工程项目管理中文翻译资料

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工程项目管理_中英文

工程项目管理_中英文

IntroductionEngineering project management is a critical discipline that involvesthe planning, execution, and control of engineering projects. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from the initial concept and design stages to the construction, commissioning, and maintenance phases. Effective project management ensures that projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet the specified quality standards. This article provides an in-depth overview of engineering project management,including its key principles, methodologies, and challenges.Key Principles of Engineering Project Management1. Project Scope: The project scope defines the boundaries andobjectives of the project. It includes the deliverables, tasks, and activities that need to be completed. Clear definition of the scope is crucial to avoid scope creep, which can lead to delays and increased costs.2. Project Schedule: A well-defined project schedule outlines the sequence of activities, timelines, and milestones. It helps in tracking progress and ensuring that the project stays on track. Tools like Gantt charts and critical path method (CPM) are commonly used to manageproject schedules.3. Cost Management: Effective cost management involves estimating, budgeting, and controlling project costs. This includes identifying cost drivers, tracking actual expenses, and making adjustments as needed to stay within budget.4. Quality Management: Ensuring that the project meets the specified quality standards is essential. This involves implementing qualitycontrol processes, conducting inspections, and addressing any issuesthat arise.5. Risk Management: Identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks is a critical aspect of project management. This includes identifyingpotential risks, assessing their impact, and developing strategies to manage them.6. Resource Management: Efficient allocation and management of resources, including human resources, materials, and equipment, is crucial for project success. This involves identifying resource requirements, managing resource conflicts, and optimizing resource utilization.7. Communication Management: Effective communication is essential for project success. This includes conveying project objectives, progress, and issues to stakeholders, and ensuring that everyone is aligned and informed.Project Management MethodologiesThere are various methodologies that can be used in engineering project management, each with its own set of tools and techniques. Some of the most commonly used methodologies include:1. Waterfall: The waterfall model is a linear, sequential approach where each phase of the project is completed before moving on to the next. It is suitable for projects with well-defined requirements and minimal changes expected.2. Agile: Agile methodologies, such as Scrum and Kanban, are iterative and flexible. They focus on delivering small, incremental pieces of work and adapt to changing requirements throughout the project lifecycle.3. PRINCE2 (Projects IN Controlled Environments): PRINCE2 is a process-based project management methodology that provides a structured approach to project management. It is widely used in the UK and internationally.4. PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge): The PMBOK is a comprehensive guide to project management practices. It provides a framework for managing projects effectively and efficiently.Challenges in Engineering Project ManagementDespite the best efforts of project managers, there are several challenges that can impact the success of engineering projects. Some of the common challenges include:1. Complexity: Engineering projects are often complex, involvingmultiple stakeholders, disciplines, and variables. Managing this complexity can be challenging.2. Uncertainty: The engineering environment is often uncertain, with changing requirements, unforeseen risks, and technical challenges. Managing uncertainty requires flexibility and adaptability.3. Resource Constraints: Limited resources, including budget, time, and personnel, can constrain project progress and lead to delays and cost overruns.4. Communication: Effective communication is crucial for project success, but it can be challenging to ensure that all stakeholders are informed and aligned.5. Quality Control: Ensuring that the project meets the specifiedquality standards is a continuous challenge, especially as the project progresses and requirements evolve.ConclusionEngineering project management is a complex and dynamic discipline that requires a comprehensive understanding of project principles, methodologies, and tools. Effective project management ensures that projects are completed successfully, delivering value to stakeholdersand contributing to the organization's objectives. By addressing the key principles, adopting appropriate methodologies, and navigating the challenges, project managers can enhance the likelihood of project success.中文工程项目管理概述引言工程项目管理是一个涉及工程项目的规划、执行和控制的关键学科。

工程项目管理英文解释

工程项目管理英文解释

Engineering project management is a professional discipline that involves the application of project management principles, tools, and techniques to successfully execute and deliver engineering projects. It is a comprehensive process that encompasses planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of a project to achieve specific goals and objectives within the defined constraints of time, budget, and quality.The primary objective of engineering project management is to ensurethat the project is completed on time, within budget, and meets the required quality standards. This involves managing various aspects of the project, such as scope, schedule, cost, quality, human resources, communication, risk, and procurement.Scope management involves defining, documenting, verifying, and controlling the project scope to ensure that the project deliverables meet the agreed-upon requirements. It includes activities such as scope planning, scope definition, scope verification, and scope control.Schedule management is the process of planning, scheduling, and controlling the project activities to ensure that the project is completed on time. This involves activities such as schedule planning, schedule development, schedule control, and schedule updates.Cost management involves planning, budgeting, and controlling theproject costs to ensure that the project is completed within the allocated budget. It includes activities such as cost estimation, cost budgeting, cost control, and variance analysis.Quality management is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling quality policies to ensure that the project deliverables meet the required quality standards. It includes activities such as quality planning, quality assurance, quality control, and continuous improvement.Human resource management involves planning, acquiring, developing, and managing the project team to ensure that the project is executed effectively. It includes activities such as human resource planning,staffing, training and development, performance management, and conflict resolution.Communication management involves planning, implementing, andcontrolling the project communication to ensure that the relevant information is effectively communicated to the stakeholders. It includes activities such as communication planning, communication tools and techniques, and stakeholder management.Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to risks that may impact the project objectives. It includes activities such as risk identification, risk analysis, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control.Procurement management involves obtaining goods and services from external sources to meet the project requirements. It includesactivities such as procurement planning, solicitation, supplier selection, contract administration, and contract closure.Engineering project management also involves several key processes, such as project initiation, project planning, project execution, project monitoring and controlling, and project closing. Each of these processes has specific objectives, activities, and outputs that contribute to the successful completion of the project.Project initiation involves identifying and defining the project, as well as obtaining approval for the project. It includes activities such as project charter development, feasibility study, and business case preparation.Project planning involves developing the project management plan, which includes the project scope statement, schedule, budget, quality management plan, human resource plan, communication plan, risk management plan, and procurement plan.Project execution involves implementing the project management plan to execute the project activities and deliver the project outputs. It includes activities such as resource allocation, task execution, and project coordination.Project monitoring and controlling involves tracking, reviewing, and managing the project performance to ensure that the project objectives are achieved. It includes activities such as progress reporting, performance measurement, variance analysis, and corrective actions.Project closing involves completing all project activities, documenting lessons learned, and transitioning the project deliverables to the stakeholders. It includes activities such as project closure documentation, project review, and project handover.In conclusion, engineering project management is a complex and dynamic process that requires a comprehensive understanding of project management principles and techniques. Effective engineering project management can lead to the successful completion of projects, ensuring that the desired outcomes are achieved within the defined constraints.。

工程项目管理英语术语

工程项目管理英语术语

Engineering project management is a complex and multifaceted field that requires a strong command of specialized terminology. To ensureeffective communication and understanding among project team members, stakeholders, and other parties involved, it is essential to familiarize oneself with the following list of common engineering project management English terms:1. Project Management: The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.2. Project: A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.3. Project Phase: A major division of the project into logical segments for management purposes.4. Project Lifecycle: The stages that a project goes through from start to finish, including initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing.5. Project Plan: A document that describes the scope, objectives, activities, resources, and schedule of a project.6. Project Schedule: A document that outlines the sequence of activities, milestones, and deliverables required to complete a project.7. Scope: The defined boundaries and objectives of a project, including what is included and what is excluded.8. Stakeholder: Any individual, group, or organization that has an interest in, or can affect, the project.9. Risk: An uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project's objectives.10. Risk Management: The process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.11. Quality: The degree to which a project meets specified requirements.12. Quality Management: The process of planning and controlling the quality of the project outputs.13. Scope Creep: The uncontrolled expansion of a project's scope, resulting in additional work and resources.14. Change Control: The process of managing changes to the project scope, schedule, or budget.15. Resource Allocation: The process of assigning resources to project activities to ensure they are used effectively and efficiently.16. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): A hierarchical decomposition of the project scope into smaller, more manageable components.17. Critical Path Method (CPM): A project management technique that identifies the sequence of activities that determine the project duration.18. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): A project management technique that uses probabilistic estimates to determine the duration of project activities.19. Agile Project Management: An iterative and incremental approach to managing projects that focuses on flexibility and adaptability.20. Six Sigma: A set of techniques and tools for process improvementthat aims to reduce process variation and defects.21. Lean Project Management: A methodology that focuses on delivering value to the customer while minimizing waste.22. Project Performance Index: A measure used to evaluate the performance of a project relative to its objectives.23. Project Cost Variance: The difference between the actual and planned project costs.24. Project Schedule Variance: The difference between the actual and planned project schedule.25. Project Closeout: The formal completion of the project, including finalizing documentation, conducting lessons learned, and celebrating success.26. Project Portfolio Management: The management of a group of projects, programs, and operations to maximize their value to the organization.27. Project Procurement Management: The process of obtaining goods and services from outside sources to meet project needs.28. Project Contract Management: The process of managing contracts to ensure that they are executed effectively and efficiently.29. Project Communication Management: The process of planning, collecting, distributing, and managing project information among stakeholders.30. Project Risk Response: The actions taken to address identified risks.31. Project Issue Management: The process of identifying, analyzing, and resolving issues that arise during the project lifecycle.32. Project Team: The group of individuals working together to achieve the project objectives.33. Project Manager: The individual responsible for planning, executing, and controlling the project to ensure that its objectives are met.34. Project Success: The achievement of the project objectives within the agreed-upon constraints of time, budget, and quality.By understanding and utilizing these engineering project management English terms, professionals can enhance their ability to communicate effectively, manage projects efficiently, and achieve successful outcomes.。

工程项目管理中文翻译资料

工程项目管理中文翻译资料

工程工程管理本钱控制,监督和会计本钱控制问题在工程的实行过程中,工程控制的惯例程序和记录的保持已成为工程经理和其余参加者在建筑过程中不行缺乏的工具。

这些工具供应了两个作用,它记录了工程有关的财务来往,同时给工程经理供应工程的进展状况和存在的问题。

工程控制的问题在工程的一个老的定义中老是被总结为“结束估量后全局部模糊有关的活动的齐集〞。

⑴工程控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公正的提示。

在这章中,我们议论与工程过程中资源运用、会计、监控有关的问题。

在此次议论中,我们重申会计信息在工程管理中的作用。

工程账户的解说在工程达成以前往常不是很直接的。

正因为这种账户说明太晚以致于不可以影响工程管理,甚至到了工程结束以后,会计结果可能仍是不清楚的。

所以,为了本钱管理的目的,工程经理需要知道要如何说明会计信息。

但是,在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要议论一些常有的会计系统和合约,只管我们的目的不是供应一个对会计程序的全面检查。

工程控制目标的限制性应当作为要点。

工程控制程序主假如为了辨析实质与工程方案的误差而不是建议可能的方法来节俭本钱。

这个特点是工程控制变得重要的先进阶段的详细反应。

工程本钱的节俭主假如在工程方案和设计时期,在实质建筑阶段,改动可能会推延工程进度并代之花费的无克制增添。

实质上,工程控制的要点是执行原定方案或说明实质与方案的误差,而不是本钱的重要改良和节俭,它不过在建筑方案过程中常常发生改动时的救助行为。

最后,要议论一下与信息的综合化有关的问题。

工程管理的活动和功能事务是密切相连的,只管很多状况下技术不可以促使工程活动的全面或结合的考虑。

比如,工程进度表和本钱账户往常是被分离的,结果工程管理者一定从对于项目的不一样报告和他们自己的察看角度来综合一个全面的看法。

特别是,经理常常被迫推断因改变进度表而带来的花费增添,而不是获取为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。

各样种类信息的沟通和综合化能够供应必定数目的有利作用,固然他在工程控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。

工程项目管理英语词汇

工程项目管理英语词汇

Project management is a complex field that involves a multitude of terms and phrases. To facilitate effective communication and understanding among professionals in this field, here is a comprehensive list of project management English vocabulary, categorized into various sections:I. Basic Project Management Terms1. Project - A temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end, undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.2. Project Management - The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.3. Project Life Cycle - The sequence of phases that a project goes through from start to finish.4. Project Phase - A distinct section of the project life cycle with specific objectives and deliverables.5. Project Phase Exit or Termination Point - The point at which aproject phase is completed and the project moves to the next phase or is terminated.6. Project Management Office (PMO) - A group or department within an organization that oversees the management of the organization's projects.7. Project Portfolio - A collection of projects, programs, and other work that an organization has under way.8. Project Scope - The specific set of deliverables, tasks, andactivities that the project team is required to complete.II. Project Planning and Scheduling1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) - A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team.2. Schedule - A document that lists the activities of the project, their durations, and the sequence in which they are to be performed.3. Critical Path Method (CPM) - A technique used to determine thecritical activities and the critical path of a project.4. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) - A project management technique for scheduling and coordinating tasks.5. Milestone - A significant event or point in a project that indicates that the project has reached a critical stage or is on schedule.6. Resource Allocation - The process of assigning resources to project activities to ensure the project's objectives are met.7. Risk Management - The process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.III. Project Execution and Control1. Change Management - The process of managing changes to the project scope, schedule, or resources.2. Quality Management - The process of ensuring that the project deliverables meet the specified requirements.3. Communication Management - The process of planning, collecting, disseminating, and managing project information.4. Stakeholder Management - The process of engaging with stakeholders to ensure their expectations and concerns are addressed.5. Risk Response - The actions taken to reduce the likelihood or impact of a risk.6. Quality Assurance - The process of monitoring and evaluating project activities to ensure that the project is being executed according to the project management plan.7. Quality Control - The process of monitoring the results of project activities to ensure that the deliverables meet the specified requirements.IV. Project Closure1. Project Closure - The formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables and the conclusion of all project activities.2. Lessons Learned - The knowledge gained from a project that can be applied to future projects.3. Project Handover - The transfer of the completed project deliverables to the client or end-user.4. Post-Project Evaluation - The review of the project's performance and outcomes to identify successes, failures, and areas for improvement.V. Project Management Tools and Techniques1. Gantt Chart - A bar chart that illustrates a project schedule.2. PERT Chart - A network diagram that represents the project activities and their dependencies.3. Risk Register - A document that lists identified risks, their potential impact, and the risk response strategies.4. Quality Assurance Plan - A document that outlines the quality management activities for the project.5. Communication Plan - A document that defines the communication requirements for the project.By familiarizing yourself with these project management English vocabulary terms, you will be better equipped to communicate effectively with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders, and to successfully manage projects in the global marketplace.。

项目管理常用语英中对照表

项目管理常用语英中对照表

项目管理术语英/中对照表英文术语中文翻译定义Accept验收The act of formally receiving oracknowledging something and regardingit as being true, sound, suitable, orcomplete.Acceptance验收See acceptAcceptance Criteria验收标准Those criteria, including performancerequirements and essential conditions,which must be met before projectdeliverables are accepted.Acquire Project Team [Process]组建项目团队The process of obtaining the humanresources needed to complete the project.Activity活动 A component of work performed duringthe course of a project. See also scheduleactivity.Activity Attributes [Output/Input]活动属性Multiple attributes associated with eachschedule activity that can be includedwithin the activity list. Activity attributesinclude activity codes, predecessoractivities, successor activities, logicalrelationships, leads and lags, resourcerequirements, imposed dates, constraints,and assumptions.Activity Code活动编码One or more numerical or text values thatidentify characteristics of the work or insome way categorize the schedule activitythat allows filtering and ordering ofactivities within reports.Activity Definition [Process]活动定义The process of identifying the specificschedule activities that need to beperformed to produce the various projectdeliverables.Activity Description (AD)活动描述 A short phrase or label for each scheduleactivity used in conjunction with anactivity identifier to differentiate thatproject schedule activity from otherschedule activities. The activitydescription normally describes the scopeof work of the schedule activity. Activity Duration活动历时The time in calendar units between thestart and finish of a schedule activity. Seealso actual duration, original duration,and remaining duration.Activity Duration Estimating [Process]活动历时估算The process of estimating the number ofwork periods that will be needed tocomplete individual schedule activities.Activity Identifier活动标识符 A short unique numeric or textidentification assigned to each scheduleactivity to differentiate that projectactivity* from other activities. Typicallyunique within any one project schedulenetwork diagram.Activity List [Output/Input]活动列表 A documented tabulation of scheduleactivities that shows the activitydescription, activity identifier, and asufficiently detailed scope of workdescription so project team membersunderstand what work is to be performed.Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)AOA、双代号法See arrow diagramming method.Activity-on-Node (AON)AON、单代号法See precedence diagramming method.Activity Resource Estimating [Process]活动资源估算The process of estimating the types andquantities of resources required toperform each schedule activity.Activity Sequencing [Process]活动排序The process of identifying anddocumenting dependencies amongschedule activities.Actual Cost (AC)实际成本Total costs actually incurred and recordedin accomplishing work performed duringa given time period for a schedule activityor work breakdown structure component.Actual cost can sometimes be direct laborhours alone, direct costs alone, or all costsincluding indirect costs. Also referred toas the actual cost of work performed(ACWP). See also earned valuemanagement and earned value technique.Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP)已执行工作的实际成本See actual cost (AC).Actual Duration实际历时The time in calendar units between theactual start date of the schedule activityand either the data date of the projectschedule if the schedule activity is inprogress or the actual finish date if theschedule activity is complete.Actual Finish Date (AF)实际完成日期The point in time that work actually endedon a schedule activity.(Note: In some application areas, theschedule activity is considered “finished”whenwork is “substantially complete.”) Actual Start Date (AS)实际开始日期The point in time that work actuallystarted on a schedule activity.Analogous Estimating [Technique]类比估算An estimating technique that uses thevalues of parameters, such as scope, cost,budget, and duration or measures of scalesuch as size, weight, and complexity froma previous, similar activity as the basis forestimating the same parameter or measurefor a future activity. It is frequently usedto estimate a parameter when there is alimited amount of detailed informationabout the project (e.g., in the earlyphases). Analogous estimating is a formof expert judgment. Analogous estimatingis most reliable when the previousactivities are similar in fact and not just inappearance, and the project teammembers preparing the estimates have theneeded expertise.Application Area应用领域 A category of projects that have commoncomponents significant in such projects,but are not needed or present in allprojects. Application areas are usuallydefined in terms of either the product (i.e.,by similar technologies or productionmethods) or the type of customer (i.e.,internal versus external, governmentversus commercial) or industry sector(i.e., utilities, automotive, aerospace,information technologies). Applicationareas can overlap.Apportioned Effort (AE)分配的工作量Effort applied to project work that is notreadily divisible into discrete efforts for thatwork, but which is related in directproportion to measurable discrete workefforts. Contrast with discrete effort. Approval批准See approveApprove批准The act of formally confirming,sanctioning, ratifying, or agreeing to something.Approved Change Request已批准的变更请求A change request that has been processed through the integrated change control process and approved. Contrast with requested change.Arrow箭线The graphic presentation of a scheduleactivity in the arrow diagramming methodor a logical relationship between scheduleactivities in the precedence diagrammingmethod.Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)箭线图 A schedule network diagrammingtechnique in which schedule activities arerepresented by arrows. The tail of thearrow represents the start, and the headrepresents the finish of the scheduleactivity. (The length of the arrow does notrepresent the expected duration of theschedule activity.) Schedule activities areconnected at points called nodes (usuallydrawn as small circles) to illustrate thesequence in which the schedule activitiesare expected to be performed.See also precedence diagrammingmethod.As-of Date截止日期See data dat eAssumptions [Output/Input]假设Assumptions are factors that, for planningpurposes, are considered to be true, real,or certain without proof or demonstration.Assumptions affect all aspects of projectplanning, and are part of the progressiveelaboration of the project. Project teamsfrequently identify, document, andvalidate assumptions as part of theirplanning process. Assumptions generallyinvolve a degree of risk.Assumptions Analysis [Technique]假设分析 A technique that explores the accuracy ofassumptions and identifies risks to theproject from inaccuracy, inconsistency, orincompleteness of assumptions.Authority职权The right to apply project resources*,expend funds, make decisions, or giveapprovalsBackward Pass逆推法The calculation of late finish dates andlate start dates for the uncompleted portions of all schedule activities. Determined by working backwards through the schedule network logic from the project’s end date. The end date may be calculated in a forward pass or set by the customer or sponsor. See also schedule network analysis.Bar Chart [Tool]甘特图(条形图)A graphic display of schedule-related information. In the typical bar chart, schedule activities or work breakdown structure components are listed down the left side of the chart, dates are shown across the top, and activity durations are shown as date-placed horizontal bars. Also called a Gantt chart.Baseline基准(基线)The approved time phased plan (for aproject, a work breakdown structurecomponent, a work package, or a scheduleactivity), plus or minus approved projectscope, cost, schedule, and technicalchanges. Generally refers to the currentbaseline, but may refer to the original orsome other baseline. Usually used with amodifier (e.g., cost baseline, schedulebaseline, performance measurementbaseline, technical baseline). See alsoperformance measurement baseline. Baseline Finish Date基线完成日期The finish date of a schedule activity inthe approved schedule baseline. See alsoscheduled finish date.Baseline Start Date基线开始日期The start date of a schedule activity in theapproved schedule baseline. See alsoscheduled start date.Bill of Materials (BOM)材料单 A documented formal hierarchicaltabulation of the physical assemblies,subassemblies, and components needed tofabricate a product.Bottom-up Estimating [Technique]自底向上估算 A method of estimating a component ofwork. The work is decomposed into moredetail. An estimate is prepared of what isneeded to meet the requirements of eachof the lower, more detailed pieces ofwork, and these estimates are thenaggregated into a total quantity for the component of work. The accuracy of bottom-up estimating is driven by the size and complexity of the work identified at the lower levels. Generally smaller work scopes increase the accuracy of the estimates.Brainstorming [Technique]头脑风暴 A general data gathering and creativitytechnique that can be used to identifyrisks, ideas, or solutions to issues by usinga group of team members orsubject-matter experts. Typically, abrainstorming session is structured so thateach participant’s ideas are recorded forlater analysis.Budget预算The approved estimate for the project orany work breakdown structure componentor any schedule activity. See alsoestimate.Budget at Completion (BAC)完工预算The sum of all the budget valuesestablished for the work to be performedon a project or a work breakdownstructure component or a scheduleactivity. The total planned value for theproject.Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP)已执行工作的预算成本See earned value (EV).Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS)计划工作的预算成本See planned value (PV).Buffer缓冲See reserve.Buyer买方The acquirer of products, services, orresults for an organization.Calendar Unit日历单位The smallest unit of time used inscheduling the project. Calendar units aregenerally in hours, days, or weeks, butcan also be in quarter years, months,shifts, or even in minutes.Change Control变更控制Identifying, documenting, approving orrejecting, and controlling changes to theproject baselines*.Change Control Board (CCB)变更控制委员会A formally constituted group ofstakeholders responsible for reviewing,evaluating, approving, delaying, orrejecting changes to the project, with alldecisions and recommendations being recorded.Change Control System [Tool]变更控制系统 A collection of formal documentedprocedures that define how projectdeliverables and documentation will becontrolled, changed, and approved. Inmost application areas the change controlsystem is a subset of the configurationmanagement system.Change Request变更请求Requests to expand or reduce the projectscope, modify policies, processes, plans,or procedures, modify costs or budgets, orrevise schedules. Requests for a changecan be direct or indirect, externally orinternally initiated, and legally orcontractually mandated or optional. Onlyformally documented requested changesare processed and only approved changerequests are implemented.Chart of Accounts [Tool]账目图表Any numbering system used to monitorproject costs* by category (e.g., labor,supplies, materials, and equipment). Theproject chart of accounts is usually basedupon the corporate chart of accounts ofthe primary performing organization.Contrast with code of accounts.Charter章程(宪章)See project charter.Checklist [Output/Input]检查单Items listed together for convenience ofcomparison, or to ensure the actionsassociated with them are managedappropriately and not forgotten. Anexample is a list of items to be inspectedthat is created during quality planning andapplied during quality control.Claim索偿、索赔 A request, demand, or assertion of rightsby a seller against a buyer, or vice versa,for consideration, compensation, orpayment under the terms of a legallybinding contract, such as for a disputedchange.Close Project [Process]结束项目The process of finalizing all activitiesacross all of the project process groups toformally close the project or phase. Closing Processes收尾过程Those processes performed to formally[Process Group]terminate all activities of a project orphase, and transfer the completed productto others or close a cancelled project. Code of Accounts [Tool]账目编码Any numbering system used to uniquelyidentify each component of the workbreakdown structure. Contrast with chartof accounts.Co-location [Technique]同地办公An organizational placement strategywhere the project team members arephysically located close to one another inorder to improve communication, workingrelationships, and productivity. Common Cause共同原因 A source of variation that is inherent inthe system and predictable. On a controlchart, it appears as part of the randomprocess variation (i.e., variation from aprocess that would be considered normalor not unusual), and is indicated by arandom pattern of points within thecontrol limits. Also referred to as randomcause. Contrast with special cause. Communication沟通 A process through which information isexchanged among persons using acommon system of symbols, signs, orbehaviors.Communication Management Plan [Output/Input]沟通管理计划The document that describes: thecommunications needs and expectationsfor the project; how and in what formatinformation will be communicated; whenand where each communication will bemade; and who is responsible forproviding each type of communication. Acommunication management plan can beformal or informal, highly detailed orbroadly framed, based on therequirements of the project stakeholders.The communication management plan iscontained in, or is a subsidiary plan of, theproject management plan.Communications Planning [Process]编制沟通管理计划The process of determining theinformation and communications needs ofthe project stakeholders: who they are,what is their level of interest andinfluence on the project, who needs whatinformation, when will they need it, andhow it will be given to them. Compensation补偿Something given or received, a paymentor recompense, usually somethingmonetary or in kind for products,services, or results provided or received. Component部(组)件 A constituent part, element, or piece of acomplex whole.Configuration Management System [Tool]配置管理系统 A subsystem of the overall projectmanagement system. It is a collection offormal documented procedures used toapply technical and administrativedirection and surveillance to: identify anddocument the functional and physicalcharacteristics of a product, result,service, or component; control anychanges to such characteristics; recordand report each change and itsimplementation status; and support theaudit of the products, results, orcomponents to verify conformance torequirements. It includes thedocumentation, tracking systems, anddefined approval levels necessary forauthorizing and controlling changes. Inmost application areas, the configurationmanagement system includes the changecontrol system.Constraint [Input]约束(条件)The state, quality, or sense of beingrestricted to a given course of action orinaction. An applicable restriction orlimitation, either internal or external to theproject, that will affect the performance ofthe project or a process. For example, aschedule constraint is any limitation orrestraint placed on the project schedulethat affects when a s chedule activity canbe scheduled and is usually in the form offixed imposed dates. A cost constraint isany limitation or restraint placed on theproject budget such as funds availableover time. A project resource constraint isany limitation or restraint placed onresource usage, such as what resourceskills or disciplines are available and theamount of a given resource availableduring a specified time frame. Contingency意外、应急情况See reserve.Contingency Allowance应急余量See reserve.Contingency Reserve [Output/Input]应急储备The amount of funds, budget, or timeneeded above the estimate to reduce therisk of overruns of project objectives to alevel acceptable to the organization.Contract [Output/Input]合同 A contract is a mutually bindingagreement that obligates the seller toprovide the specified product or service orresult and obligates the buyer to pay for it.Contract Administration [Process]合同管理The process of managing the contract andthe relationship between the buyer andseller, reviewing and documenting how aseller is performing or has performed toestablish required corrective actions andprovide a basis for future relationshipswith the seller, managing contract relatedchanges and, when appropriate, managingthe contractual relationship with theoutside buyer of the project.Contract Closure [Process]合同终止/收尾The process of completing and settling thecontract, including resolution of any openitems and closing each contract.Contract Management Plan [Output/Input]合同管理计划The document that describes how aspecific contract will be administered andcan include items such as requireddocumentation delivery and performancerequirements. A contract managementplan can be formal or informal, highlydetailed or broadly framed, based on therequirements in the contract. Eachcontract management plan is a subsidiaryplan of the project management plan.Contract Statement of Work (SOW) [Output/Input]合同工作说明书A narrative description of products,services, or results to be supplied undercontract.Contract Work Breakdown Structure (CWBS) [Output/Input]合同工作分解结构A portion of the work breakdownstructure for the project developed andmaintained by a seller contracting toprovide a subproject or projectcomponent.Control [Technique]控制Comparing actual performance withplanned performance, analyzingvariances, assessing trends to effectprocess improvements, evaluatingpossible alternatives, and recommendingappropriate corrective action as needed.Control Account (CA) [Tool]控制帐目 A management control point where theintegration of scope, budget, actual cost,and schedule takes place, and where themeasurement of performance will occur.Control accounts are placed at selectedmanagement points (specific componentsat selected levels) of the work breakdownstructure. Each control account mayinclude one or more work packages, buteach work package may be associatedwith only one control account. Eachcontrol account is associated with aspecific single organizational componentin the organizational breakdown structure(OBS). Previously called a Cost Account.See also work package.Control Account Plan (CAP) [Tool]控制账目计划 A plan for all the work and effort to beperformed in a control account. Each CAPhas a definitive statement of work,schedule, and time-phased budget.Previously called a Cost Account Plan.Control Chart [Tool]控制图 A graphic display of process data overtime and against established controllimits, and that has a centerline that assistsin detecting a trend of plotted valuestoward either control limit.Control Limits控制范围The area composed of three standarddeviations on either side of the centerline,or mean, of a normal distribution of dataplotted on a control chart that reflects theexpected variation in the data. See alsospecification limits.Controlling控制See control.Corrective Action纠正措施Documented direction for executing theproject work to bring expected futureperformance of the project work in linewith the project management plan.Cost成本The monetary value or price of a projectactivity* or component that includes themonetary worth of the resources requiredto perform and complete the activity orcomponent, or to produce the component.A specific cost can be composed of acombination of cost componentsincluding direct labor hours, other directcosts, indirect labor hours, other indirectcosts, and purchased price. (However, inthe earned value managementmethodology, in some instances, the termcost can represent only labor hourswithout conversion to monetary worth.)See also actual cost and estimate.Cost Baseline成本基线See baseline.Cost Budgeting [Process]成本预算The process of aggregating the estimatedcosts of individual activities or workpackages to establish a cost baseline. Cost Control [Process]成本控制The process of influencing the factors thatcreate variances, and controlling changesto the project budget.Cost Estimating [Process]成本估算The process of developing anapproximation of the cost of the resourcesneeded to complete project activities*.Cost Management Plan [Output/Input]成本管理计划The document that sets out the format andestablishes the activities and criteria forplanning, structuring, and controlling theproject costs. A cost management plancan be formal or informal, highly detailedor broadly framed, based on therequirements of the project stakeholders.The cost management plan is containedin, or is a subsidiary plan, of the projectmanagement plan.Cost of Quality (COQ) [Technique]质量成本Determining the costs incurred to ensurequality. Prevention and appraisal costs(cost of conformance) include costs forquality planning, quality control (QC),and quality assurance to ensurecompliance to requirements (i.e., training,QC systems, etc.). Failure costs (cost ofnon-conformance) include costs to reworkproducts, components, or processes thatare non-compliant, costs of warranty work and waste, and loss of reputation.Cost Performance Index (CPI)成本绩效系数 A measure of cost efficiency on a project. Itis the ratio of earned valu e (EV) to actualcosts (AC). CPI = EV divided by AC. Avalue equal to or greater than one indicatesa favorable condition and a value less thanone indicates an unfavorable condition.Cost-Plus-Fee (CPF)成本加附加费 A type of cost reimbursable contract wherethe buyer reimburses the seller for seller’sallowable costs for performing the contractwork and seller also receives a feecalculated as an agreed upon percentage ofthe costs. The fee varies with the actualcost.Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF) Contract 成本加固定附加费合同A type of cost-reimbursable contractwhere the buyer reimburses the seller forthe seller’s allowable costs (allowablecosts are defined by the contract) plus afixed amount of profit (fee).Cost-Plus-Incentive-Fee (CPIF) Contract 成本加奖励合同A type of cost-reimbursable contractwhere the buyer reimburses the seller forthe seller’s allowable costs (allowablecosts are defined by the contract), and theseller earns its profit if it meets definedperformance criteria.Cost-Plus-Percentage of Cost (CPPC)成本加成本比率合同See cost-plus-fee.Cost-Reimbursable Contract 成本偿还合同 A type of contract involving payment(reimbursement) by the buyer to the sellerfor the seller’s actual costs, plus a feetypically representing seller’s profit. Costsare usually classified as direct costs orindirect costs. Direct costs are costsincurred for the exclusive benefit of theproject, such as salaries of full-timeproject staff. Indirect costs, also calledoverhead and general and administrativecost, are costs allocated to the project bythe performing organization as a cost ofdoing business, such as salaries ofmanagement indirectly involved in theproject, and cost of electric utilities for theoffice. Indirect costs are usuallycalculated as a percentage of direct costs.Cost-reimbursable contracts often includeincentive clauses where, if the sellermeets or exceeds selected projectobjectives, such as schedule targets ortotal cost, then the seller receives from thebuyer an incentive or bonus payment. Cost Variance (CV)成本偏差 A measure of cost performance on aproject. It is the algebraic differencebetween earned value (EV) and actualcost (AC). CV = EV minus AC. Apositive value indicates a favorablecondition and a negative value indicatesan unfavorable condition.Crashing [Technique]压缩、赶工 A specific type of project schedulecompression technique performed bytaking action to decrease the total projectschedule duration* after analyzing anumber of alternatives to determine howto get the maximum schedule durationcompression for the least additional cost.Typical approaches for crashing aschedule include reducing scheduleactivity durations and increasing theassignment of resources on scheduleactivities. See schedule compression andsee also fast tracking.Create WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) [Process]创建工作分解结构The process of subdividing the majorproject deliverables and project work intosmaller, more manageable components.Criteria准则(标准)Standards, rules, or tests on which ajudgment or decision can be based, or bywhich a product, service, result, orprocess can be evaluated.Critical Activity关键活动Any schedule activity on a critical path ina project schedule. Most commonlydetermined by using the critical pathmethod. Although some activities are“critical,” in the dictionary sense, withoutbeing on the critical path, this meaning isseldom used in the project context.Critical Chain Method [Technique]关键链法 A schedule network analysis technique*that modifies the project schedule toaccount for limited resources. The criticalchain method mixes deterministic and probabilistic approaches to schedule network analysis.Critical Path [Output/Input]关键路径Generally, but not always, the sequence ofschedule activities that determines theduration of the project. Generally, it is thelongest path through the project.However, a critical path can end, as anexample, on a schedule milestone that isin the middle of the project schedule andthat has a finish-no-later-than imposeddate schedule constraint. See also criticalpath method.Critical Path Method (CPM) [Technique]关键路径法 A schedule network analysis technique*used to determine the amount ofscheduling flexibility (the amount offloat) on various logical network paths inthe project schedule network, and todetermine the minimum total projectduration. Early start and finish dates* arecalculated by means of a forward pass,using a specified start date. Late start andfinish dates* are calculated by means of abackward pass, starting from a specifiedcompletion date, which sometimes is theproject early finish date determinedduring the forward pass calculation.Current Finish Date当前结束日期The current estimate of the point in timewhen a schedule activity will becompleted, where the estimate reflectsany reported work progress. See alsoscheduled finish date and baseline finishdate.Current Start Date当前开始日期The current estimate of the point in timewhen a schedule activity will begin, wherethe estimate reflects any reported workprogress. See also scheduled start dateand baseline start date.Customer顾客、客户The person or organization that will usethe project’s product or service or result.(See also user).Data Date (DD)数据日期The date up to or through which theproject’s reporting system has providedactual status and accomplishments. In。

工程管理专业英语相关翻译

工程管理专业英语相关翻译

1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段:Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段,以便有效地进行管理控制,并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。

这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。

许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。

2段:For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看,建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。

Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲,一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。

in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段,很多不同的方案都可能被考虑,同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较,以选出最优方案。

工程管理专业英语第五章翻译

工程管理专业英语第五章翻译

Chapter 5Bidding and Tendering of Construction Projects建设项目投标和招标5.1 Bidding Procedure of Construction Projects建设项目投标过程第一段:第一句:The implementing agencies of borrowing countries can use a variety of procurement methods on World Bank-financed projects〔世界银行资助项目〕.借款国的执行机构可以使用世界银行资助项目的各种采购方法。

第二句:The method selected depends on a number of factors including [〔the type of goods or services being procured〕, 〔the value of the goods or services being procured〕, 〔the potential interest of foreign bidders〕and 〔even the cost of the procurement process itself〕].选择的方法取决于多项因素,包括所采购的商品或服务的类型;采购的商品或服务的价值;外国投标者的潜在利益;甚至采购过程本身的成本。

第三句:The overall objective of the guidelines〔指南〕how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible 〔尽可能经济〕.指南中如何选择采购方式的总体目标是让借款国在尽可能经济的条件下购买优质的产品和服务。

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工程项目管理12 成本控制,监视和会计12.1 成本控制问题在项目的实施过程中,项目控制的常规程序和记录的保持已成为项目经理和其他参加者在建筑过程中不可缺少的工具。

这些工具提供了两个作用,它记录了项目相关的财务往来,同时给项目经理提供项目的进展情况和存在的问题。

项目控制的问题在项目的一个老的定义中总是被总结为“结束预算后大部分模糊相关的活动的汇集”。

⑴项目控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公平的提示。

在这章中,我们讨论与项目过程中资源运用、会计、监控相关的问题。

在这次讨论中,我们强调会计信息在项目管理中的作用。

项目账户的解释在项目完成之前通常不是很直接的。

正因为这种账户说明太晚以至于不能影响项目管理,甚至到了项目结束之后,会计结果可能还是不清晰的。

因此,为了成本管理的目的,项目经理需要知道要怎样说明会计信息。

然而,在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要讨论一些常见的会计体系和条约,尽管我们的目的不是提供一个对会计程序的全面调查。

项目控制目标的局限性应该作为重点。

项目控制程序主要是为了辨析实际与项目计划的偏差而不是建议可能的办法来节省成本。

这个特征是项目控制变得重要的先进阶段的具体反映。

项目成本的节省主要是在项目计划和设计期间,在实际建筑阶段,变动可能会推迟项目进度并代之费用的无节制增加。

实际上,项目控制的重点是履行原定计划或说明实际与计划的偏差,而不是成本的重大改善和节省,它只是在建筑计划过程中经常发生变动时的援助行为。

最后,要讨论一下与信息的综合化相关的问题。

项目管理的活动和功能事务是紧密相连的,尽管许多情况下技术不能促进项目活动的全面或联合的考虑。

例如,项目进度表和成本账户通常是被分离的,结果项目管理者必须从关于项目的不同报告和他们自己的观察角度来综合一个全面的观点。

特别是,经理常常被迫推测因改变进度表而带来的费用增加,而不是获得为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。

各种类型信息的交流和综合化可以提供一定数量的有益作用,虽然他在项目控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。

12.2 项目预算为了项目的成本控制,建筑计划的伴生的现金流动估计可以为税后的项目监控提供参考依据。

为了进度表,可以将各个单独活动的进展和完成重点工程所获得的成就与工程进度相比,以监控项目的进展程度。

合同和施工规范为估计和保证建筑所必须的质量提供标准。

最终或详细的成本估计为项目期间财政表现的评估提供参考依据。

在将费用列为详细成本估计的基础上,可以认为项目是在财政控制下的。

特定类别成本的超支提示了可能存在的问题并且对可能遇到的问题提出确切的提示。

建筑计划和控制所发生的费用重点在于最终成本估计所包括的类别,这个焦点对一些少量活动或大量重复活动如铺车行道这类工程最为适宜。

为了控制或监测的目的,原始的详细成本估计被特地转换成方案预算,并且在随后被作为管理的指南。

详细成本估算中的具体项目成为工作成本因素。

项目过程中酸发生的费用被分类别记录在具体成本账户以便于于是成本比较。

因此,单独的成本账户一般代表成本控制的基本单元。

不可避免地,成本账户也许被分开也许被划入那些与特殊预定活动和特殊成本账户相关的工作元素中。

除了成本数额之外,关于每个工作账户上的材料数量和劳力投入也会被特别保留在方案预算中。

通过这个信息可以将实际材料使用率和劳力与预期要求相比较。

结果,可以分析出特殊项目上的费用超支或节约的原因,或许是单价的变化,或许是劳动生产率变化或材料消耗的变化。

于特殊工程相关的成本账户可能发生较的变化。

对于建设者,可能有大约400个不同成本账户同时使用在一个项目中。

⑵这些账户记录所有与项目有关的交易。

因此,专账也许为材料、设备用途、工资单、项目办公室等等不同的类型存在。

代表了物质和非物质的资源,包括上面项目中例如计算机使用或利息支出。

在开发或实施成本账户系统中,适当的编号或编码系统是促进信息交流的根本,同时是成本信息的适当聚合。

特殊的成本账户用来表明与具体工程项目相关的开支,同时也表明在组织过程中一些特殊项目的开支。

这些事在同样信息上的不同观点的例子,也就是为了不同的具体目的以不同的方式来概述相同的信息。

因此,多个成本信息的聚合或应用程序可以使用相同的特殊账户。

为了工程成本账户或为了经济往来,必须提供能把成本账户和具体项目类别分开的标志符。

结果,一套标准费用代码例如在第9章所描述的MASTERFORMAT 代码,可以作为辨认成本账户与项目的标志符,同时用来表明组织或工作的具体需要。

将一个最终成本估计转换成一个与开办费账户兼容的方案预算一向不是直接的任务。

如在第5章中描述,成本估计一般被分开列入适当功能或资源基础项目类别。

例如,劳力和材料数量可能被包括为项目的不同物理成分。

为了项目管理的目的,劳力和材料数量被分开,不管使用他们的是怎样的物质组分。

例如,特殊类型的工作者或材料被众多不同的物质组分所使用。

而且,组织内部成本账户的建立也许具有一点与最终成本估计包括的数量相似的地方。

当要准备一个与外在报告要求相一致的最终成本估计而不是由组织中存在的成本账户生成成本估算时,这是特别真实的。

根据成本账户形成方案预算的过程中存在一个特殊问题即是意外情况数额的处理。

这些金额包含在项目成本估计中,容纳未预见的时间和费用。

然而,在项目完成之前,意外情况费用的来源是不可知的。

现实的,当意外情况数额类入到最终成本估计中时,应该建立一个预算会计项目即意外情况基金。

在形成方案预算过程中的第二个问题是通货膨胀的解决处理。

一般情况下,最终成本估计以真正的货币形成,并且以项目的通货膨胀增加作为百分比或总金额。

这个通货膨胀基金随后将被分配到各个费用项目,这些费用是项目期间实际期望的通货膨胀所招致的费用。

13 质量控制及施工安全13.1 工程质量和安全问题对项目经理而言,质量控制和安全问题越来越重要。

建筑设施的故障或损坏可能导致大量成本的产生,即使是小毛病,也可能要求再建设和设备的重新维修,结果是增加成本和拖延工期。

在最坏的情况下,可能造成人身伤害或倒闭。

在施工过程中发生意外,可能造成人身伤害和大量费用支出。

间接损失保险、检查和管理费用迅速增加是由于这些直接费用的增加。

好的项目经理会尽量确保在第一时间完成工作同时没有事故发生。

对成本控制而言,其中最重要的一项决定即关于已竣工工程的质量控制是在建制和设计阶段,而不是在建设阶段。

正是在初步阶段,确定部分配置、材料规格和性能。

施工过程中的质量控制主要包括保证原始设计和规划决策的完成。

质量管理的主要焦点是依据现有设计决定。

但有例外情况,首先,不可预知的情况。

业主制定正确决策或变更设施功能都要求重新评估建筑施工期间的决定。

而这些改变可能出于对质量的关注,它们代表再设计所伴随的原则和限制。

第二种情况是,根据通知或在建设过程中的特有决定所做出的决策。

例如,一些挖掘隧道的方法就是根据在隧道观测过程中发现的不同地方的土壤条件做出不同决策。

这样的决策是基于更好地了解现场的实际情况,这种工程设计可能更具有成本经济效益了。

任何特殊情况要重新设计施工,都需要考虑第3章中所讨论的各种影响因素。

要在施工过程中注意遵守保证质量的措施,对质量要求的规范在设计和合同文件中变得极为重要。

质量要求必须明确、可行,这样才能使工程的各方参与者能了解这个要求。

本章大部分讨论质量不同要求对发展和建设的影响,以及保证质量符合的相关问题。

建筑工程安全问题很大部分也受到计划和设计阶段决策的影响。

一些设计或施工计划本身执行困难且危险,而其他类似计划会大大降低发生事故的可能性。

例如,明确分工可以大大降低意外碰撞的可能性。

这些设计决定后,主要取决于安全教育。

在施工过程中要合作和警惕,工人要不断警惕发生事故的可能,避免不必要的风险。

13.2 质量和安全组织施工过程中的质量和安全控制可以有很多不同的组织方法。

一个常用模式是一组负责质量保证,一组负责安全保证。

大型组织部门有专门的质量保证和安全保证,可能会指定负责人对特殊项目的特定功能负责。

像小型项目,项目经理可承担这些和其他责任。

这两种情况下,保证工程质量和安全问题的项目负责人,要全面负责该项目所涉及到的人事、成本、时间等管理问题。

检查和质量保证人员将代表不同参与项目组织。

每一方直接涉及项目可能有自己的质量和安全检查任务,包括业主、工程师/建筑师、承建商、各行. 这些人员可从专业承包商的质量保证机构而来。

除了现场检查、样品材料一般是由专门的实验室检验,确保遵守。

督察确保遵守监管要求也将降低。

常见的例子是督察地方政府的建设部门、环保机构、职业安全和卫生机构。

而众多的参与者在施工过程中需要检查人员的服务,不能太过强调。

检查只是一个正式的质量控制检查。

质量管理的主要目标应该是对所有项目小组成员。

管理者应当负责维护管理,提高质量控制。

员工参与质量管理,应设法奖励,包括引进新观念。

最重要的是提高质量能够作为促进生产力的提高的一种催化剂。

通过提出新的工作方法,避免返工,以避免长期的问题,良好的质量控制能为自己付出。

业主要提倡良好的质量控制并选择保持了这种水平的承包商。

除了各种组织机构从事质量管理、质量控制问题已引起各方面的建设参与者的职责活动。

例如,保证准确、有用的信息是维持质量高水准的一个重要组成部分。

其他方面的质量控制包括控制文件(包括在施工过程中修改)、采购、实地检测,最后的测试设备。

13.4 总质量管理建筑质量控制通常包括保证顺从原料和工艺的细小标准从而为了符合根据设计的设施的外表。

这些极小的标准包含在前面的部分描述的规格。

为保证顺从的目的,常用随意抽样和统计方法,作为标准来接受或拒绝工作的完成和批材料。

批的拒绝根据不符合或侵害相关的设计规格。

这质量管理实践的规程在以下部分被描述。

在这些传统质量控制实践中一个含蓄假定合格质量标准是概念的,即哪是缺损物品的一个允许的分数。

如果估计的瑕疵百分比在合格质量标准之内,从供应商得到的材料或由组织进行的工作被检查并且通过作为可接受。

材料或物品问题在产品的交付以后被改正。

与这种传统方法控制相对的是目标总质量管理. 在这个系统,在建筑过程中任何地方都不允许缺损物品。

当无次品目标永久地不可能得到时,它提供一个目标,使组织从未满意对它的质量控制计划,即使瑕疵大数额年复一年减少。

质量管理的这种概念和方法首先在日本和欧洲的制造公司中被开发了,但有传播进许多建筑公司。

最享誉的质量改进的正式证明是国际组织为标准化的ISO 9000标准。

ISO 9000强调好证据、质量目标和计划、实施和回顾的一系列的周期。

总质量管理是承诺到用组织的所有部分表达的质量并包含许多元素。

安全和有效的建筑规程的设计评论是一个主要元素。

其他元素包括大量的人力资源训练,对查出的责任从质量管理审查员转移到工作者,以及连续地维护设备。

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