（Inventory Accuracy）批量折扣订货量（Price-Break Order Quantity）定量订货模型（Q模型）（Fixed-Order Quantity Models(Q Models)）存储保管单元（Stock keeping Unit(SKU) ）学习网址：Ford Motor Company()Wal-Mart()General Motors()第16章非独立需求库存系统：MRP-TYPE系统物料需求计划（Material Requirements Planning(MRP)）按需订货（Lot-For-Lot(L4L)）库存记录文件（Inventory Records File）主生产计划（Master Production Schedule(MPS)）SAP/R3(SAP/R3)物料清单（Bill of Materials(BOM)）制造资源计划（Manufacturing Resource Planning(MRPⅡ)）企业资源计划（Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)）净改变系统（Net Change System）闭环（Closed-Loop MRP）学习网址：SAP/R3()第16章附录SAP R/3企业资源计划（Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)）补充软件合作者（Complimentary Software Partner）快速实施（Rapid Implementation）财会（Financial Accounting）生产与后勤（Manufacturing and Logistics）数据仓库（Data Warehouse）应用链接授权（Application Link Enabling(ALE)）应用模块（Application Modules）人力资源（Human Resources）销售与分销（Sales and Distribution）学习网址SAP America()APICS Software Buyers Guide()第17章作业排序工作中心（Work Center）优先调度规则（Johnson’s Rule）人力有限工序（Labor-Limited Process）有限负荷（Finite Loading）指派方法（Shop-Floor Control）排序（Sequencing）后向排序（Backward Scheduling）第一小时原则（Fiest-Hour Principle）机器有限工序（Machine-Limited Process）无限负荷（Infinite Loading）约翰逊规则（Assignment Method）调度（Dispatching）前向排序（Forward Scheduling）输入输出（I/O）控制（Input/Output(I/O)Control）车间控制（Priority Rules）学习网址I2 Technologies()第17章附录仿真关键词参数（Parameters）决策原则（Decision Rules）时间增长（Time Incrementing）计算机模型（Computer Model）变量（Variables）概率分布（Probability Distributions）运行时间（Run Length(Run Time)）学习网址Palisade Corporation-@RISK (http://www.palisade .com)Systems Modeling Corporation()第18章运作咨询关键词“探索者”（Finders）“思想家”（Minders）“跋涉者”（Grinders）头脑风暴法项目（Brain Surgery Projects）灰头发项目（Gray Hair Projects ）固定程式项目（Procedures Projects）学习网址Andersen Consulting()Management Consultant Network International() Institute of Management Consultants()Fast Company magazine()Consultants News()Mckinsey & Co.(http://www:)Booz-Allen & Hamilton()Ernst & young’s Ernie()第19章企业过程再造关键词过程再造（Reengineering）全面质量管理（Total Quality Management）浪费（Waste）增值活动（Value-Adding Work）非增值活动（Non-Value Adding Work）可视状态（Vision Statement）持续改进（Continuous Improvement）过程再设计（Process Redesign）学习网址U.S.Department of Defense Process Design Methodology(/dodim)第20章同步制造与约束理论关键词同步制造（Synchronous Manufacturing）时间缓冲（Time Buffer）生产能力不平衡（Unbalanced Capacity）产销率（Throughput）次瓶颈资源（Capacity-Constrained Resource(CCR)）运行费（Operating Expense）V AT分类（VAT Classification）生产率（Productivity）曲棍球球棒现象（Hockey-Stick Phenomenon）加工批量与转运批量（Process and Transfer Batch）瓶颈、非瓶颈（Bottleneck,Nonbottleneck）库存（Inventory ）后向排序与前向排序（Backward/Forward Scheduling）鼓、缓冲器和绳子（Drum,Buffer,Rope）学习网址Avraham Y.Goldratt Institute()Software Technology Limited()。

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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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• Typical application of acceptance sampling is for lot disposition, sometimes referred to as lot sentencing, for receiving inspection activities • Accepted lots are put into production • Rejected lots may be returned to supplier or subjected to other lotdisposition action • Sampling methods may also be used during various stages of production
Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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• An acceptance-sampling plan consists of sample size and acceptance/rejection criteria for lot sentencing • An acceptance-sampling scheme is a set of procedures consisting of acceptance-sampling plans in which lot sizes, sample sizes, and acceptance/rejection criteria along with amount of 100% inspection and sampling are related • A sampling system is a unified collection of one or more schemes
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• The poorest quality level for the supplier’s process that a consumer would consider to be acceptable as a process average is called the acceptable quality level (AQL) • AQL is a property of the supplier’s manufacturing process, not a property of the sampling plan • The protection obtained for individual lots of poor quality is established by the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD) • Also called rejectable quality level (RQL) and the limiting quality level (LQL) • LTPD is a level of lot quality specified by the consumer, not a characteristic of the sampling plan • Sampling plans can be designed to have specified performance at the AQL and the LTPD points
Chapter 14
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & SБайду номын сангаасns, Inc.
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There are a number of important considerations informing lots for inspection, including: 1. Lots should be homogeneous. 2. Larger lots are preferred over smaller ones. 3. Lots should be conformable to materials-handling systems used in both supplier and consumer facilities.
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• One major classification is by data type, variables and attributes
• Another is based on the number of samples required for a decision. These include: • Single-sampling plans • Double-sampling plans • Multiple-sampling plans • Sequential-sampling plans • Single-, double-, multiple-, and sequential sampling plans can be designed to produce equivalent results. Factors to consider include: • Administrative efficiency • Type of information produced by the plan • Average amount of inspection required by plan • Impact of the procedure on manufacturing flow
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.