牛津上海版英语九年级上册全书语法知识汇总复习

牛津上海版英语九年级上册全书

语法知识汇总

现在完成时

I.现在完成时的概念。

①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果

She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）

②表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

We've known each other since we were children. （我们从小就认识。）

I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.

II.构成：”助动词have, has + 过去分词”

现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以work为例）：

注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与过去是相同，不规则动词的过去分词见附表。

练. 把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。

1. I have done my homework.

否定句：_______________________________________

一般疑问句：___________________________________

回答：_________________________________________

2. The plane has arrived.

否定句：_______________________________________

一般疑问句：___________________________________

回答：_________________________________________

III.现在完成时用法归纳

1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用结束性动词)

如：The plane has arrived.

常用的时间状语和副词：

already (已经) 用于肯定句中，位置比较灵活，但通常放在have/ has 与过去分词之间

如：I have already done my homework.

yet (还，仍然，已经) 用于否定句和疑问句的句末。

如：Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗？

练：I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)_________________________________ ever (曾经)，句中，多用于疑问句

如：Have you ever been to Shanghai?

never (从不) ，本身否定；before (以前)，句尾，独立用；just (刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用在助动词和过去分词之间。

如：I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。

2. 完成时可用于表示某时间段里完成的动作，常与today, these days, recently等时间状语连用。如：

Have you seen her these days? 译：______________

Have you been to the library today? 译：____________

Have you read the book recently? 译：______________

3.现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。

常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：

a.for + 一段时间：for two hours

b.since + 时间点：since 1999, since last year

c.since + 一段时间+ ago: since two days ago

d.since + 从句（用过去时）

e.up to now, till now, until now, so far

f.in the past two years, in the last few days

g.recently, lately

如：Miss Zhao has taught math for five years.

His mother has worked in the shop since 1990.

The Greens have lived in London since three years ago.

[注]：其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。

如：

这本书我已买了一年半了！)

4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。

英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，在肯定句式中不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。

eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×)

非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：

（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。

leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed

join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on

buy- have (has) had go- be there

die- have (has) dead finish- be over

come (arrive)- have (has) been here borrow- have (has) kept

begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open

get up- have (has) been up put on – have (has) on

come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away

joined – been got to know – known

（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语―for…‖变为―数词+ 时间名词+ago‖的短语形式。（即：将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）

如：他参军五年了。（判断正误）

He has joined the Army for five years. ( )

He has been in the Army for five years. ( )

He joined the Army five years ago. ( )

他离开济南三年了。

He has left Ji’nan for three years. ( )

He has been away from Ji’nan for three years.

He left Ji’nan three years ago.

(3) 句子模式的变化。用句型―It is +一段时间+ since从句‖（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式表示）如：

The old man died two years ago.= The old man has been dead for two years.

= It is two years since the old man died.

5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别

（1）have been to 去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。

（2）has gone to 去某地了，说话时某人已离开此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，总之现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。

（3）have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。

翻译：

你以前去过北京吗？___________________________

吉姆已经去了伦敦。___________________________

格林一家在中国已经两年了。_____________________

6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

(1) 侧重点不同：现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关。如：

Yesterday I went to the zoo. (仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关)

Li Lei has read the book. (说明李磊了解那本书的内容)

（2）连用的时间状语不同：一般过去时常与ago, yesterday, last…, in 2000, just now等连用。而现在完成时与already, y et, still, just, so far, in the last/ past…, before, ever, never, since…, for…等时间状语连用。

[注] 现在完成时不可与yesterday, last week, two days ago等过去时间状语连用。

被动语态

语态是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。

一、被动语态各时态构成表

Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

A new shop was built last year.

This book has been translated into many languages.

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Young trees must be watered often.

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：

1.把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语

2.把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。

3.原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。

4.其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。

三、不用被动语态的情况

1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：

appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, rem ain, sit, spread, stand

比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

(错)The price has been risen.

(对) The price has risen.

(错) The accident was happened last week.

(对) The accident happened last week.

(错) The price has raised.

(对) The price has been raised.

(错) Please seat.

(对) Please be seated.

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：

fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / i n, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

This key just fits the lock.

Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

3) 系动词无被动语态（keep除外）：

appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, sta y, taste, turn

It sounds good.

4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：

die, death, dream, live, life

She dreamed a bad dream last night.

5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。

(对) She likes to swim.

(错) To swim is liked by her.

四、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years?

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。

例：make somebody do something→

somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something →

somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→

My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→

The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

He gave me a book.→

A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→

A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →

A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We can’t laugh him. →

He can’t be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →

The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →

The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

副词

副词的分类

副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。

1、表频率的副词

常见的频率副词有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它们一般在系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，行为动词之前.

①He always goes to school on foot. ②She has never been to Beijing. ③She is often late for work.

2、表示方式的副词

与方式相关的副词，这类词通常由形容词+ly转化而来。如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly，luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ，slowly ，suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early 等。此类副词位于动词之后，如果是及物动词一般位于宾语之后。

①The children are dancing happily. ②They work hard.

③The students did their homework carefully.

3．程度副词

与程度相关的副词有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, too…for,too…to do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。它们一般位于被修饰的词前面，但enough要放在被修饰的词后面。

①I can hardly know her name.②The cake is so delicious

③He was badly hurt .④He worked hard enough.

4．表时间、地点、方向的副词

（1）与时间相关的副词有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon, since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。它们通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。

①They’ll come bac k soon. ②He lived here ten years ago .

③They have finished the work already.=They have already finished the work.

（2）与地点、方向相关的副词经常位于动词之后与动词搭配构成短语动词。

outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out

5．疑问副词和关系副词

（1）常用的疑问副词：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。

①Maybe/Perhaps he is at home. ②How did you go there ?

③When was he born ? ④How often do you see a movie ?

⑤How soon will your father come back?

（2）关系副词主要有四个,即when, where, why，how等。关系副词常用来引导从句。

1.副词的位置和排序

（一）、副词的位置：

1）在动词之前。

2）在be动词、助动词之后。

3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：

a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾，如：He speaks English well.

（二）、副词的排列顺序：

1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。

2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.

3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。

注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。

改错：(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.

注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

①I don"t know him well enough. ②There is enough food for everyone to eat.

③There is food enough for everyone to eat.

副词的用法

1).作状语修饰动词，位于动词后。

①He walked quietly into his bedroom. ②It is raining hard .

2).作状语修饰形容词，位于形容词前。

①You have a very nice watch. ②The machine is too heavy.

3).作状语修饰另一副词，位于另一副词前。有时候也修饰整个句子

①You walked too slowly,I couldn’t wait for you.②Unfortunately ，he was out.

4).作表语，位于系动词之后。

①How long will she be away? ②Is your mother in ?

5).作宾语补足语，位于宾语之后。

①Ask him in . ②I saw him out .

6).作定语，位于名词后。

①the girl here ②the boy over there ③the man upstairs ④on one’s way home

副词的比较等级

1、副词比较等级的构成

（1）副词的比较等级与形容词相似，也有比较级和最高级。

（2）绝大多数的副词比较级和最高级都是在其前面加上more和most构成的，有少数单音节和个别双音节的副词是在末尾加er , est 构成。

slowly- more slowly- most slowly carefully-more carefully –most carefully

fast-faster-fastest

（3）还有一些副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的。例如：

well-better-best badly-worse-worst far-farther/further-farthest/furthest

much –more-most little-less-least little-less-least

2、副词比较等级的用法

（1）副词的同级比较用(not)as+副词原级+as .

①Jim did the work as well as Lilei. ②I can’t run as fast as you .

（2）两者之间进行比较常与than连用。

①He speaks English better than you . ②Tom works harder than Jim .

(3)表示三者、三者以上之间的比较用副词最高级，用不用定冠词the皆可，通常有一个表示范围的短语。例如：

①The boy writes most carefully of the four. ②Jim did worst in the exam in his class yesterday.

一、兼有两种形式的副词

1) close与closely

close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"

①He is sitting close to me. ②Watch him closely.

2)late 与lately

late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"

①You have come too late. ②What have you been doing lately?

3)deep与deeply

deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"

①He pushed the stick deep into the mud. ②Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4)high与highly

high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much

①The plane was flying high. ②I think highly of your opinion.

5)wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"

①He opened the door wide. ②English is widely used in the world.

6)free与freely

free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"

①You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. ②You may speak freely; say what you like.

易混点清单

一、how long,how often,how soon，how far的用法区别

1. how long“多长”，询问动作在时间上所持续的长度。其答语部分或划线部分可能是：

1）“for + 时间段”，有时可能没有介词for。如：

---How long did he wait for you here？--- For two hours.

It took him 20 minutes to finish his homework. (对话线部分提问)

→How long did it take him to finish his homework?

2）“since + 具体时间”，“since + 时间段+ ago”或者“since + 从句”。如：

---How long are you feeling like this? ---Since last night.

3）表示时间的between…and…,from…to…等介词短语。如：

They were playing football from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday. (对话线部分提问)

→How long were they playing football yesterday?

另外，how long也可以询问某事物的具体长度。如：

---How long is the desk？---1.2 meters. 1.2米。

2. how soon“多久，多快”，询问动作在将来要经过多长时间才会发生。其答语部分或划线部分可能是：in + 时间段。如：

He’s going to Zhengzhou in two days. (对话线部分提问)

→How soon is he going to Zhengzhou？

3. how far“多远”，询问路程、距离。如：How far is it from here to school?

4.how often 指每隔多久，主要用来对频度副词或状语(如：once a week, three times a month 等)提问。如

A：How often does he come here?

B：Once a month.

A：How often do you visit your mother?

B：Once a week.

二、hard和hardly的区别

(一)、hard可用作形容词或副词：

1. 当hard用作形容词时，意为“困难的、坚固的、努力的”等。例如：

①It’s hard for old people to change their ways. ②Steel is harder than wood.

2. 当hard用作副词时，意为“努力的、困难的、猛烈地”等。例如：

①Does Tom work hard at his lessons? ②It’s raining hard outside now. Don’t go out.

(二)、hardly只能用作副词，意为“几乎没有、几乎不”。例如：

①I can hardly see anything on the blackboard. ②My father hardly ever watches TV.

三、much too和too much区别

（一）(too) much 中心词是much

1．相当于形容词，意为“more than enough”，用在不可数名词前面作定语或在系动词后面作表语。如：

①Americans eat too much meat in my opinion．②I drank too much cola last night．

③The work is too much for her．④She's afraid the trip will be too much for me．

2．相当于名词，在句子中作主语或宾语。如：

①Too much was happening all at once．②You have given me too much．

3．相当于副词，在句子中作状语。如：

①You work too much．②She talks too much．

（二）(much) too 中心词为too

much too的用法比较简单，只用作副词作状语，但它不单独使用，在句子中要修饰形容词或副词，但不修饰动词。如：

① You are much too kind to me．②It's much too cold．③You are driving much too

fast．

【练习】1.we should not eat junk food .

A.too much

B.much too

C.too many

D.much too (A)

2.it's ____ hot in august in Nanjing .

3.A .many too B . much too C . very too D .to much (B)

4.We don't have ____ time to work every year.

5.A much too B so many C too much D too many (C)

四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思区别

1)also表示"也"是比较正式的用词, too 是普通用词,口语中用的多,使用时应注意: also 一般用于句子中,其位置在行为动词之前,动词to be之后。如有助动词或情态动词，一般应在助动词或情态动词后，为了强调，也可放在前面。例如：

①I also went. ②You are also wrong.

too常置于句末，前面可用逗号，如置于句中，其前后均有逗号。例如

①He is a singer ,too. ②He,too,is a singer.

注意: also,too只能用于肯定句。

2) either neither

either 表示“也”，只能用在否定句中，必须放在句末。例如：

①He didn't go there. I didn't either.

neither表示"两者都不"。

①In neither case can I agree. ②Neither of them wants to stop for a rest．

3) as well as 作并列连词相当于not only…but also和no less…than，但not only…but also 侧重在后项，as well as 和no less…than 侧重在前项。例如：

①We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side or things. ②A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted.

在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，句意往往有很大差别。比较下面的句子：

①He, as well as she, will not come. ②He will not come as well as she.（否定前者，肯定后者）③Henry, as well as his brother, doesn't work hard. ④Henry doesn't work hard as well as him brother.

as well as 连接的应是平等成分，都作主语或都作宾语等。例如：

①She was there as well as me. （误）②She was there as well as I .（正）

五、already、yet、still的区别

1）already是"已经",用在肯定句中,用在完成时中比较多,比如I've already been to London.

2）yet是"还"用于否定句,如I haven't gone there yet.

此外yet还有"但是"的意思,有时可以和but互换,比如The authorities claim that the situation in the area has been under control, yet the fact is not the case.(当局声称此地区局势已得到控制,但事实并不是那么回事.)

3）still是"仍然",如He should have been killed in the accident, but he is still alive.(他本应在事故中丧生,但他活着.)

六、ago和before的区别

1.ago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”，意思是“距今……以前”，需和过去时或过去进行时连用。before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”，意思是“距过去某时……以前”“与其……（毋宁）”，常和完成时连用，尤其在间接引语中，如：①His parents died ten years ago．②He said that his parents had died ten years before．③I have never been there before．④I visited him three days ago, but he had gone to Shanghai a week before．

2.如果不具体表明多少时间以前，只用before不用ago，意为“从前、以前”。before仍以副词的形式置于被修饰语后，常与完成时候过去时连用。如：

①Have you seen this film before? ②He asked me whether I had been to the Great Wall before．

3.表示在某一点时间或事件以前时，只用before不用ago，这种用法是将before当作介词或连词使用。ago不具有这一功能。如：

①They will come back before six o'clock．

②It is hoped that this will be finished before the year 1995．

另外，before在句中的含义较多。不少句子中，before虽然引导的也是一个时间状语，但是译成汉语时却不必译为“在……以前”。

a.如果before引导的从句动作发生得晚或慢，可译成“……才”。这是主句主语或是名词、代词，或用it作形式主语．

①He had almost knocked me down before he saw me．

②It will be hours before he arrives．③You must sow before you can reap．

b.如果强调从句动作发生之前，主句动作已发生，可译成“未……就”或“还没有……就”。①Before I could get in a word he had measured me．②Lu Ban built nine pavilions, but before he could finish the tenth, he heard a cock crowing．

c.有些句子中的before可译为“先……然后”、“先……再”。

①Don’t count the chickens before they are hatched．不要乐观得太早。

②Be pupil before you become a teacher．先做学生，再做先生。

有些句中的before还可译为“在……内”、“趁”、“没”。

①They arrived before I expected．②Study hard before it is too late．

③I had better go now before it is too late . ④I will be through this book before three days have passed．

before sb．knew it 一类习惯说法，常译为“不知不觉……就”、“还没弄清……就”、“不知怎么地……就”，如①Time passed quickly and three months went by before Aqiao knew it．②He fell from the tree before he knew it．

4.加强语气，表示“早已”的意思或使叙述显得更生动，ago也可以用于完成时。如：

①I had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago．②In fact, I have long time ago known the secret．

5.在表示对过去事情猜测的“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”或“动词的非谓语形式＋have ＋过去分词”的结构中，ago也可以和完成时连用。如：

①The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago．②The incident must taken place years ago．③You can not have met him a moment ago．③He may have left an hour ago．④Having read the article a week ago, I know it very well．

典型例题

（一）单项选择

☆时间副词的用法----主要是用于确定句子时态。

1. ----There is something wrong with your computer.

----Don’t worry. I _________ to repair it tomorrow.

A. will come

B. came

C. come

D. have come

☆程度副词修饰比较级

2.----Why don’t you like winter in Beijing?

----Because it is ___________ winter in Guangzhou.

A. as cold as

B. much colder than

C. not so cold as

D. not cold than ☆定语从句关系副词

3.I still remember the park ______ we first met.

A. that

B. which

C. where

D. when

☆程度副词修饰比较级

4. The actress is already 50, but she looks_________ than she really is.

A. young

B. more young

C. more younger

D. much younger

（二）完成句子

注意：so…that/too…to/enough 句型比较常考。副词在感叹句中的运用比较常考。

1. 为了听早间新闻，怀特先生经常很早起床

Mr. White often gets up early _________ __________ he can catch the early bus. 2.迈克还没决定在哪里买房。

Mi ke hasn’t decided ______ _______ ________ a new house yet.

3. 如果你晚上早些睡，早上就不会感觉疲惫。

If you go to bed early at night, you won’t________ ________in the morning.

4.时间过得真快呀！

_______ _______ the time passed!

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下

(1) 符合规则的：

注意：有些形容词，如 dead, empty, round, sure, woolen 等受本身含义的限制，没有比较级。

例题解析

1. He is ________ friends than I.

A. much more

B. many more

C. very more

D. too more

解析：后面有可数名词复数时，many的比较级形式为many more 修饰。应选B.

2. Which is the _________ country, Japan or Australia?

A. more developed

B. more developing

C. most developed

D. most developing

解析：两者比较用比较级，表示"发达"用developed, 而developing 是"发展中的" 意思

3． There were _______ shops in the city in 1982 than in 1990.

A. little

B. few

C. fewer

D. less

解析：little 不能修饰可数名词，两者比较需用比较级，所以应选C.

4. If you are not free today, come another day __________.

A. too

B. so

C. instead

D. yet

解析：instead 作副词用时意为"代替，顶替"，表示前面的事情没做，而是做了后面的事。Instead一般位于句首。应选C.

5．He can't tell us ________, I think.

A. important anything

B. anything important

C. important something

D. something important.

解析：不定代词与形容词联用需后置，否定句中应该用anything而不是something. 因此应选B

6. The Huang River is the second __________ river in our country.

A. long

B. longer

C. longest

D. the longest

解析："定冠词the+ 序数词+ 形容词最高级" 表示"第几大……" 应选C.

7. The light in the office wasn't ________for him to read.

A. enough bright

B. bright enough

C. brightly

D. enough brightly

解析：enough修饰名词时可前可后，修饰形容词或副词时，要后置。应选B.

8. There was an accident at the corner. ________, the girl wasn't _________hurt.

A. luckily, badly

B. luck, hardly

C. Lucky, heavily

D. Lucky, strongly

解析：第一空修饰全句需用副词，第二空修饰形容词hurt也要用副词，因此选A.

9. You must keep your eyes _________ when you do eye exercises.

A. close

B. open

C. closed

D., opened 解析: 此处需用形容词做宾语补足语。应选C.

10. Five days has passed , but I haven't finished half of the work. ________,

A. already

B. still

C. too

D. yet

解析：already 与yet 都可用于现在完成时态。Already常用于肯定句，而yet 常用与否定句。应选D.

三．形容词副词比较级最高级的其他用法

（1）和冠词连用

the ＋形容词原级＋v(复)，指一类人或物

the ＋形容词比较级，指两者中―较…的‖的那一个，eg. the younger of the two

a/ an ＋形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.

( a) ＋most＋形容词最高级―非常…‖eg. a most beautiful city

( 2 ) 相关结构

1)原级比较：肯定句as….as…., 否定句not so / as….as…..

2)比较句：比较级＋than….或more (less) ….than…..

The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.(注意代词that的用法)

3)比较级＋and＋比较级或more and more＋比较级“越来越… ”

richer and richer, more and more interesting

4)The more….., the more…..“越…，越…”

The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it.

5) 比较级＋than any other ＋n. （单）（适用于范围一致时）

(all) other ＋n.（复）

any ＋n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时）

He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class.

any student in my class.

6) 倍数表达法。

A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.

A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.

A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.

用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.

The new building is four times the size (the height)of the old one.

这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。

Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。

Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。

7) more…than…结构，其意往往是…rather than…，可译为“是……而不

是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。

That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。

She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.她是贤妻，更是良母。

8) A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系

Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。

9) no more than= only “只不过”，言其少

not more than=at most ―不多于‖，―至少‖，指事实。

no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节使用比较级形式

not more…than… 不比…更…

no less than= as much as ―多达‖

no fewer than= as many as

例：I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。

I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。

He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。

He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。

(no less determined than等于―其决心不亚于你‖，言其大)

He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。

(not less determined than等于―其决心不小于‖，无言其大或小的含义) 10) 最高级＋of/ in/ among….He is the tallest of the three/ among them/ in is class. 四．相关词语辨析

1.very 和much

A）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；much修饰比较级；修饰动词用much或very much , eg. I very like English.(×),因改为：I like English very much.

B) 表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .一般的情况

下，以-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。

如：We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom..

C) 已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exciting

D）too前用much/ far ,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.

另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。

We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.

E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much. eg: be well worth doing, be well above the tree

2. so和such

A)so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。

so + 形容词/ 副词+ that …

so + 形容词+ a（n）+ 单数可数名词+ that …

so + many / much / little / few + 名词+ that …

such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词+ that …

such + 形容词+ 不可数名词+ that …

such + 形容词+ 复数名词+ that …

注意：但当little表示“小”时用such。

如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress t hemselves.

下列so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。

B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two +such+n. eg. no such word

3. be too much + n.

be much too+ adj.

be too much for sb. 对…太过分了

4. can’t be too +adj.= can’t be +adj.+ enough “无论…都不为过”

You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你越小心越好。

条件状语从句

一．条件状语从句的概念

条件状语从句，即在某种条件下，一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless 等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中），一件事情（主句）才能发生，通常译作―假如，只要，如果‖等意思。条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即，主句是将来时态时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。

二.条件状语从句的引导词

1.If conj . 如果，假如

If you ask him，he will help you．如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。

If you fail in the exam，you will let him down．如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。

2.unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候（if ...not...）

You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.

如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。

Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。

3.so/as long as conj.只要

You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.

只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。

三．关于条件句的时态，常见的有以下三种情况：

1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时。

When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。2、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时。

If you want to have a chat ,call me up.如果你想聊天，打我电话。

3、如果主句是含有情态动词时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时。

You should be quiet when you are in the reading room. 在阅览室时应保持安静。

四．知识拓展

1在以when，before，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句，也适用“主将从现”原则，即如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。

I'll tell her the good news when she comes back.当她回来的时候，我将把这个好消息告诉她。she will give you a call as soon as she returns.她一回来就会给你电话。

2.If条件句的同义句：祈使句，and /or+将来时态的陈述句。

Work hard ,and you will make great progress.=If you work hard,you will make great progress. 如果你努力学习，你才会取得大的进步。

Hurry up, or you will be late.=If you don’t hurry up.you will be late.

如果你不快点，你就要迟到了。

动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较

一、作主语

⒈不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：

(1)把不定式置于句首。如：

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：

①It＋be＋名词＋to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②It takes sb+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work?

③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do

It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.

④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do

It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.

⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do

It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.

⒉动名词作主语

Learning without practice is no good.

动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：

①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…

It's no good reading in dim light.

It's no use sitting here waiting.

②It's＋形容词＋doing

It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.

这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.

③There is no+doing

There is no saying what will happen next.

在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。

⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：

It's no good eating too much fat.

It's no good for you to eat so much fat.

②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：

It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.

二、作宾语

⒈不定式作宾语

①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,

manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如：

I decided to ask for my money back.

I decided that I would ask for my money back.

When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.

When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)

在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.

On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.

⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag

ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：

I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.

You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.

②动名词作介词的宾语

I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.

What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?

动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。

⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。

在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。

在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：

①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.

③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what

was happening.

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：

Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.

Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经

发生。如：

Don't forget fo post the letter for me.

Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?

Remember to close the windows before you leave.

I remember writing him a letter a year ago.

We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.

They regretted ordering these books from abroad.

②mean to do 打算做某事

doing 意味着……

I meant to catch up with the early bus.

This means wasting a lot of money.

③try to do 设法尽力做某事

doing 试着做某事

You should try to overcome your shortcomings.

Try working out the physics problem in another way.

④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）

doing 停止做某事

On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.

You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.

⑤can't help doing 禁不住……

to do不能帮助干……

They couldn't help jumping up at the news.

Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.

⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事

doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续

He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。

We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.

⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）

doing停下某事

It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.

They left off to go fishing.

三、做表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。

①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.

③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定式说明主语的内容。

④Our work is serving the people.

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.

⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.

④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动