第1周 文体与翻译概述
Lecturer: Liu Qian 刘 倩 E-mail: zzu_lqtracy@
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CONTENTS of this course
Stylistics and Translation
Various styles and their translation
practice
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Stylistics and Translation
OBJECTIVES
• Acquire some knowledge of stylistics and translation as well as the relationship between style and translation;
英语中已经形成的各种变体，例如因交际媒介 不同而形成的口语语体和书面语体；因交际者 双方关系不同而形成的正式语体和非正式语体 等;因语言的使用领域不同而形成的各种功能变 体（新闻语体、广告语体、法律语体、旅游语 体、科技语体等）。
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What Is Stylistics?
• For instance, we may classify the writings into “EST( English for Science and Technology), English for Advertising, English for Press, English for Tourism, etc. • As for “文体”, Liu Xie, a famous literary critic in ancient China, once mentioned that “若总其归涂, 则数穷八体:一曰典雅,二曰远奥,三曰精约,四曰显 附,五曰繁缛,六曰壮丽,七曰新奇,八曰清靡。”
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Translation principles
严复：信达雅
faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.
傅雷：神似
spiritual conformity, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original. 强调原作 神韵再现。
谁跑到最后,谁笑得最好。（轮胎广告）
2.In Miami, it‟s no newelty.
(a tour ads) 游了迈阿密，才知天下奇。
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Stylistics and Translation
3.Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water, a gentle quivering alone showing that was not complete sleep or if sleep, that was sleep with dream.
•Translation consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugine. A.Nida) •Translation is the expression in one language (or target language) of what have been expressed in another (source language) preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. (Dubois. J. et al)
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•Any original work has the three functions, but different writings are characterized by different functions.
•Newmark says, “The main functions of language are expressive (the subjective or “I” form), the descriptive or informative (the „it‟ from), and the vocative or directive or persuasive (the „you‟ form).
Course hours: 2 per week, 36 in total
Assessment:
1. Attendance; After-class preparation for related topics and practice; In-class performance and involvement
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What Is Stylistics?
• Language is a medium of communicating information and conveying feelings. • Considering different communicative environments and purposes, communicators choose different language varieties (语言“变体”）or corresponding methods which have different language functions so as to achieve their purposes. These varieties are the “styles” .(文体)
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•literary work: focuses on the expressive function non-literary works: mainly center on informative function. For example:
1.He laughs best who runs longest.
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Translation principles
A.F. Tytler‟s three laws of translation: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2)The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3)The translation should have all the ease of the original.
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Stylistics and Translation
According to linguists Buler and Jackbson, there are three functions of language: expressive function(表情功能）, informative function（信 息功能）, and vocative function（呼唤功能）.
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stylistics covers such fields:
1) analyzing various habits of language use to ensure the typical characteristics of a certain style; 2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics; 3) classifying these character according to their language functions.
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stylistics covers such fields:
As a matter of fact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspects of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure etc.
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内 容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培 基） 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来 的活动。（季羡林、许国璋） 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另外一种语 言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非）
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Definition of Translation
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
What Is Stylistics?
•In the middle 1970s, many scholars made the application of modern linguistics and literary studies to the exploring study of various styles or various types of writings, which brought us a new discipline---Stylistics.(文体学） •Simply defined, STYLISTICS is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline that studies the styles of language.
实用文体翻译概述
团队协作意识增强
通过小组讨论、合作完成翻译任 务等方式，学生们增强了团队协 作意识，学会了与他人合作、沟 通和分享的精神。
对未来实用文体翻译发展趋势预测
机器翻译与人工翻译相 结合
专业化和细分化趋势加 强
翻译服务市场不断扩大
随着机器翻译技术的不断发展，未来 实用文体翻译的趋势将是机器翻译与 人工翻译相结合。机器翻译可以辅助 人工翻译完成一些简单的、重复性的 工作，而人工翻译则可以在机器翻译 的基础上进行校对、润色等深加工， 提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。
根据目标语言的表达习惯，对原文句子结构进行调整和转换，使译 文更加符合目标语言的语法和表达习惯。
长句拆分
对于较长的句子，可以将其拆分成多个短句进行翻译，使译文更加 清晰易懂。
语序调整
根据目标语言的语序习惯，对原文语序进行调整，使译文更加自然 流畅。
文化因素处理策略
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文化背景了解
深入了解源语言和目标语言的文化背景，包括历 史、习俗、价值观等，以便更好地理解和传达原 文的文化内涵。
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实用文体翻译挑战与对策
语言差异带来的挑战
词汇差异
不同语言之间的词汇并非一 一对应，可能存在多义词、 同义词、近义词等，导致翻 译时难以准确选择对应词汇
。
句法结构差异
不同语言的句法结构可能存 在较大差异，如语序、时态 、语态等，翻译时需要调整 句子结构以符合目标语言的
表达习惯。
修辞手法差异
不同语言在表达同一概念时 可能采用不同的修辞手法， 如比喻、拟人等，翻译时需 要灵活处理以保持原文的生 动性。
通过多个实用文体翻译案例的分析，课程帮助学生深入理解实用文体翻译的实践应用，提高学生的翻译 能力和水平。
大学第一周英文作文带中文
大学第一周英文作文带中文英文：First week of college is always exciting and overwhelming at the same time. As a freshman, I had mixed emotions about starting this new chapter of my life. On one hand, I was thrilled to meet new people, explore the campus, and learn new things. On the other hand, I was nervousabout fitting in, keeping up with the academic workload,and adjusting to the new environment.To overcome my anxiety, I decided to join a few clubs and attend social events. This helped me meet new peoplewith similar interests and make friends. I also made sureto attend all my classes, take notes, and ask questions whenever I had doubts. This helped me stay on top of my studies and understand the course material better.In addition, I found it helpful to create a scheduleand prioritize my tasks. This helped me manage my timeeffectively and avoid procrastination. I also took breaksin between my study sessions to avoid burnout and recharge my energy.Overall, my first week of college was an enriching experience. I learned a lot about myself, made new friends, and gained valuable skills. I am excited to see what the rest of my college journey has in store for me.中文：大学第一周总是充满了激动和压力。
大学第一周英文作文带翻译
大学第一周英文作文带翻译英文：As a college student, the first week of school is always exciting and nerve-wracking at the same time. There are so many new experiences and opportunities to look forward to, but also a lot of unknowns and uncertainties. Here are some of my thoughts on how the first week of college went for me.First of all, I was really excited to meet new people and make new friends. I attended a lot of orientation events and joined some clubs that interested me, which helped me to meet people with similar interests. I also made an effort to introduce myself to my classmates and dorm mates, which was a bit nerve-wracking at first but ended up being a great way to break the ice.Another thing that I noticed during the first week was how different college classes are from high school classes.The workload is much heavier and the pace is much faster, which can be overwhelming at times. However, I found that staying organized and managing my time effectively helped me to stay on top of things.One of the biggest challenges for me during the first week was adjusting to living away from home. I had never lived on my own before, so it was a big change. However, I tried to make my dorm room feel like home by decorating it with pictures and other personal items. I also made sure to stay in touch with my family and friends back home, which helped me to feel less homesick.Overall, the first week of college was a mix of excitement, nerves, and challenges. However, I feel like I learned a lot and grew as a person. I'm looking forward to seeing what the rest of college has in store for me.中文：作为一名大学生，开学的第一周总是让人兴奋又紧张。
1 汉译英概述及原则
2) 译文必须符合英语的习惯表达（英语惯用法， 避免中国式英语）：
百闻不如一见。 Seeing is believing. 宣传 propaganda（少用，多含负面成分）political propaganda；publicity多用，为中性词 精神文明 spiritual civilization (含宗教色彩) ethical and cultural progress
中国执行改革开放政策，争取在五十年到七十年间内发展 起来。 China pursues a policy of reform and opening to the outside world, striving to become developed within a 5070 year period. Pursuing a policy of reform and opening to the outside world, China strives to become developed within a 50-70 year period. China is now carrying out the policies of reform and opening to the outside world and will strive to become developed in 50 to 70 years.
三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴 心结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
1_第一周_汉译英概述
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译文II：Talking is not my province, nor is lecturing; nor have I taken up teaching as my profession, either. [0.7]
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(五) 逻辑结构 原文：己所不欲，勿施于人。
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译文I：Do not do unto others what you do not want to be done by. [1] 译文II：Do unto others as you would be done by. [0.5]
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三、译文评估
译文的信度（即对原文忠实之程度）用0一1之间 的数值表示(最低为0，最高为1)。 (一) 句法结构
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原文：他昨天来过这儿了。
译文I：He came here yesterday. [1] 译文II：Yesterday he came here．[0.9]
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(二)九) 双关语义
• 原文：骄阳下，柳树上，回答他的是知了的叫声。(毛 炳甫《剥香蕉皮》) • 译文I：Under the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicada’s chirrup: “See, see ….” [0.9] • 译文II：… came the cicada’s chirruping, “zing-a-zinga ….” [0.5] • 译文III：… came the cicada’s reply, “I See, I see ….” [0.7] • 译文IV：… came the cicada’s reply, “I know, I know ….” [0.4]
文体和翻译分类及特点
第三节 商务文体的特点
商务文体的分类
分类：常见的商务文体有商务信函、 商业协议、商业合同、广告、单证和 商务演说词等，均属于应用文体的范 畴
商务英语的主要文体特征及翻译
商务英语的主要文体特征：
1.内容的专业性
商务文本在内容上具有比较明显的专业特 征。商务语境决定或制约着部分词汇具有 其特殊的商务语义。对此，译者充分认识 到商务词汇对语境的依赖性，不要将其混 同于一般词汇。 普通英语中“balance”， “quote”的通常含义分别为“平衡”、 “引用”，但在商务语境中，它们却有着 特殊的含义。
散文文体翻译举例：
The wind has gently murmured through the blinds, or puffed with feathery softness against the windows, and occasionally sighed like a summer zephyr lifting the leaves along, the livelong night.
the above shipment. 请回答我方要不要对上述货物保险。 请答复我方是否对上述货物保险。
3.语句的简明性
简洁明快性是商务文本的另一个文体特点， 主要表现在商务信函中多使用简洁句、简 短并列句和简短复合句。
Байду номын сангаас
译例：
In reply to your inquiry of 25th March, we are pleased to offer you the following:
每个作者还会有不同的风格，也会体现在 文体上。
法律文体 公文文体 新闻文体 书信体 文学文体 韵文 散文 说明文
我的一周英语作文带翻译
我的一周英语作文带翻译Monday: Today, I started my week by reading an English novel. It was a great way to immerse myself in the language and improve my vocabulary. I also listened to an English podcaston the way to school, which helped me practice my listening skills.翻译：星期一：今天，我通过阅读一本英语小说开始了我的一周。
这是沉浸在语言中并提高词汇量的好方法。
我还在上学的路上听了一个英语播客，这有助于我练习听力技能。
Tuesday: I attended an English class where we discussed different cultures. It was fascinating to learn about customs from around the world. After class, I practiced my speaking skills with a language partner.翻译：星期二：我参加了一堂英语课，我们讨论了不同的文化。
学习世界各地的习俗非常有趣。
课后，我和语言伙伴练习了我的口语技能。
Wednesday: I watched an English movie with subtitles to enhance my understanding of spoken English. It was a fun wayto learn and I picked up several new phrases.翻译：星期三：我看了一部带字幕的英语电影，以增强我对英语口语的理解。
这是一种有趣的学习方式，我学到了几个新短语。
应用文翻译,第一章：概述
• 语际翻译 (Interlingual translation) 英汉互译；英法互译；
• 符际翻译(Intersemiotic translation)
跨类翻译（transmutation)； 非语言符号←→语言符号
• 口译 （Oral interlingual translation）
请勿倒置 Keep upright 勿接近食品 Keep away from food
• 笔译 (Written interlingual translation)
• 机器翻译 (Machine translation)
• 专业文献翻译 (Translation of English for science and technology)
• 文学翻译 (Literary translation)
• 通顺:符合译入语的表达习惯 Then people in Shanghai found great trouble in getting to their destinations on foot or by car and it became a top social problem. 当时， 上海行路难、乘车难成为突出的社会 问题。 The magic spades of archaeology have given us the whole lost world of Egypt. 考古学家用神奇的铁铲把整个古埃及都发掘 出来了。
• 孙致礼：翻译是把一种语言 表达的意义用另一种语言传 达出来，以达到沟通思想感 情、传播文化知识、促进社 会文明，特别是推动译语文 化兴旺昌盛的目的。 • 范存忠：翻译是一种跨越时 空的语言活动，是“把一种 语言已经表达出来的东西用 另一种语言准确而完整地重 新表达出来。
关于我的一周的英语作文 带上中文
关于我的一周的英语作文带上中文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Certainly! Here's an English essay about my week, written from the perspective of an elementary school student, along with the Chinese translation. The essay is around 2,000 words long.My Wonderful Week (我精彩的一周)It was the start of a new week, and I was filled with excitement! School had just reopened after the summer break, and I couldn't wait to see my friends again. (新的一周开始了,我充满了兴奋!暑假后学校重新开学,我迫不及待想再次见到朋友们。
)On Monday morning, I woke up bright and early. After getting ready, I grabbed my backpack and rushed out the door. The school seemed bigger and more inviting than ever before. As I entered the gates, I saw my best friend, Julia, waving at me from across the playground. We ran towards each other and hugged tightly, chattering away about our summer adventures. (星期一早晨,我一大早就醒来了。
Chapter 1工程英语翻译概述
通顺是指译文语言要符合规范，行文通顺。要力争 做到忠实与通顺的辩正统一。
一方面要防止对忠实的片面理解，一味追求形式上 的相似，造成逐字死译。另一方面又要防片面强调 “通顺”，而不忠实于原文。
工程英语注重逻辑性，因此分词连接成分 (Participle Connectors) 的使用率很高， 例如：
Supposing that …假定、假设 Assuming that …假定、假设 Provided that …倘若、只要 Seeing that …由于、鉴于
3. 透彻分析深层结构
Examples:
1.Progress control is obtained by comparing actual performance on the work against the desired performance set up on the master or detailed schedules. 进度控制是通过比较工程实际进度与主要（或详细） 进度表中确定的预期进度来进行的。
工程英语翻译
第一章 工程英语翻译概述
Warm-up Exercise
Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying device to its final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of concrete.