第四章与贸易有关的知识产权协议

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与贸易有关的知识产权协定

与贸易有关的知识产权协定

促进技术和服务出口
限制外资进入
与贸易有关的知识产权协定鼓励技术 创新和服务业发展,这有助于提高服 务质量和竞争力,促进服务出口。
协定可能对外资进入有一定的限制, 例如在某些领域要求本地化知识产权 或技术转移,这可能影响服务业的国 际竞争力和市场准入。
增加外资吸引力
加强知识产权保护可以吸引更多的外 国投资,尤其是对于技术密集型和服 务密集型企业,这有助于提高服务业 的水平和规模。
业的竞争优势。
限制仿制和假冒
协定要求成员国采取措施打击仿 制和假冒行为,这有助于减少市 场上劣质和假冒产品的流通,提
高产品质量和消费者信心。
增加进口成本
由于知识产权保护加强,进口产 品的成本可能会增加,包括专利 费、商标使用费等,这可能导致 进口商品价格上涨,影响消费者
的购买意愿。
对服务贸易的影响
磋商机制
当成员国之间出现争端时,首先应通过双边磋商解决。
争端解决机构
若磋商无法解决问题,可提交争端解决机构行仲裁或调解。
技术援助与能力建设
技术援助
提供给发展中国家成员的技术援助,帮助其 加强知识产权制度建设和能力提升。
能力建设
通过培训、研讨会等方式,提高各成员国在 知识产权领域的执法能力和管理水平。
息共享。
02
CATALOGUE
协定中的知识产权保护
专利保护
总结词
为技术创新提供法律保护,鼓励创新和技术进步。
详细描述
专利保护允许发明人在一定时间内享有对其发明的专有权,防止他人未经授权 使用、制造、销售或进口该发明。这有助于激励创新者进行研究和开发新技术 ,促进技术进步和经济发展。
商标保护
总结词
THANKS

与贸易有关的知识产权协议

与贸易有关的知识产权协议

与贸易有关的知识产权协议与贸易有关的知识产权协议第一章引言1.1 本协议是由以下各方(以下简称为“各方”)共同签订,为确保贸易活动中的知识产权保护而设立。

1.2 本协议的目的是为了保护知识产权,促进创新和技术转移,以及推动公平竞争和贸易发展。

第二章协议范围2.1 本协议适用于涉及贸易活动的知识产权事项,包括但不限于专利、商标、版权、工业设计以及其他相关知识产权。

2.2 本协议适用于所有贸易行为,包括国际贸易、跨境投资以及其他相关贸易活动。

第三章知识产权保护3.1 各方应遵守国际知识产权法律法规,并采取必要措施保护知识产权。

3.2 各方应加强知识产权的执法力度,打击侵权行为,以确保知识产权的合法权益。

第四章创新和技术转移4.1 各方鼓励知识产权持有人进行创新,并提供相应的支持和保护。

4.2 各方鼓励技术转移,促进技术合作,推动经济发展和技术进步。

第五章公平竞争和贸易发展5.1 各方承认公平竞争的重要性,不得采取歧视性措施限制贸易。

5.2 各方应遵守国际贸易规则,推动贸易自由化和便利化。

第六章协议实施6.1 各方应根据本协议的规定,制定和执行相应的政策和措施。

6.2 各方应建立有效的合作机制,定期进行信息交流和经验分享。

第七章争议解决7.1 本协议的争议应通过友好磋商解决。

7.2 若磋商不能解决争议,各方同意将争议提交国际仲裁机构进行仲裁。

附件:本文档涉及附件,请参阅附件列表。

法律名词及注释:1、知识产权:指包括专利、商标、版权、工业设计等在内的法律保护下的智力成果。

2、创新:指开发新产品、服务或创造新的商业模式和方法。

3、技术转移:指将技术从知识产权持有人转移到其他经济主体的过程。

4、公平竞争:指没有不合理限制或歧视性对待的自由竞争。

5、贸易自由化:指消除贸易壁垒,促进贸易自由和无歧视。

《与贸易有关的知识产权协定主要内容》

《与贸易有关的知识产权协定主要内容》

世界贸易组织(WTO)的〈〈与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights )(简称TRIPS),可以说是当前世界范围内知识产权保护领域中涉及面广、保护水平高、保护力度大、制约力强的一个国际公约。

一、TRIPS的主要特点(1) 内容涉及面广,几乎涉及到了知识产权的各个领域;(2) 保护水平高,在多方面超过了现有的国际公约对知识产权的保护水平;(3) 将关贸总协定(GATT)和世界贸易组织(WTO)中关于有形商品贸易的原则和规定延伸到对知识产权的保护领域;(4) 强化了知识产权执法程序和保护措施;(5) 强化了协议的执行措施和争端解决机制,把履行协议保护产权与贸易制裁紧密结合在一起;(6) 设置了”与贸易有关的知识产权理事会”作为常设机构,监督本协议的实施。

二、TRIPS的主要内容1、重申的保护知识产权的基本原则主要有:(1) 国民待遇原则这是在巴黎公约中首先提出,在TRIPS中(第3条)再次强调,各个知识产权国际公约共同遵守的基本原则。

(2) 保护公共秩序、社会公德、公众健康原则这是立法、执法的一条基本原则,在TRIPS第8条第1款、第27条第2款等条款中又进一步作了明确和强调。

(3) 对权利合理限制原则知识产权如同其他权利一样,是相对的,不是绝对的,应该有合理的、适当的限制。

TRIPS第8条第2款提出”可采取适当措施防止权利持有人滥用知识产权”的权利限制原则。

在TRIPS第13条、第16条第1款、第17条、第24条第8款、第26条第2款、第30条中分别提出对版权、商标权、工业品外观设计权和发明专利权给予一定的权利限制的前提条件:一是要保证第三方的合法利益,二是不能影响合理利用,三是不能损害权利所有人的合法利益。

(4 )权利的地域性独立原则知识产权局具有地域性,各国的知识产权法是相对独立的。

与贸易有关的知识产权协定

与贸易有关的知识产权协定
的解决机制。
跨国公司在知识产权保护方面具有丰 富的经验和资源,能够为其他企业提 供技术支持和培训,推动知识产权保
护水平的整体提升。
发展中国家在知识产权保护方面的机遇与挑战
发展中国家在知识产权保护方面面 临着诸多挑战,如知识产权基础薄 弱、法律制度不完善等。同时,发 展中国家在技术创新和知识产权创 造方面也面临着较大的压力。
跨国公司对全球贸易的影响及应对策略
跨国公司在全球范围内进行贸易活动 ,对知识产权保护提出了更高的要求 。为确保自身利益,跨国公司往往要 求合作伙伴提供高质量的知识产权保
护。
跨国公司通过技术转移、许可等方式 进行知识产权的许可贸易,促进了技 术的传播和应用。但同时也可能出现 知识产权纠纷等问题,需要建立相应
第五部分:许可证 协议;
第七部分:透明度 ;
第六部分:对行政 终局决定的司法审 查;
主要内容与结构
第八部分:争端解决; 第九部分:最后条款。
02
知识产权保护范围
专利保护范围
发明专利
包括但不限于产品、方法、工 艺、用途等。
实用新型专利
主要是针对产品的实用新型设计 。
外观设计专利
针对产品的外观设计,如包装、图 案等。
专利权期限
专利权应规定一个确定的期限,期 满后即失效。
商标保护措施
01
02
03
注册要求
国家应规定商标注册的要 求,包括申请材料、审查 标准等。
商标权内容
商标权应包括使用权、禁 止权和转让权等。
商标异议与撤销
国家应规定商标异议和撤 销的程序,以确保公平竞 争。
著作权保护措施
著作权登记
国家应提供著作权登记服 务,保障作者权益。

与贸易有关的知识产权协议》

与贸易有关的知识产权协议》

2、 以“入世”为动力,继续加强知识产权保

(1) 国内知识产权法律制度的调适和完善。 (2) 加强知识产权执法,继续提高执法力度和执法水平。 (3) 加强知识产权的边境执法措施,进一步发挥海关在知 识产权保护中的作用。 (4) 大力支持和扶植有关知识产权的中介服务机构。 (5) 加大力度培养和创造与知识产权有关的高素质专业人 才。 (6) 继续宣传和提高全社会的知识产权保护意识和法制意 识,形成尊重知识产权、维护知识产权的良好社会环境。 (7) 大胆改革,从体制上解决国有企业的知识产权权属问 题。
无形性 某些知识产权具有财产权和人身 权的双重性 专有性 地域性 时间性

TRIPs产生的背景
◆知识产权在国际贸易中的地位日益突出
◆乌拉圭回合前知识产权国际保护存在的问题 ◆乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判会带来一些好处
◆ TRIPs的主要优点在于对协定规则和纪律的 实施与执行作了明确的规定
各方立场及分歧

“凯恩斯集团”认为农业是这一轮谈判的核 心议题,在农业问题上如果没有进展, 其他议题将不会有什么积极成果。它们 强调在农业谈判中的三大支柱(市场准 入、出口竞争与国内支持)都要达到高 标准,要彻底改变国际农产品贸易严重 扭曲的状况,促进国际农产品的公平贸 易。
各方立场及分歧

由于美国在市场准入方面与“凯恩斯集团” 的观点比较接近,因此“凯恩斯集团”重点 抨击的对象是欧盟和日本等农业补贴严 重的发达国家。该集团对其他议题的立 场在很大程度上取决于农业谈判的进展 情况。
集成电路布图设计权




布图设计是指集成电路中多个元件,其中至 少有一个是有源元件和其部分或全部集成电 路互连的三维配置,或者是指为集成电路的 制造而准备的这样的三维配置。 可享受保护的集成电路布图设计必须具有 “独创性”与“原创性”(非一般性)。 集成电路布图设计的四项专有权:进口权; 销售权;分销权;复制权。 对布图设计权的保护期,不少于10年。

TRIPS协议 简述与案例分析

TRIPS协议 简述与案例分析

二. 案例分析(二)日本丰田起诉吉利“商标和不正当竞争侵权” 丰田称,从2000年5月份开始,吉利汽车公司在吉利集团旗下的美日汽车 前盖、轮胎、方向盘、车辆后备箱等显著位臵上使用的车标酷似丰田汽车‚ 牛头‛造型的注册商标,对消费者造成了误导,侵害了丰田公司的商标权。 同时,日本丰田还认为对方在对外广告宣传中打出‚丰田动力,价格动心‛ 和‚使用丰田8A发动机‛的宣传语,违背了诚实信用原则,是不正当竞争行 为。《与贸易有的知识产权协议》 简述与案例分析
13级BLCU
ZLB
一.相关知识点简述 (一)简介 (二)地位 (三)主要内容 二. 案例分析 (一)百事可乐侵犯小企业商标权 (二)日本丰田起诉吉利“商标和不正当竞争侵权” (三)思科诉华为案
知识产权:人们对其创造性的智力成果和商业标记依法享有的专有权利
吉利公司在对涉案美日汽车进行宣传时带有一定的夸大成分,但尚未达到 我国法律所规定的对产品的性能、用途等作引人误解的虚假宣传的程度, 相关公众不会误认美日汽车发动机系日本本土制造。
二. 案例分析(三)思科诉华为案 2003年1月23日:世界最大的网络及电信设备制造商思科系统有限公司就中国华 为技术有限公司及其两家子公司侵犯其知识产权,向美国德克萨斯州东区联邦法院 提起法律诉讼。 2003年1月24日:华为公司发表声明称一贯尊重他人知识产权,并注重保护自己 的知识产权。 2003年2月7日:华为宣布停止在海外市场上销售涉嫌侵权的路由器产品; 2003年3月18日:华为一名前雇员声称华为公司所使用的软件和思科产品瑕疵处 一致,华为雇员的倒戈陷入了极度被动的境地; 2003年3月19日:华为否认剽窃思科的知识产权,并起诉思科诋毁华为形象; 2003年4月14日:面对思科要求其停止在美国市场出售所谓侵权产品的指控, 华为进行了反诉,声称自己已经采取了有力的措施将思科指控的相关产品撤出 了美国市场。 2003年10月1日:思科暂时中止其针对华为公司的版权诉讼,双方达成初步 协议,同意引入独立第三方进行技术审核,并在完成审核之前中止诉讼。 2004年7月28日:双方达成和解,法院终止思科对华为的诉讼,结束了持续 一年半的诉讼。

与贸易有关知识产权协议

与贸易有关知识产权协议

与贸易有关知识产权协议什么是知识产权?知识产权(intellectual property,缩写为IP)指的是人类创造的智力成果所拥有的权利。

它包括专利、商标、著作权、专有技术、商业秘密、地理标志等多种类型,其目的是鼓励创新、保护创造者的利益并促进知识的流通。

贸易与知识产权随着国际贸易的发展,知识产权问题日益成为各国间的核心问题之一。

因为对于许多公司来说,知识产权是其核心竞争力所在,同时在国际贸易中,也常常会出现知识产权问题导致纠纷的情况。

知识产权协议为了规范贸易中的知识产权问题,各国间建立了知识产权协议。

这些协议可以分为双边协议和多边协议两种。

双边协议双边协议是指,两个国家之间就知识产权问题达成的协议。

这类协议具有灵活性大、执行效率高、针对性强的优点。

虽然双边协议对于两个国家之间的贸易有很好的促进作用,但是却也容易导致其它国家与该国之间的贸易矛盾升级及区域贸易的壁垒化。

多边协议多边协议是指,多个国家之间就知识产权问题达成的协议,例如世界知识产权组织(WIPO)和世界贸易组织(WTO)制定的协议。

多边协议具有普遍适用、平等、公正的优点,但是在制定过程中因涉及到更多利益相关方的存在,缺乏灵活性和效率。

TRIPS 协议与知识产权TRIPS 协议是世界贸易组织的核心协议之一。

它的全称为《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights),是针对贸易中的知识产权问题所制定的多边协议。

TRIPS 协议所涉及的知识产权类型包括专利、商标、著作权、工业设计、地理标志等。

通过 TRIPS 协议的签署,各国都可以根据自己所设立的法律和规定,为本国範围内的知识产权提供保护和扶持。

TRIPS 协议所规定的知识产权的实施必须充分考虑各国的文化、社会、经济和技术条件,并且尊重并保护知识产权的合法利益同时促进技术创新和技术转让。

与贸易有关的知识产权协议中英文版本

与贸易有关的知识产权协议中英文版本

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsPREAMBLEPART I General Provisions and Basic PrinciplesPART II Standards Concerning the Availability, Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights1.Copyright and Related Rights2.Trademarks3.Geographical Indications4.Industrial Designs5.Patentsyout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits7.Protection of Undisclosed Information8.Control of Anti-Competitive Practices in Contractual LicencesPART III Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights1.General Obligations2.Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies3.Provisional Measures4.Special Requirements Related to Border Measures5.Criminal ProceduresPART IV Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Inter-Partes ProceduresPART V Dispute Prevention and SettlementPART VI Transitional ArrangementsPART VII Institutional Arrangements; Final ProvisionsPreambleMembers,Desiring to reduce distortions and impediments to international trade,and taking into account the need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights,and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade;Recognizing,to this end,the need for new rules and disciplines concerning:(a) the applicability of the basic principles of GATT 1994 and of relevant international intellectual property agreements or conventions;(b) the provision of adequate standards and principles concerning the availability,scope and use of trade-related intellectual property rights;(c) the provision of effective and appropriate means for the enforcement of trade-related intellectual property rights,taking into account differences in national legal systems; (d) the provision of effective and expeditious procedures for the multilateral prevention andsettlement of disputes between governments;and(e) transitional arrangements aiming at the fullest participation in the results of the negotiations;Recognizing the need for a multilateral framework of principles,rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods;Recognizing that intellectual property rights are private rights;Recognizing the underlying public policy objectives of national systems for the protection of intellectual property, including developmental and technological objectives;Recognizing also the special needs of the least-developed country Members in respect of maximum flexibility in the domestic implementation of laws and regulations in order to enable them to create a sound and viable technological base;Desiring to establish a mutually supportive relationship between the WTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization (referred to in this Agreement as “WIPO”) as well as other relevant international organizations;Hereby agree as follows:Part I General Provisions and Basic PrinciplesArticle 1 Nature and Scope of Obligationsshall give effect to the provisions of this Agreement. Members may,but shall not be obliged to, implement in their law more extensive protection than is required by this Agreement,provided that such protection does not contravene the provisions of this Agreement. Members shall be free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of this Agreement within their own legal system and practice.the purposes of this Agreement, the term “intellectual property”refers to all categories of intellectual property that are the subject of Sections 1 through 7 of Part II.shall accord the treatment provided for in this Agreement to the nationals of other 1(1) In respect of the relevant intellectual property right,the nationals of other Members shall be understood as those natural or legal persons that would meet the criteria for eligibility for protection provided for in the Paris Convention (1967),the Berne Convention (1971),the Rome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits,were all Members of the WTO members of those conventions.2(2) Any Member availing itself of the possibilities providedWhen “nationals”are referred to in this Agreement,they shall be deemed,in the case of a separate customs territory Member of the WTO,to mean establishment in that customs territory.2 In this Agreement,“Paris Convention”refers to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property;“Paris Convention(1967)refers to the Stockholm Act of this Convention of 14 July 1967.“Berne Convention”refers to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works;“Berne Convention(1971)refers to the Paris Act of this Convention of 24 July 1971.“Rome Convention” refers to the International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations,adopted at Rome on 26 October 1961.“Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits”(IPIC Treaty)refers to the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits,adopted at Washington on 26 May 1989.“WTO Agreement”refers to the Agreement Establishing the WTO.in paragraph 3 of Article 5 or paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the “Council for TRIPS”).Article 2 Intellectual Property Conventionsrespect of Parts II, III and IV of this Agreement, Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 12,and Article 19,of the Paris Convention (1967).in Parts I to IV of this Agreement shall derogate from existing obligations that Members may have to each other under the Paris Convention,the Berne Convention,theRome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits.Article 3 National TreatmentMember shall accord to the nationals of other Members treatment no less favorable than that it accords to its own nationals with regard to the protection3of intellectual property,subject to the exceptions already provided in,respectively,the Paris Convention (1967),the Berne Convention (1971),the Rome Convention or the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits. In respect of performers,producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations,this obligation only applies in respect of the rights provided under this Agreement.Any Member availing itself of the possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention (1971) or paragraph 1(b) of Article 16 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for TRIPS.may avail themselves of the exceptions permitted under paragraph 1 in relation to judicial and administrative procedures, including the designation of an address for service or the appointment of an agent within the jurisdiction of a Member,only where such exceptions are necessary to secure compliance with laws and regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement and where such practices are not applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on trade.Article 4 Most-Favored-Nation TreatmentWith regard to the protection of intellectual property,any advantage,favor,privilege or immunity granted by a Member to the nationals of any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the nationals of all other Members. Exempted from this obligation are any advantage,favor,privilege or immunity accorded by a Member:(a) deriving from international agreements on judicial assistance or law enforcement of a general nature and not particularly confined to the protection of intellectual property;3For the purpose of Article 3 and 4,“protection”shall include matters affecting the availability,acquisition,scope,maintenance and enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as those matters affecting the use of intellectual property rights specifically addressed in this Agreement.(b) granted in accordance with the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971) or the Rome Convention authorizing that the treatment accorded be a function not of national treatment but of the treatment accorded in another country;(c) in respect of the rights of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations not provided under this Agreement;(d) deriving from international agreements related to the protection of intellectual propertywhich entered into force prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement,provided that such agreements are notified to the Council for TRIPS and do not constitute an arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination against nationals of other Members. Article 5 Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection The obligations under Articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition ormaintenance of intellectual property rights.Article 6 ExhaustionFor the purposes of dispute settlement under this Agreement, subject to the provisions of Articles 3 and 4 nothing in this Agreement shall be used to address the issue of theexhaustion of intellectual property rights.Article 7 ObjectivesThe protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology,to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare,and to a balance of rights and obligations.Article 8 Principlesmay,in formulating or amending their laws and regulations, adopt measures necessary to protect public health and nutrition,and to promote the public interest in sectors of vital importance to their socio-economic and technological development, provided that such measures are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement.measures, provided that they are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement,may be needed to prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights by right holders or the resort to practices which unreasonably restrain trade or adversely affect the international transfer of technology.PART II Standards concerning the availability, scope and use of Intellectual Property RightsSECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTSArticle 9 Relation to the Berne Conventionshall comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendix thereto.However,Members shall not have rights or obligations under this Agreement in respect of the rights conferred under Article 6bis of that Convention or of the rights derived therefrom.protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures,methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.Article 10 Computer Programs and Compilations of Dataprograms,whether in source or object code,shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971).of data or other material,whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection,which shall not extend to the data or material itself,shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself.Article 11 Rental RightsIn respect of at least computer programs and cinematographic works,a Member shall provide authors and their successors in title the right to authorize or to prohibit the commercial rental to the public of originals or copies of their copyright works.A Member shall be excepted from this obligation in respect of cinematographic works unless such rental has led to widespread copying of such works which is materially impairing the exclusive right of reproduction conferred in that Member on authors and their successorsin title.In respect of computer programs, this obligation does not apply to rentals wherethe program itself is not the essential object of the rental.Article 12 Term of ProtectionWhenever the term of protection of a work, other than a photographic work or a work of applied art,is calculated on a basis other than the life of a natural person,such term shall be no less than 50 years from the end of the calendar year of authorized publication,or, failing such authorized publication within 50 years from the making of the work,50 years from the end of the calendar year of making. Article 13 Limitations and ExceptionsMembers shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.Article 14 Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recordings) and Broadcasting Organizationsrespect of a fixation of their performance on a phonogram, performers shall have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization: the fixation of their unfixed performance and the reproduction of such fixation.Performers shall also have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertaken without their authorization: the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their live performance.of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms.organizations shall have the right to prohibit the following acts when undertaken without their authorization:the fixation,the reproduction of fixations,and the rebroadcasting by wireless means of broadcasts, as well as the communication to thepublic of television broadcasts of the same.Where Members do not grant such rights tobroadcasting organizations,they shall provide owners of copyright in the subject matter of broadcasts with the possibility of preventing the above acts,subject to the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971).provisions of Article 11 in respect of computer programs shall apply mutatis mutandis to producers of phonograms and any other right holders in phonograms as determined in a Member's law.If on 15 April 1994 a Member has in force a system of equitable remuneration of right holders in respect of the rental of phonograms,it may maintain such system provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the material impairment of the exclusive rights of reproduction of right holders.term of the protection available under this Agreement to performers and producers of phonograms shall last at least until the end of a period of 50 years computed from the end of the calendar year in which the fixation was made or the performance took place. The term of protection granted pursuant to paragraph 3 shall last for at least 20 years from the end of the calendar year in which the broadcast took place. Member may, in relation to the rights conferred under paragraphs 1,2 and 3,provide for conditions,limitations,exceptions and reservations to the extent permitted bythe Rome Convention.However,the provisions of Article 18 of the Berne Convention (1971) shall also apply,mutatis mutandis,to the rights of performers and producers of phonograms in phonograms.SECTION 2: TRADEMARKSArticle 15 Protectable Subject Mattersign,or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings,shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs,in particular words including personal names,letters,numerals, figurative elements and combinations of colors as well as any combination of such signs, shall be eligible for registration as trademarks. Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services,Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use.Members may require,as a condition of registration,that signs be visually perceptible.1 shall not be understood to prevent a Member from denying registration of a trademark on other grounds,provided that they do not derogate from the provisions of the Paris Convention (1967).may make registrability depend on use. However,actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition for filing an application for registration.An application shall not be refused solely on the ground that intended use has not taken place before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of application.nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle to registration of the trademark.shall publish each trademark either before it is registered or promptly after itis registered and shall afford a reasonable opportunity for petitions to cancel the registration. In addition,Members may afford an opportunity for the registration of a trademark to be opposed.Article 16 Rights Conferredowner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion.In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services,a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed.The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights,nor shall they affect the possibility of Members making rights available on the basis of use.2.Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply,mutatis mutandis,to services. In determining whether a trademark is well-known,Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public,including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark.3.Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply,mutatis mutandis,to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which a trademark is registered,provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate aconnection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.Article 17 ExceptionsMembers may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark,such as fair use of descriptive terms,provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of third parties. Article 18 Term of ProtectionInitial registration,and each renewal of registration,of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years.The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely.Article 19 Requirement of Use1.If use is required to maintain a registration,the registration may be cancelled only after an uninterrupted period of at least three years of non-use,unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner.Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark which constitute an obstacle to the use of the trademark,such as import restrictions on or other government requirements for goods or services protected by the trademark,shall be recognized as valid reasons for non-use.2.When subject to the control of its owner,use of a trademark by another person shall be recognized as use of the trademark for the purpose of maintaining the registration.Article 20 Other RequirementsThe use of a trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements,such as use with another trademark, use in a special form or use in a manner detrimental to its capability to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. This will not preclude a requirement prescribing the use of the trademark identifying the undertaking producing the goods or services along with,but without linking it to,the trademark distinguishing the specific goods or services in question of that undertaking. Article 21 Licensing and AssignmentMembers may determine conditions on the licensing and assignment of trademarks,it being understood that the compulsory licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner of a registered trademark shall have the right to assign the trademark with or without the transfer of the business to which the trademark belongs.SECTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONSArticle 22 Protection of Geographical Indications1.Geographical indications are,for the purposes of this Agreement,indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member,or a region or locality in that territory,where a given quality,reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.2.In respect of geographical indications,Members shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent:(a) the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good in question originates in a geographical area other than the true place of origin in a manner which misleads the public as to the geographical origin of the good;(b) any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967).3. A Member shall,ex officio if its legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party,refuse or invalidate the registration of a trademark which contains or consists of a geographical indication with respect to goods not originating in the territory indicated,if use of the indication in the trademark for such goods in that Member is of such a nature as to mislead the public as to the true place of origin.4.The protection under paragraphs 1,2 and 3 shall be applicable against a geographical indication which,although literally true as to the territory,region or locality in which the goods originate,falsely represents to the public that the goods originate in another territory.Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits1.Each Member shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent use of a geographical indication identifying wines for wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question or identifying spirits forspirits not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question,even where the true origin of the goods is indicated or the geographical indication is used in translation or accompanied by expressions such as “kind”,“type”,“style”,“imitation”or the like.42.The registration of a trademark for wines which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying wines or for spirits which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying spirits shall be refused or invalidated, ex officio if a Member's legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party,with respect to such wines or spirits not having this origin.3.In the case of homonymous geographical indications for wines,protection shall be accorded to each indication,subject to the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 22. EachMember shall determine the practical conditions under which the homonymous indications in question will be differentiated from each other,taking into account the need to ensureequitable treatment of the producers concerned and that consumers are not misled.4.In order to facilitate the protection of geographical indications for wines,negotiations shall be undertaken in the Council for TRIPS concerning the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications for wines eligible for protection in those Members participating in the system.Article 24 International Negotiations; Exceptionsagree to enter into negotiations aimed at increasing the protection of individual geographical indications under Article 23.The provisions of paragraphs 4 through 8 below shall not be used by a Member to refuse to conduct negotiations or to conclude bilateral or multilateral agreements.In the context of such negotiations, Members shall be willing to consider the continued applicability of these provisions to individual geographical indications whose use was the subject of such negotiations. Council for TRIPS shall keep under review the application of the provisions of this Section,the first such review shall take place within two years of the entry into force of the WTO Agreement.Any matter affecting the compliance with the obligations under these provisions may be drawn to the attention of the Council,which,at the request of a Member,shall consult with any Member or Members in respect of such matter in respect of which it has not been possible to find a satisfactory solution through bilateral or plurilateral consultations between the Members concerned.The Council shall take such action as may be agreed to facilitate the operation and further the objectives of this Section.implementing this Section, a Member shall not diminish the protection of geographical indications that existed in that Member immediately prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.in this Section shall require a Member to prevent continued and similar use of a4Notwithstanding the first sentence of Article 42,members may,with respect to these obligations instead provide for enforcement by administrative action.particular geographical indication of another Member identifying wines or spirits in connection with goods or services by any of its nationals or domiciliaries who have usedthat geographical indication in a continuous manner with regard to the same or related goods or services in the territory of that Member either (a) for at least 10 years preceding 15 April 1994 or (b) in good faith preceding that date.5.Where a trademark has been applied for or registered in good faith,or where rights to a trademark have been acquired through use in good faith either.(a) before the date of application of these provisions in that Member as defined in Part VI; or(b) before the geographical indication is protected in its country of origin,measures adopted to implement this Section shall not prejudice eligibility for or the validity of the registration of a trademark,or the right to use a trademark,on the basis that such a trademark is identical with, or similar to, a geographical indication.6.Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to apply its provisions in respect of a geographical indication of any other Member with respect to goods or services for which the relevant indication is identical with the term customary in common language as thecommon name for such goods or services in the territory of that Member. Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to apply its provisions in respect of a geographical indication of any other Member with respect to products of the vine for which the relevant indication is identical with the customary name of a grape variety existing in the territory of that Member as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.7. A Member may provide that any request made under this Section in connection with the use or registration of a trademark must be presented within five years after the adverse use of the protected indication has become generally known in that Member or after the date of registration of the trademark in that Member provided that the trademark has been published by that date,if such date is earlier than the date on which the adverse use became generally known in that Member,provided that the geographical indication is not used or registered in bad faith.8. The provisions of this Section shall in no way prejudice the right of any person to use,in the course of trade,that person's name or the name of that person's predecessor in business,except where such name is used in such a manner as to mislead the public.9.There shall be no obligation under this Agreement to protect geographical indications which are not or cease to be protected in their country of origin,or which have fallen into disuse in that country.SECTION 4: INDUSTRIAL DESIGNSArticle 25 Requirements for Protection1.Members shall provide for the protection of independently created industrial designs that are new or original. Members may provide that designs are not new or。

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第四章与贸易有关的知识产权协议第一节知识产权概述一、知识产权的概念及范围知识产权是指,公民或法人对其在科学、技术、文化、艺术等领域的发明、成果和作品依法享有的专有权,也就是人们对自己通过脑力活动创造出来的智力成果所依法享有的权利。

一般来说,知识产权范围的划分有两种,即广义的知识产权和狭义的知识产权。

广义的知识产权包括一切人类智力创作的成果,也就是《建立世界知识产权公约》中所划分的范围。

该公约第二条第七款规定,知识产权应包括下列权利:关于文学、艺术及科学作品有关的权利;关于表演艺术家的演出、录音和广播的权利;关于在一切领域中因人的努力而产生的发明;关于科学发现的权利;关于工业品式样的权利;关于商品商标、服务商标、厂商名称和标记的权利;关于制止不正当竞争的权利;以及在工业、科学及文学艺术领域的智力创造活动中所产生的权利。

狭义的知识产权,也称传统的知识产权,包括工业产权和著作权两大部分。

工业产权包括专利权、商标权、禁止不正当竞争权等,著作权包括作者权和传播权等。

世界各国对工业产权的理解存在不同程度的差异,但比较一致的意见是:传统知识产权主要包括专利权、商标权与版权。

二、知识产权的特点知识产权作为一种财产权与一般意义上的财产权不同,主要特点是:(一)知识产权的无形性知识产权的无形性是相对于有形财产权而言的,这就决定了知识产权贸易只有使用权的转移,而没有所有权的转移。

(二)知识产权的专有性知识产权的专有性是指知识产权的独占性和排他性。

知识产权只能归权利人所有,其他非权利人若想使用,必须经权利人同意。

(三)知识产权的地域性知识产权的确认与保护是依照某个国家的法律进行,所以它只在特定的区域内受到保护。

(四)知识产权的时间性知识产权仅在一个法定的期限内受到保护,超过此期限,任何人都可以以任何方式使用而不会涉及侵权问题。

(五)知识产权的可复制性知识产权作为无形财产,必须通过一定的有形载体表现出来,这就决定了知识产权可以被复制。

三、知识产权的国际保护对知识产权进行国际保护,是知识和技术交流日趋国际化的客观需要。

1883年制定的《保护工业产权巴黎公约》是知识产权国际保护的开端。

1967年《成立世界知识产权组织公约》在瑞典斯德哥尔摩签订。

世界知识产权组织于1970年4月成立,1974年成为联合国的一个专门机构,主管工业产权、著作权及商标注册的国际合作。

现行的知识产权国际公约主要有:《保护工业产权巴黎公约》(简称《巴黎公约》)、《专利合作公约》、《商标国际注册马德里协定》(简称《马德里协定》)、《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》(简称《伯尔尼公约》)、《保护表演者、录音制品制作者与广播组织公约》(简称《罗马公约》)和《集成电路知识产权公约》等。

随着国际贸易的不断发展,通过转让技术、专利和商标的使用权及版权许可,含有知识产权的产品在国际贸易中所占的比重越来越大。

但由于各国对知识产权的保护水平不一致,法律法规不协调,假冒商品、盗版书籍和盗版电影等侵犯知识产权的现象时有发生,加强与贸易有关的知识产权保护,势在必行。

四、《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(简称《知识产权协定》)的产生背景(一)《知识产权协定》产生的原因1.知识产权在国际贸易中的地位日益突出随着科技发展和经济的进一步全球化,各国之间知识产权保护标准的巨大差异给国际贸易的发展带来严重的不利影响。

造成该问题的主要原因有三点:首先,科研与技术在工业生产中的地位日益突出。

发达国家出口产品中高科技和创造性投入比重越来越大。

发达国家主张将知识产权纳入到关贸总协定的谈判中,使其出口产品时,专利权受到东道国的保护,以便能补偿研究和开发费用。

其次,发达国家通过许可或合资方式在发展中国家生产专利产品机会增多,而这种意愿在很大程度上取决于东道国的知识产权机制。

最后,伴随国际贸易产品的技术改进而出现的技术进步已经使得复制和仿制简单而经济。

因此,在知识产权保护制度不完善的国家里,冒牌与盗版产品生产猖獗,这极大地损害了正当权利人的利益。

所以,越来越多的国家认识到,加强知识产权的保护对促进经济发展意义重大,《知识产权协定》就是在这一背景下产生。

2.《知识产权协定》产生之前国际知识产权公约的局限性在“乌拉圭回合”谈判之前,已经有一些保护知识产权的国际公约,例如:《巴黎公约》、《专利合作公约》、《马德里协定》、《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》等。

但这些国际公约都或多或少地存在一些不足,不能有效实现保护知识产权的目的。

例如没有专门保护商业秘密的国际公约;《巴黎公约》没有规定专利的最低保护期限;已有公约对假冒商品的处理不够有力;对计算机软件和录音制品缺乏国际保护;再有,缺乏一个有效的争端解决机制来处理与贸易有关的知识产权问题。

针对以往国际公约的不足,发达国家认为应当谈判一项新的国际公约以解决这些问题。

《知识产权协定》就是在参考和吸收前述公约的基础上,进行了有效的补充和修改,成为世界范围内知识产权保护领域内涉及面广、保护水平高、保护力度大、制约力强的一个国际公约。

3.《知识产权协定》与美国“301条款”《知识产权协定》的产生与美国在谈判中的推动不可分开。

20世纪70年代初期,美国连年出现贸易逆差,美国政府认为这是由于美国的知识产权在世界范围内没有得到有效的保护,高技术的优势得不到发挥。

于是,美国在贸易法中规定了“301条款”,全称为“实施美国依贸易协定所享有的权利和回应外国政府的某些贸易作法”。

根据“301条款”,外国政府不遵守其与美国政府签订的贸易协定或采取其他不公平的贸易作法,损害美国的贸易利益,美国政府可以采取强制性的报复措施。

美国的“301条款”包括三个部分,即“一般301条款”、“特别301条款”和“超级301条款”,其中“特别301条款”就是针对知识产权而制定的。

世贸组织的《知识产权协定》基本上是仿照美国的“特别301条款”而制定的,可以说,它是美国“特别301条款”的国际化、扩大化和系统化。

(二)有关《知识产权协议》的谈判《1947年关贸总协定》曾规定,有关国民待遇、最惠国待遇、透明度等条款适用于对知识产权的保护,但直接涉及知识产权的条款和内容很有限。

“东京回合”期间,美国曾就假冒商品贸易问题提出一个守则草案,但没有达成协议。

1986年“乌拉圭回合”谈判之初,以美国、瑞士等为代表的发达国家,主张将知识产权列入多边谈判的议题。

美国甚至提出,如果不将知识产权作为新议题,将拒绝参加关贸总协定第八轮谈判。

发达国家还主张,应制定保护所有知识产权的标准,并且必须纳入争端解决机制。

以印度、巴西、埃及、阿根廷、南斯拉夫为代表的发展中国家则认为,保护知识产权是世界知识产权组织的任务,应把制止假冒商品贸易与广泛的知识产权保护区别开来。

他们担心,引入跨领域的报复机制会构成对合法贸易的障碍;强化知识产权保护会助长跨国公司的垄断,特别是形成对药品和食品价格的控制,会对公众福利产生不利影响。

该轮谈判开始后,在关贸总协定总干事邓克尔的主持下,10个发展中国家和10个发达国家组成的谈判组专门对此问题进行了谈判、协商。

1991年,关贸总协定总干事邓克尔提出了“乌拉圭回合”最后文本草案的框架,其中《与贸易(包括假冒商品贸易在内)有关的知识产权协定》基本获得通过。

由于该协定毫无疑问包括假冒商品贸易问题,因此该协定最后的标题中没有出现“假冒商品贸易”这一名称。

《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》是建立在发达国家知识产权保护水平基础上的。

相对于发展中国家的经济发展水平而言,该协定所规定的知识产权保护标准和要求是相当苛刻的。

接受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》是发展中国家在“乌拉圭回合”中所做出的主要让步之一。

发展中国家接受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》的主要原因是:第一,“乌拉圭回合”一揽子协议中,包括了发展中国家所希望得到的一些好处,如《纺织品与服装协议》强化的争端解决机制等,因而接受《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》实际上是一种交换。

第二,许多发展中国家从20世纪80年代开始大量引进外资,需要对知识产权加强保护。

第三,发达国家同意给发展中国家一些过渡期,以实施《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。

第四,发展中国家还担心,没有《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》,美国国会将不会批准一揽子协议。

第二节《知识产权协定》的主要内容知识产权协定》共7个部分(含73个条款)。

除了知识产权的实施在第三节中单独解释外,其他主要内容如下:一、总则和基本原则这一部分共8条。

成员方应实施《知识产权协定》的规定,并可在各自的法律制度和实践中确定实施该协定的适当方法;只要不违反该协定的规定,成员方还可以在其法律中实施比该协定要求等广泛的保护,但这不是一种义务。

成员方实施《知识产权协定》的规定,不得有损于成员方依照《巴黎公约》、《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》、及《集成电路知识产权公约》等已经承担的义务。

《知识产权协定》还规定,成员方应遵守以下基本原则:(一)国民待遇原则在知识产权的保护上,一成员对其他成员的国民提供的待遇,不得低于给本国国民的待遇,但《巴黎公约》、《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》、及《集成电路知识产权公约》另有规定的可以例外。

给予表演者、录音制品制作者和传播媒体的国民待遇,仅适用于《知识产权协定》所规定的权利。

某些司法和行政程序也可以成为国民待遇的例外。

鉴于世贸组织“成员”可以是主权国家的政府,也可以是单独关税区政府,《知识产权协定》专门对协定中有关“国民”一词做了注释。

当世贸组织成员是一个单独关税区时,应被认为是指在那里有住所或有实际和有效的工业或商业营业所的人——自然人或法人。

当世贸组织成员是主权国家政府时,“国民”应理解为“符合《巴黎公约》、《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》、及《集成电路知识产权公约》所列明的保护标准项下的自然人和/或法人,是那些条约成员国和世贸组织所有成员的国民”。

因此,《知识产权协定》中的“国民”不仅可以适用于上述公约的成员国,而且一定适用于世贸组织的成员。

这样,世贸组织中的单独关税区就可以在不加入上述四个只允许主权国家加入的国际公约的情况下,按照《知识产权协定》国民待遇原则解决其国民的知识产权国际保护问题。

这对我国香港、澳门和台湾地区的自然人、法人的知识产权获得国际保护是非常有利的。

(二)最惠国待遇原则在知识产权保护上,一成员提供给第三国的优惠、特权或豁免,应立即、无条件地给予其他成员的国民。

但这个原则有许多例外,具体表现在:1.来自有关司法协助或法律实施的国际协定的优惠等,但这种优惠并非专门针对知识产权保护,而是一般性的优惠。

2.来自《伯尔尼公约》、《罗马公约》的互惠性保护。

3.《知识产权协定》未规定的表演者、录音制品制作者和传播媒体的权利。

4.《知识产权协定》生效前已经有的优惠等。

最惠国待遇原则和国民待遇原则还有一个总的例外,即这两个原则不适用于世界知识产权组织主持下订立的、有关取得或维持知识产权的多边协定中所规定的程序。

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