最新英语自考本科-英语语法-名词解释

1．Predicative modal auxility

The Predicative modal auxility is a category of modal auxiliary. The predictive meaning, rather homogeneous in nature, is concerned with the speaker’s assuption or assessment o f probability and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence in the truth of his statement. For example, might, may, could,can.

2.Anaphoric refernce

Anaphoric refernce: refernce backwards in the text. A personal pronoun, for example, often has anaphoric reference, i.e. you have to look at the preceding context to see what it refers to. For example, ann was studying for her exams. She found it difficult to concentrate. In this example,

she has anaphoric reference.

3. Non-finite verbs:

The non-finite verbs are so called because they are not marked for ttense of for subject-verb concord. We recognite three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive, -ing participle and –ed participle.

4. Extraposition

The extraposition is defined as the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form.

5. Text

The term text refers to a unified passage. A text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to all-day discussion on a committee.

6. participles

Participles belong to non-finite verb type.

There are two kinds of participles: -ing participle and –ed participle.

7. What is dangling participle?

When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of

the main clause. We call this kind of participle dangling participle.

8. What is “fronting”?

“fronting”is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked post-subject position to the marked pre-subject position. As fronting moves into the initial position an item which does not usually belong there, such a grammatical device disturbs the expected route of information flow and inevitable brings about unusualness, i.e. “this man over there people in the vicinity have a very low opinion of.”

9. Define “ellipsis”

The basic principle of ellipsis is leaving out something understood and hence produces imcomplete sentences with such a structure as to presuppose a preceding item. Ellipsis, somehow like substitutions, sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Here are three types of ellipsis:

nominal: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.

a.Verbal:A: have you seen him before?

B: yes, I have.

b.clausal: A: will it rain tomorrow?

B: perhaps.

10. Determiners

Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.

11. the major function of prepositions

The major function of prepositions is to connect nouns, verbs andadjectives to other parts of the sentence, e.g.. I get uo early in the morning.

12. disjunct

Disjuncts convey a comment on the content of the clause to which they are peripherally attached.

13. adjunt

Adjunt is a word or a group of words which we add to a clause to say something the circumstances of an event or situation, for example, when, where or how it occurs.

14. What is double relative clause?

It is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested. 15. Coordination

Coordination is realized by coordinators which join units at the same level.

16.Subordination

Subordination is realized by subordinators, involves the linking of units at different levels so

that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.

18. Double genitive

Double genitive, also referred to as the “post genitive”, is also called because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase, such as a friend of my brother’s.

21.noun classes

Noun classes include proper nouns and common nouns.

Common nouns include countable nouns and mass nouns.

Countable nouns include concrete nouns and abstract nouns.

22. Proper nouns

Proper nouns denote individual persons, places,etc. a proper noun normally begins with a capical letter, has no plural form and cannot occur after an article.

23. Mass nouns

Nouns cannot take plural are called mass nouns.

24. Collective noun

Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animal and things, which are usually countable.

25. Union noun

It is also called "partitive", is a very special class of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc.

26. Plural invariables

Nouns are always occur in plural form.

27. Plural compounds

Three tendencies are at work in the inflection of compounds for plural: pluralize the last element, pluralize the first element and plurize both first and the last elements.

28. Singular invariables

Singular invariable are normally invariable singulars, proper nouns and mass nouns belong to singular invariables.

29. Alternative questions:

Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.

30. How-exclamations:

Exclamations that are led by the adverb ‘how’. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.

31. Foreign plurals：

They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Greek：alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc.

32. Genitives

Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.

Example: John’s car; a moment’s digression; the resistance of Iraq

33. Non-progressive verbs

verbs that cannot occur in the progressive aspect.

34. Tense

Any one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the temporal location

of an event or a state of affairs.

35. Aspect

Aspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. 36.Get-passive and be-passive

Get-passive is far less popular than be-passive. The reasons are: first, get-passive is generally avoided in forma syle, and even in informal English it is far less frequent than be-passive. Second, semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather than a state; to denote the consequence rather that the rocess, of an event; and to lay emphasis on what happens(usu. Unfavorably) to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.

37.pseudo-passive:

A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized so that it becomes a subject complement. As an adjective, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.

38. Voice:

A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb.

39. Mood:

A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. In English the indicative mood is used to make factual statements, the subjunctive mood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and the imperative mood to express a command.

40.be-passive：

-ed’. For example: The book was written by Hamilton.

The passive made up of ‘auxiliary be + v

be-subjunctive:

41. Allomorph

An allomorph is an indistinctive variant of a morpheme.