Knowledge and Virtue
赞美老师的句子英文版
赞美老师的句子英文版节给老师一个赞美，让师生关系变得更加融洽，我们要怀着的心去对待老师!下面是小编为大家带来的关于“赞美老师的句子英文版”，欢迎借鉴!赞美老师的句子英文版一The limits of your language are the limits of your world语言的边界就是你世界的边界。
你的语言能走多远，你的世界就有多宽广。
Good teachers are costly, but bad teachers cost more好老师很贵，但坏老师更贵。
(好老师可能薪水比较贵，但是坏老师造成的坏影响却是难以弥补的。
)A teacher touches lives forever老师影响学生的一生。
Teachers are the architects of successful societies老师是社会的建筑师。
The best teachers teach from the heart, not from the book最优秀的老师是从心里教书，而不是照本宣科。
It's easy to make money It's a lot tougher to make a difference Teachers make a difference!赚钱很容易。
但改变很难。
老师改变人生。
The task of the excellent teacher is to stimulate "apparently ordinary" people to unusual effort The tough problem is not in identifying winners: it is in ma-ki-ng winners out of ordinary people优秀老师的职责是激发“看起来普通的”学生，让他们付出超常的努力。
难的不是找出成功者，而是把普通学生激励成成功者!The mediocre teacher tells The good teacher explains The superior teacher demonstrates The great teacher inspires 普通老师只讲述事实，好老师解释事实，优秀的老师展示事实，伟大的老师激发学生去思考。
对于知识是唯一财富的理解高级英语作文
对于知识是唯一财富的理解高级英语作文Knowledge is the only true wealthIn today's fast-paced and ever-changing world, many people are striving to accumulate material wealth through various means such as business ventures, investments, and inheritance. However, it is important to remember that knowledge is the only true wealth that cannot be taken away or lost. In this essay, we will discuss why knowledge is the most valuable asset one can possess and how it can lead to success and fulfillment in life.First and foremost, knowledge is a powerful tool that can open doors to new opportunities and possibilities. With knowledge, one can acquire new skills, enhance their abilities, and stay ahead of the competition. In a world where technology is constantly evolving, those who possess valuable knowledge are better equipped to adapt to changes and thrive in their careers.Furthermore, knowledge is the key to unlocking one's full potential and achieving personal growth. By constantly learning and expanding their horizons, individuals can broaden their perspectives, deepen their understanding of the world, and cultivate a sense of curiosity and creativity. This not only enrichestheir lives but also enables them to make a positive impact on society.Moreover, knowledge is a form of empowerment that can help individuals overcome obstacles and challenges in life. When faced with adversity, those who are knowledgeable andwell-informed are better equipped to make informed decisions, solve problems, and navigate complex situations with confidence and ease. In this way, knowledge can serve as a shield against ignorance and uncertainty.In addition, knowledge is a timeless and universal currency that transcends borders, cultures, and social barriers. Unlike material possessions that can be lost or stolen, knowledge is a valuable asset that cannot be taken away from its possessor. It is something that can be shared, passed down from generation to generation, and used to inspire and educate others.In conclusion, knowledge is the only true wealth that can enrich our lives, empower us to achieve our goals, and enable us to make a lasting impact on the world. By investing in our education, continuously seeking new opportunities for learning, and sharing our knowledge with others, we can truly realize the transformative power of knowledge. Ultimately, knowledge isnot just a means to an end but a lifelong journey of discovery, growth, and fulfillment.。
慧根培育美德的英语作文
Wisdom is the foundation upon which virtues are cultivated.It is the ability to discern right from wrong,to understand the essence of life,and to navigate the complexities of the world.In the pursuit of wisdom,one inevitably encounters the development of virtues,which are the moral qualities that define our character and guide our actions.Firstly,wisdom fosters humility.As we gain knowledge and understanding,we become aware of the vastness of the unknown and the limitations of our own comprehension. This realization humbles us,making us more open to learning from others and acknowledging our own fallibility.Secondly,wisdom cultivates empathy.With a deeper understanding of the world and the diverse experiences of others,we become more attuned to the emotions and struggles of those around us.This empathy drives us to act with kindness and compassion,to consider the impact of our actions on others,and to strive for social harmony.Thirdly,wisdom nurtures integrity.As we develop a clear sense of right and wrong,we are better equipped to make ethical decisions and to stand by our principles,even in the face of adversity.Integrity is the bedrock of trust and respect,and it is essential for building strong relationships and contributing positively to society.Moreover,wisdom encourages selfdiscipline.With a greater understanding of the consequences of our actions,we learn to exercise restraint and to prioritize longterm goals over immediate gratification.Selfdiscipline is crucial for personal growth,as it enables us to persevere through challenges and to develop healthy habits.Furthermore,wisdom inspires courage.As we gain insight into the nature of reality,we become more willing to confront our fears and to stand up for our beliefs.Courage is the driving force behind change and progress,and it is essential for challenging injustice and advocating for what is right.Lastly,wisdom promotes gratitude.As we recognize the interconnectedness of all things and the contributions of others to our wellbeing,we become more appreciative of the blessings in our lives.Gratitude fosters contentment and happiness,and it encourages us to give back to our communities and to cherish the relationships we hold dear.In conclusion,wisdom is the key to cultivating virtues.It is through the pursuit of wisdom that we develop the moral qualities that enrich our lives and contribute to the betterment of society.By embracing wisdom,we can become more compassionate,ethical,and fulfilled individuals,capable of making a positive impact on the world around us.。
Knowledge-and-Wisdom原文及翻译
Knowledge and Wisdom1. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define "wisdom" and consider means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it.2. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybody's mind at the present time: You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hand of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision in not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.3. Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions: Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year A. D. 400 down to his own time, Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not onlyintellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I am calling wisdom.4. It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to search for the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was, their lives were wasted. To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr. A and Mr. B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you go to Mr. A and say, "Why do you hate Mr. B?" he will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr. B's vices, partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr. B. he will give you an exactly similar list of Mr. A's vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr. A and say, "You will be surprised to learn that Mr. B says the same things about you as you say about him," and you go to Mr. B and make a similar speech. The first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the other's injustice. But, perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness and their enmity is harmful to both. If you do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.5. I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger and discomfort, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually, with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is, of course, a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality: on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space; and, on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom.6. Can wisdom in this sense be taught? And, if it can, should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education? I should answer both these questions in the affirmative. We are told on Sundays that we should love our neighbour as ourselves. On the other six days of the week, we are exhorted to hate him. You may say that this is nonsense, since it is not our neighbour whom we are exhorted to hate. But you will remember that the precept was exemplified by saying that the Samaritan was our neighbour. We no longer have any wish to hate Samaritans and so we are apt to miss the point of the parable. If you want to get its point, you should substitute "communist" or "anticommunist", as the case may be, for "Samaritan." It might be objected that it is right to hate those who do harm. I do not think so. If you hate them, it is only too likely that you will become equally harmful; and it is very unlikely you will induce them to abandon their evil ways. Hatred of evil is itself a kind of bondage to evil. The way out is through understanding, not through hate. I am not advocating non-resistance. But I am saying that resistance, if it is to be effective in preventing the spread of evil, should be combined with the greatest degree of understanding and the smallest degree of force that is compatible with the survival of the good things that we wish to preserve.7. It is commonly urged that a point of view such as I have been advocating is incompatible with vigour in action. I do not think history bears out this view. Queen Elizabeth I in England and Henry IV in France lived in a world where almost everybody was fanatical, either on the Protestant or on the Catholic side. Both remained free from the errors of their time and both, by remaining free, were beneficent and certainly not ineffective. Abraham Lincoln conducted a great war without ever departing from what I have been calling wisdom.8. I have said that in some degree wisdom can be taught. I think that this teaching should have a larger intellectual element than has been customary in what has been thought of as moral instruction. The disastrous results of hatred and narrow-mindedness to those who fee them can be pointed out incidentally in the course of giving knowledge. I do not think that knowledge and morals ought to be too much separated. It is true that the kind of specialized knowledge which is required for various kinds of skill has little to do with wisdom. But it should be supplemented in education by wider surveys calculated to put it in its place in thetotal of human activities. Even the best technicians should also be good citizens; and when I say "citizens", I mean citizens of the world and not of this or that sect or nation. With every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. The world needs wisdom as it has never needed it before; and if knowledge continues to increase, the world will need wisdom in the future even more than it does now.知识与智慧1、我们的时代在知识方面远远超过过去所有时代，在智慧方面却没有得到相应的增加，这是大多数人都会同意的看法。
学问见识才能三者关系英语作文
学问见识才能三者关系英语作文Knowledge, Wisdom, and Competence: An Interplay of Intellectual Virtues.In the pursuit of intellectual enlightenment, three indispensable virtues emerge as the cornerstones of our cognitive development: knowledge, wisdom, and competence. While often perceived as distinct entities, these virtues are intricately intertwined, forming a synergistic matrix that empowers us to comprehend, navigate, and shape the world around us.Knowledge: The Foundation of Understanding.Knowledge, in its most basic sense, refers to the acquisition and accumulation of information. It encompasses facts, theories, principles, and concepts drawn from diverse disciplines and experiences. Knowledge expands our horizons, enabling us to understand the complexities of our surroundings and the interconnectedness of all things. Itserves as the raw material upon which our intellectual endeavors are built.However, mere possession of knowledge does not equate to intellectual depth or maturity. Knowledge must be critically analyzed, synthesized, and applied to be truly transformative. This is where wisdom comes into play.Wisdom: The Guiding Light of Judgment.Wisdom, a higher-order cognitive faculty, is theability to discern the significance of knowledge and apply it to real-world situations. It involves the capacity to make sound judgments, to recognize patterns, to anticipate consequences, and to balance competing perspectives. Wisdom is not merely theoretical but practical, guiding our actions and decisions in a manner that promotes both individual well-being and the greater good.While knowledge provides the building blocks of intellectual inquiry, wisdom furnishes us with the compass to navigate the complexities of life. It allows us todistinguish between superficial and profound knowledge, to prioritize our values, and to make informed choices that resonate with our deepest principles.Competence: The Embodiment of Expertise.Competence, the third pillar of intellectual development, manifests as the ability to effectively apply knowledge and wisdom in specific domains. It involves the mastery of skills, techniques, and methodologies that enable us to perform tasks with proficiency and efficiency. Competent individuals possess the necessary cognitive, technical, and interpersonal abilities to excel in their chosen fields of endeavor.Competence is not merely the accumulation of technical expertise but also the cultivation of intellectualflexibility and adaptability. It allows us to transfer knowledge and skills across domains, to innovate and devise creative solutions, and to respond effectively to unforeseen challenges.The Interplay of Virtues.The interplay between knowledge, wisdom, and competence is a dynamic and mutually reinforcing process. Knowledge provides the foundational understanding that informs wisdom, which in turn guides the development of competence. Conversely, competence sharpens our intellect by requiring us to apply knowledge and wisdom in practical settings, thereby deepening our understanding and expanding our knowledge base.This virtuous cycle empowers us to continuously growand evolve intellectually. As we acquire new knowledge, our wisdom deepens, and our competence expands accordingly.This enables us to engage with the world with greater insight, effectiveness, and ethical sensitivity.Conclusion.Knowledge, wisdom, and competence are essential virtues for navigating the complexities of the 21st century. By cultivating these virtues, we develop the intellectualcapacity to comprehend our world, to make informed decisions, and to act with competence and purpose. They are not merely cognitive tools but fundamental attributes that shape our character and empower us to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.。
高三英语哲学观点词汇辨析单选题70题(答案解析)
高三英语哲学观点词汇辨析单选题70题(答案解析)1.The core concept of Hegel's philosophy is _____.A.idealismB.materialismC.dialecticsD.pragmatism答案：A。
黑格尔哲学的核心概念是唯心主义（idealism）。
选项B“materialism”是唯物主义；选项C“dialectics”是辩证法；选项D“pragmatism”是实用主义。
在黑格尔的哲学中，强调绝对精神，属于唯心主义。
2.Aristotle's philosophy is mainly based on _____.A.logicB.ethicsC.metaphysicsD.politics答案：C。
亚里士多德的哲学主要基于形而上学（metaphysics）。
选项A“logic”是逻辑；选项B“ethics”是伦理学；选项D“politics”是政治学。
亚里士多德对存在的本质等形而上学问题有深入探讨。
3.The fundamental principle of Plato's philosophy is _____.A.formsB.ideasC.essencesD.concepts答案：B。
柏拉图哲学的根本原则是理念（（ideas）。
选项A“forms”形式；选项C“essences”本质；选项D“concepts”概念。
柏拉图认为存在着永恒不变的理念世界。
4.In ancient Chinese philosophy, the concept of Yin and Yang belongs to _____.A.TaoismB.ConfucianismC.MohismD.Legalism答案：A。
在中国古代哲学中，阴阳的概念属于道家（Taoism）。
儒家主要强调仁、义、礼、智、信等；墨家主张兼爱、非攻等；法家强调以法治国。
美文欣赏：Knowledge and Virtue知识和美德(上)：
Knowledge and Virtue知识和美德（上）Knowledge is one thing, virtue is another; good sense is not conscience, refinement is not humility, nor is largeness and justness of view faith.知识是一回事，美德是另一回事。
好意并非良心，优雅并非谦让，广博与公正的观点也并非信仰。
Philosophy, however enlightened, however profound, gives no command over the passions, no influential motives, no vivifying principles. Liberal Education makes not the Christian, not the Catholic, but the gentleman.哲学，无论多么富有启迪和深奥莫测，都无法驾驭情感，不具备有影响力的动机，不具有导致生动活泼的原理。
文科教育并不造就基督教徒抑或天主教徒，而是造就了绅士。
It is well to be a gentleman, it is well to have a cultivated intellect, a delicate taste, a can did, equitable, dispassionate mind, a noble and courteous bearing in the conduct of life—these are the connatural qualities of a large knowledge; they are the objects of a University.造就一个绅士诚为美事。
有教养的才智，优雅的情趣，正直、公正而冷静的头脑，高贵而彬彬有礼的举止--这些是与渊博的学识生来固有的品质, 它也是大学教育的目的。
关于学习的英语名言【三篇】
【导语】从思考中确⽴⾃我，从学习中寻求真理，从独⽴中体验⾃主，从实践中赢得价值。
以下“关于学习的英语名⾔【三篇】”由整理发布，欢迎阅读参考！更多相关讯息请关注！ 【篇1】 ⼈要独⽴⽣活，学习有⽤的技艺。
people to independent living, learning useful skills. 劳动教养了⾝体，学习教养了⼼灵。
reeducation through labor body, nurturing the heart study. 注意学习多元化知识，知识要⼴泛。
pay attention to the diversified knowledge, knowledge is widely. ⼈皆知以⾷愈饥，念莫知以学愈愚。
people are known to feed the hungry, don't know to read to learn more foolish. 最有价值的知识是关于⽅法的知识。
the most valuable knowledge is knowledge of the way. 点燃知识之灯，才会赶⾛冒昧之暗。
lit the lamp of knowledge, will drive away take the liberty of the dark. 对⼀个⼈来讲，常识⽐知识更重要。
for one, common sense is more important than knowledge. 活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着。
to live is to learn, not learn to live. 知识的价值不在于占有，⽽在于使⽤。
the value of knowledge lies not in possession, but in use. 技艺是⽆价之宝，知识是智慧的明灯。
art is a jewel of great price, and knowledge is the lamp of wisdom. 从⽆⽤的知识之中可以得到那么多乐趣。
知识是财富,但实践是财富的关键英语作文
知识是财富,但实践是财富的关键英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Knowledge is considered as wealth, but it is the practice that holds the key to unlocking its true value. In today's fast-paced and competitive world, the ability to apply knowledge effectively is crucial for success. While knowledge provides us with the tools and information needed to navigate through life, it is the practical application of this knowledge that enables us to make a tangible impact and create real wealth.One of the main reasons why knowledge alone is not enough to guarantee success is because it is static and theoretical in nature. Without practical experience, knowledge remains dormant and untapped, like a treasure chest waiting to be unlocked. It is through practice that we are able to turn this knowledge into action, gaining valuable insights and learning valuable lessons along the way.Take, for example, a student who has studied business management extensively and has acquired a wealth of knowledge on the subject. While this knowledge is undoubtedlyvaluable, it is only when the student puts this knowledge into practice by starting their own business or managing a team that they truly begin to understand the complexities of the business world. Through practical experience, they learn how to apply their knowledge in real-life scenarios, make informed decisions, and overcome challenges, thereby creating wealth for themselves and their stakeholders.Moreover, practice enables us to refine our skills, build confidence, and develop a deeper understanding of our strengths and weaknesses. It allows us to test our theories, experiment with new ideas, and adapt to changing circumstances. Without practical experience, we may struggle to apply our knowledge effectively, missing out on valuable opportunities for growth and success.In today's digital age, where information is readily available at our fingertips, the ability to turn knowledge into action has become more important than ever. With the rapid pace of change and innovation, those who can adapt and apply their knowledge effectively are the ones who will thrive and succeed in the long run. It is no longer enough to simply possess knowledge; we must also have the skills and experience to putthat knowledge into practice and create value for ourselves and others.In conclusion, while knowledge may be considered as wealth, it is the practice that holds the key to unlocking its true potential. By combining knowledge with practical experience, we are able to transform information into action, create value, and achieve success in all aspects of life. So, let us not only seek to acquire knowledge but also strive to put it into practice, for it is through practice that we can truly harness the power of knowledge and create wealth for ourselves and future generations.篇2Knowledge is instrumental in acquiring wealth, but it is the application of this knowledge that truly unlocks the doors to prosperity. It is often said that knowledge is power, but it is important to recognize that knowledge alone is not enough. It is only through practical application of that knowledge that one can truly achieve success.In today's rapidly changing world, the ability to adapt and apply knowledge is more crucial than ever. This is because knowledge itself is constantly evolving, and what may have been true yesterday may no longer be relevant today. In order to stayahead, one must be able to not only absorb knowledge but also put it into practice in a meaningful way.Take, for example, a business owner who has deep knowledge of their industry but fails to understand the latest trends or technologies. Without adapting and applying this knowledge, their business may quickly fall behind competitors who are more agile and forward-thinking. In this case, practical application of knowledge is the key to staying competitive and thriving in the marketplace.Similarly, in the realm of personal development, knowledge of self-improvement techniques may be useless if one does not take the necessary steps to apply them in their daily life. Merely knowing about the benefits of exercise or meditation will not lead to improved health and well-being unless one actually incorporates these practices into their routine.In the field of education, students who excel in exams may have a wealth of knowledge, but it is the ability to apply this knowledge in real-world situations that sets them apart. Employers are not just looking for candidates with good grades; they want individuals who can problem-solve, think critically, and apply their knowledge to solve complex problems.Furthermore, practical experience often trumps theoretical knowledge. A person who has hands-on experience in a particular field is likely to be more valuable than someone who has only read about it in books. This is because practical experience teaches skills that cannot be learned through reading alone, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and teamwork.In conclusion, while knowledge is undoubtedly a valuable asset, it is the practical application of that knowledge that ultimately leads to success. Whether in business, personal development, or education, those who are able to adapt, innovate, and apply their knowledge in meaningful ways are the ones who will thrive in the modern world. As the saying goes, "knowledge is power, but only when applied."篇3Knowledge is considered to be a valuable asset that can lead to success and prosperity. It is often said that knowledge is wealth, as people who possess knowledge are more likely to achieve their goals and achieve success in life. However, while knowledge is important, it is arguably the application of that knowledge through practical experience that truly leads to wealth and success.Knowledge can be acquired through various means, such as education, reading, and research. It can give us the foundation we need to understand the world around us and make informed decisions. However, without practical experience, knowledge remains theoretical and untested. It is through practical application that we can truly understand and master a subject or skill.For example, a person may have a wealth of knowledge about how to play the piano, but without actually practicing and applying that knowledge by playing the piano regularly, they will never become a skilled pianist. Similarly, a business owner may have a deep understanding of marketing principles, but without implementing those principles in their business and gaining real-world experience, they may struggle to attract customers and generate sales.In essence, practical experience is the key to turning knowledge into wealth. It is through practical application that we can refine our skills, learn from our mistakes, and ultimately achieve success. By applying our knowledge in real-world situations, we can gain valuable insights and develop the skills and expertise needed to thrive in our chosen field.Therefore, while knowledge is important, it is only through practical experience that we can unlock its true value and harness its potential to create wealth and success. So, remember that while knowledge may be the foundation, it is practical experience that is the key to turning that knowledge into true wealth.。
哲学专业英语词汇
哲学专业英语（the course of philosophical English）西方哲学专业词汇Western philosophy西方哲学Ancient Greek-Roman philosophy古希腊罗马哲学Hellenistic philosophy希腊化哲学Medieval philosophy中世纪哲学Renaissance philosophy文艺复兴哲学Modern western philosophy西方近代哲学Contemporary western philosophy西方现代哲学Jewish philosophy犹太哲学马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophy逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 艺术哲学Philosophy of artMetaphysics形而上学Epistemology认识论/知识论Methodology方法论ontology本体论Cosmology宇宙论/宇宙生成论Theory of value/axiology价值论Monism一元论Dualism二元论Pluralism多元论Cognosciblism可知论Agnosticism不可知论Materialism唯物主义Irrationalism非理性主义abstract/concrete抽象/具体Idealism唯心主义Objective /Subjective idealism客/主观唯心主义Scepticism怀疑主义Substance实体macrocosm大宇宙microcosm小宇宙Sensibility/understanding/ reason感性/知性/理性Theism有神论Antitheism 无神论Deism自然神论pantheism泛神论Dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义Historical materialism历史唯物主义Law of identity同一律Law of contradiction排中律Law of excluded middle排中律teleology目的论mechanism机械论dialectics辩证法consciousness意识spirit精神belief信念nature自然reality现实，实在possibility可能性Illusion幻想imagination想象力Mysticism神秘主义Spiritualism唯灵论form形式existence存在appearance现象essence本质prime matter原初质料motion运动Continuity/non-Continuity连续性/间断性time and space时间与空间Past-present-future过去/现在/未来cause and effect原因与结果subject and object主体与客体occasionalism偶因论Ockham’s razor奥康剃刀subjectivity主体性Necessity and contingency必然性与偶然性Universals and individuals个别与一般/共相与殊相/普遍与个别relative and absolute相对与绝对intuition直觉idea观念thought思维perception知觉subsistence潜在knowledge知识opinion意见Nature自然Actuality/reality现实Reality实在Necessity and freedom必然与自由Beginning/first principle/arche（希）本原，始基archetype原型illusion幻象image形像，影像ideology意识形态doctrine of correspondence符合说mind-body problem身心问题representative theory of idea表象说finite and infinite有限与无限humanism人道主义，人文主义Natural theology自然神学substratum基质The infinite/boundless/apeiron无定/无限pneuma普纽玛being存在non-being非存在logos逻各斯mind/nous努斯psyche/pneuma普纽玛atom原子void虚空element元素four roots四根self-knowledge自知Becoming/decay生成/衰亡bisection两分法flying arrow is at rest飞矢不动stadium运动场becoming生成doctrine of effluence流射说Eristic/elenchus论辩术，诡辩术art of midwifery/maieutic method助产术/接生术irony讥讽Virtue is knowledge美德即知识world of idea理念世界Infinite regress argument无穷后退证明Simile of the cave洞穴喻Simile of the line线段喻Simile of the sun太阳喻sense world感性世界，感官世界harmony和谐theory of Participation（sharing）分有说theory of Imitation模仿说copy摹本archetype模型，原型paradigm范式model of universal宇宙模型，世界模型soul of universal宇宙灵魂，世界灵魂Philosopher-king哲学王passion激情Wisdom/courage/temperance/justice智慧/勇敢/节制/正义（four cardinal virtue四主德）Desire/passion欲望/激情artificer工匠，创造者Genus种primary/secondary substance第一、二实体form and matter形式与质料accident偶性potentiality and actuality潜能与现实four causes 四因material cause质料因formal cause形式因efficient cause动力因final cause目的因ether以太Actuality现实/entelechy隐德莱希（完全实现）Good/highest good善/至善Category范畴Peripatetics漫步学派active reason/active intellect主动理性/主动理智mean中道，中庸wisdom智慧Practical wisdom实践智慧intellectual virtue理智德性the liar说谎者argument of the measure of grain谷堆论证argument of the baldhead秃头论证argument of the veiled figure隐藏者论证logos of the universe宇宙理性one太一What-it-is 是什么the third man argument第三者论证Theory of recollection回忆说epoche悬搁判断==judgement of suspension ataraxy静观doctrine of emanation流溢说anthropomorphism神人同形同性论=拟人观pythagoreanism毕达哥拉斯主义transmigration of souls灵魂轮回转世说atomism原子论Mode of cyclical reasoning循环论证Good being nature善即自然sensation was due to action between the unlikes异类相知说doctrine of like knows like同类相知说doctrine of seeds种子说Doctrine of love and strife爱恨说doctrine of image影像说cynicism犬儒主义platonism柏拉图主义theory of idea理念论doctrine of the communion of genera通种论aristotelianism亚里士多德主义syllogism三段论Unmoved mover不动的动者==prime moverpurification净化说induction归纳法pyrrhonism皮浪主义Epicureanism伊壁鸠鲁主义canonic准则学Ionian school伊奥尼亚学派Milesian school米利都学派Ephsian school爱菲斯学派Heraclitean school赫拉克利特学派Pythagoreans 毕达哥拉斯学派Eleatic school爱利亚学派privation缺失，匮乏Presocratics前苏格拉底学派Cynics犬儒学派Cyrenaics昔兰尼学派megarian school麦加拉派sophists智者Minor socratics小苏格拉底学派academy学园/柏拉图学园/雅典学园academics学园派peripatetics漫步学派stoics画廊学派/斯多亚学派Epicurean school伊壁鸠鲁学派Christianity基督教Christian philosophy基督教哲学Judaism犹太教Trinity三位一体heresy异端Polytheism多神论eschatology末世论Church fathers教父Providence天意，天命Kingdom of God上帝之国theology神学negative theology否定神学Positive theology肯定神学Patristic philosophy/ Patristics教父哲学/教父学scholasticism经院哲学revealed religion天启宗教，启示宗教Trinity三位一体incarnation道成肉身faith/hope/love信仰/希望/热爱doctrine of redemption救赎论grace神恩，神惠，恩宠omnipotence全能omniscience全知omnipresence全在Argument a posteriori先天证明Argument a priori后天证明fideism信仰主义（僧侣主义）hylozoism物活论Original sin 原罪Justification by faith因信称义Ockham’s razor奥卡姆剃刀nominalism唯名论（extreme/moderate）realism唯实论（extreme/moderate ）Augustinism奥古斯丁主义ontological argument本体论证明cosmological argument宇宙论证明teleological argument目的论证明Moral argument道德论证明Supreme good argument至善性证明Faith hope and charity信望爱doctrine of double-truth双重真理论Divine illumination神的光照Theological fatalism神学预定论Thomism托马斯主义Averroism阿威洛伊主义Scotism司各脱主义Rationalism唯理论（materialistic/idealistic ）Empiricism经验论（materialistic/idealistic）Social contract theory社会契约论Geographical determinism地理环境决定论Classical German philosophy德国古典哲学Apriorism先天论The reformation宗教改革运动Enlightenment启蒙运动French materialism法国唯物主义Encyclopaedists百科全书派conceptualism概念论Mechanistic materialism机械唯物论learned ignorance有学问的无知maximum极大minimum极小utopia乌托邦universal intellect普遍理智idols假相，偶像theory of four idols四假相说idols of the tribe种族假相idols of the cave洞穴假相idols of the market-place市场假相idols of the theatre剧场假相property and form性质与形式extension广延first principle第一原理Real/nominal essence实在/名义本质blank tablet白板causality因果性causation因果关系cause原因/effect结果experience经验dogma教条Material/Spiritual substance物质/精神实体thinking substance思想实体，思维实体Innate idea天赋观念adventitious ideas外来观念factitious ideas虚幻观念dualism of mind and matter心物二元论Animal sprits精气，元精，动物精神psycho-physical interactionism身心交感论pineal gland松果腺extensive substance广延实体the theory of social contrast社会契约论Association of idea观念的联结（休谟）Cartesianists笛卡儿主义者theory of substance实体论theory of attribute属性论theory of mode样式论（finite/infinite）psycho-physical parallelism心物平行论true idea真观念attribute属性Spinozism斯宾诺莎主义experience经验（external/internal）sensation and reflection感觉与反省abstraction抽象作用abstract idea抽象观念Simple/complex idea简单/复杂观念Immaterialism非物质主义personal identity人格同一性contiguity接近性（休谟）Divine right of kings君权神授说school of continental Rationalism大陆理性派British empirists英国经验派Cambridge platonism 剑桥柏拉图主义Scottish school of common sense苏格兰常识学派Old Hegelians老年黑格尔派Young Hegelians青年黑格尔派Right Hegelians黑格尔右派Left Hegelians黑格尔左派Speculative philosophy 思辨哲学Three tables三表法Table of essence/presence本质表/具有表Table of absence of proximity接近中的缺乏表Table of degree/comparison程度表/比较表Relative/finite substance相对的或有限的实体Absolute/infinite substance绝对的或无限的实体Theory of corpuscles 微粒说Theory of vortex 漩涡说Cartesianism笛卡儿主义cosmotheism宇宙神论（斯宾诺莎）Infinite attribute无限的属性Theory of modes样态论Mode 样态，样式Sensation/reflection感觉/反省External/internal experience外部/内部经验Abstraction抽象作用Psychic force心力（莱布尼兹）Small perception微知觉Principle of continuity连续性原则Idea of substance/modes/relations实体/情状/关系观念real/fantastical ideas实在/幻想观念Intuitive/demonstratic/probable直觉/证明/或然知识primary/secondary/third quality第一/二/三性质real/nominal essence实在/名义本质innate human right天赋人权will of all全体意志monad单子monadology单子论cognition认知Complete notion完满性观念（莱布尼兹）Best of all possible world可能世界中的最佳者sentiment情感——sentimentalismscience of human nature人性科学human nature/humanity人性Per-established harmony前定和谐pre-established harmony预定和谐truth of reason/fact理性真理与事实真理Divine reason 神圣理性theodicy神正论Order of possible coexistence and order of possibilities which cannotcoexist可共存之物的秩序与不可共存之物的秩序existence is to be perceived存在就是被感知immaterialism非物质论idea and notion观念与意念impression and ideas印象与观念resemblance类似关系contiguity in time and space接近关系causal relation因果关系determinism of geographical environment地理环境决定论Theory of the omnipotence of education教育万能论Apodictic/assertoric必然的/实然的（康德）Appearance现象（康德）manifold杂多Physico-theological argument自然神论证明critical philosophy批判哲学dogmatism独断论copernican revolution哥白尼的革命pure reason纯粹理性antinomy二律背反thing-in-itself自在之物，物自体appearance现象practical reason实践理性good will善良意志schein幻相moral law道德律finality apart from an end无目的的合目的性Analytic-synthetic分析-综合Sensibility/understanding/reason感性/知性/理性category范畴command律令reflective judgement反思的判断力representation表象Schema图型/schematism图型论，图式论Metaphysical deduction形而上学演绎Metaphysical exposition形而上学阐明Metaphysics of morals道德性而上学Metaphysics of nature自然形而上学transcendental apperception先验统觉Analogies of experience经验的类推architectonic建筑术Autonomy自主性（康德）transcendental idealism先验唯心主义Kantianism康德主义transcendental先验的transcendent超验的transcendental aesthetic先验感性论transcendental analytic先验分析论Transcendental deduction先验演绎Transcendental dialectic先验辩证论Transcendental illusion先验幻象Transcendental logic先验逻辑Transcendental ideal先验的理想Transcendental paralogism先验谬误推理Transcendental reflection先验反思A priori and synthetic judgement 先天综合判断taste鉴赏力Thing-for-itself为我之物A priori先天A posteriori后天A priori judgement先天判断A posteriori judgement 后天判断analytic judgement分析判断synthetical judgement综合判断Quantity of judgement/ category of Quantity判断的量与量的范畴Qualitaty of judgement/ category of Qualitaty判断的质与质的范畴Relation of judgement/ category of relation判断的关系与关系的范畴Mode of judgement/ category of mode 判断的样式与样式的范畴Anthropology 人本学Absolute religion绝对宗教Free spirit自由精神Objective spirit客观精神practical spirit实践精神theoretical spirit理论精神Subjective spirit主观精神Externalization外化objectification对象化Position肯定Negation否定sublation扬弃identical philosophy同一哲学in itself自我for itself自为absolute idea绝对理念absolute spirit 绝对精神philosophy of mind精神哲学subjective/objective spirit主/客观精神these-antithese-synthese正-反-合civil society市民社会alienation异化dialectic辩证法actuality现实Hegelianism黑格尔主义Young Hegellians 青年黑格尔派Natural theology自然神学（理性神学）absolute ego （费希特的）绝对自我animatism 物活论animism 泛灵论，万物有灵论anthropologism 人本主义the Apostles十二使徒asceticism 禁欲主义atomism 原子论，原子学说atonement 赎罪baptism （基督教）洗礼bourgeoisie 资产阶级causationism 因果论Christianity 基督教clherentism 贯通论The Decalogue摩西十戒deism 理神论；自然神论；自然神论（natural religion）Judgment Day 上帝的最后审判日，世界的末日Kant’s nebular hypothesis 康德的星云假说method of exclusion 排除法method of induction 归纳法nativism 先天论，天赋论sense perception 感性知觉sentience 感觉现象；原始感觉theory of reflection 反映论theory of relativity 相对论theory of representation 表象论On nature《论自然》Purification《净化篇》Sophists《智者篇》Phaedo《斐多篇》Parmenides《巴门尼德篇》Republic《国家篇》On the nature of things《物性论》Meditations《沉思集》Bible《圣经》The Apocalypse/Revelations《圣经》中的《启示录》Genesis （《圣经》）（《创世纪》）New-Testament 《新约全书》Confessions《忏悔录》Utopia《乌托邦》New organon《新工具》Advancement of learning《学术的进展》Human nature《论人性》Leviathan《利维坦》Two treatises of civil government《政府论》An essay concerning human understanding《人类理解论》A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge《人类知识原理》A treatise of human nature《人性论》An inquiry concerning human understanding 《人类理智研究》Dialogues concerning natural religion《自然宗教对话录》The natural history of religion 《宗教的自然史》Enquiries concerning the principles of morals《道德原理研究》Discourse on method《方法谈》Meditations on first philosophy《第一哲学沉思集》The principles of philosophy《哲学原理》Apology for learned ignorance《论有学问的无知》The principles of Descartes philosophy《笛卡尔哲学原理》Organon《工具论》Enneades《九章集》The ethics《伦理学》New essays on human understanding《人类理智新论》City of god 《上帝之城》Theological-political treatise《神学政治论》Essay on theodicy《神正论》On the improvement of understanding《知性改进论》Critique of pure reason《纯粹理性批判》Critique of practical reason 《实践理性批判》Critique of judgement《判断力批判》。
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Knowledge and Virtue
Knowledge is one thing, virtue is another; good sense is not conscience, refinement is not humility, nor is largeness and justness of view faith. Philosophy, however enlightened, however profound, gives no command over the passions, no influential motives, no vivifying principles. Liberal Education makes not the Christian, not the Catholic, but the gentleman.It is well to be a gentleman, it is well to have a cultivated intellect, a delicate taste, a candid, equitable, dispassionate mind, a noble and courteous bearing in the conduct of life—these are the connatural qualities of a large knowledge; they are the objects of a University. I am advocating, I shall illustrate and insist upon them; but still, I repeat, they are no guarantee for sanctity or even for conscientiousness, and they may attach to the man of the world, to the profligate, to the heartless, pleasant, alas, and attractive as he shows when decked out in them. Taken by themselves, they do but seem to be what they are not; they look like virtue at a distance, but they are detected by close observers, and in the long run; and hence it is that they are popularly accused of pretense and hypocrisy, not, I repeat, from their own fault, but because their professors and their admirers persist in taking them for what they are not, and are officious in arrogating for them a praise to which they have no claim. Quarry the granite rock with razors, or moor the vessel with a thread of silk, then may you hope with such keen and delicate instruments as human knowledge and human reason to contend against those giants,the passion and the pride of man.。