启蒙运动(英文版)

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment is mankind‘s final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error.-Immanuel KantThe Enlightenment usually refers to a period between the early 18th century and the French Revolution in1789, in which new thougts were emerging . The Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.EvolutionThe enlightenment originated in England in 17th century，it was sparked by philosophers such as John Locke (1632-1704), mathematician Newton (1643-1727) and others. The Enlightenment flourished in late 18th century. The enlightenment met its climax in France. After that, it extended to Germany, the Netherland and North America.1. Feudalism suppressed the bourgeois political rights, so they carry out anti-feudal and antichurch propaganda ideologically, to prepare for the struggle for power.2.With the Capitalist economic development, the bourgeoisie‘s economic strength surges ，so they required their own interests ideologically.3. ①The Renaissance and religious reform promoted the people's ideological emancipation;②With the development of modern science, rationalism, as an asset Anti-feudal class provides the ideological and theoretical weapon.Representative figuresDenis DiderotHe was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopedie.EncyclopedieThe first Encyclopedia is considered to be the pinnacle of the Enlightenment period. It was compiled by Denis Diderot in 1751-1772.VoltaireHe was famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties , including freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day. His most famous work is Candide.RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy heavily influenced the Fench Revolution,as well as the overall development of modern political,sociological,and educational thought.The Industrial Revolution in Great BritainThe ground was prepared by the voyages of discovery from Western Eur ope in the 15th and 16th cent., which led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World, raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a mon ey economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy stimulated the dev elopment of new institutions of finance and credit (see commercial revolutio n). In the 17th cent. the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but with the establishment (1694) of the Bank of England, their supremacy was effectively challenged. Capitalism appeared on a large scale, and a new type of commer cial entrepreneur developed from the old class of merchant adventurers. Man y machines were already known, and there were sizable factories using them, but these were the exceptions rather than the rule. Wood was the only fuel, water and wind the power of these early factories. As the 18th cent. began, an expanding and wealthier population demanded more and better goods. In the productive process, coal came to replace wood. Early-model steam engin es were introduced to drain water and raise coal from the mines. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, an d the greatly improved engine (1769) of James Watt marked the high point i n this development. Cotton textiles was the key industry early in the Industria l Revolution. John Kay's fly shuttle (1733), James Hargreaves's spinning jenny(patented 1770), Richard Arkwright's water frame (1769), Samuel Crompton's mule (1779), which combined the features of the jenny and the frame, and E dmund Cartwright's power loom (patented 1783) facilitated a tremendous incr ease in output. The presence of large quantities of coal and iron in close pro ximity in Britain was a decisive factor in its rapid industrial growth. The use o f coke in iron production had far-reaching effects. The coal mines from the e arly 1700s had become paramount in importance, and the Black Country app eared in England at the same time that Lancashire and Yorkshire were being transformed into the greatest textile centers of the world. Factories and indus trial towns sprang up. Canals and roads were built, and the advent of the rail road and the steamship widened the market for manufactured goods. The Be ssemer process made a gigantic contribution, for it was largely responsible fo r the extension of the use of steam and steel that were the two chief feature s of industry in the middle of the 19th cent. Chemical innovations and, most important of all, perhaps, machines for making machines played an important part in the vast changes. The Industrial Revolution did not in fact end in Brit ain in the mid-1800s. New periods came in with electricity and the gasoline e ngine. By 1850, however, the transformation wrought by the revolution was a ccomplished, in that industry had become a dominant factor in the nation's li fe.。