chapter8(第一讲)
Introduction
After making shipment, the seller should promptly advise the buyer of its effectuation, no matter whether the transaction is concluded on FOB, CFR or CIF basis. For FOB and CFR transactions, the buyer will have to effect insurance on the shipment upon receipt of shipping advice from the seller. It has been a customary practice that in the case of FOB transactions, the seller, before shipping, should ask the buyer to name the vessel on which the goods are to be shipped unless otherwise specified in the contract or L/C.
Introduction
Letters regarding shipment are usually written for the following purposes: to urge an early shipment; to amend shipping terms; to give shipping advice; to dispatch shipping documents and so on. Taking advantage of the occasion to advise the buyer of the shipment, the seller may also review the course of the transaction and express the desire for further development of business.
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
We are informed by the local shipping company that S.S "Peace" is due to sail from your port for our port on or about the l0 September and we have booked shipping space on it. Please get the goods ready in time and have them shipped per that steamer.
The attached list are particulars of packing and shipping marks, which must be strictly observed.
We are looking forward to receiving your shipping advice soon.
Specimen Letter 2 Shipping Advice
Dear Sirs, Re: Shipping advice for S/C No. 0215 We are pleased to inform you that according to your
instruction we have loaded the 20, 000 pcs. Nursing Bottle under the S/C No. 0215 on board，the s. s. "Peace" which is due to sail from Shanghai for your port tomorrow.
Therefore, in negotiating the clause dealing with the transportation of goods in a sales contract, the elements of time, types of shipping service, freight, etc. should be under careful consideration.
The original documents have already been handed to our bankers, Bank of China, Shanghai, who will soon forward them to you.
Lesson 22 Shipping Inபைடு நூலகம்truction and Advice
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
Yours faithfully, (signature)
Carlson & Maxwell
Encl. packing and shipping marks
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
We are glad to have executed your order as contracted, and hope the goods will arrive to you in perfect condition.
We look forward to future order from you.
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
Specimen Letter 1 Shipping Instruction Dear Sirs,
Re: Your S/C No. 0215 Covering 20, 000 pcs. Nursing Bottle
We have received your email of 9 August in connection with the subject goods.
Introduction
With the expansion of international trade, the container service has become popular. The use of containers provides a highly efficient form of transport by road, rail and air though its fullest benefits are felt in shipping, where costs may be reduced by as much as one half. Containers are constructed of metal and are of standard lengths ranging from ten to forty feet.
Introduction
In international trade, it is generally accepted that the contract is broken if the exporter does not dispatch the goods in accordance with the time and mode of delivery as agreed upon between the importer and the exporter.
Module Four Execution of Contract
Chapter 8 Shipment
Introduction
Shipments refer to the carriage of the goods from the sellers to the buyers, and it is related to transport services. Of the various means of transportation available, ocean freight is by far the most important one. In most movements of goods, usually three parties are involved: The consignor, the consignee and the carrier.
Yours truly, (signature) China National Imp. & Exp. Corp. Encl. photocopies of the shipping documents as mentioned above
Words & Expression
1.shipping instruction 装运指示 2.in connection with 与…有关；与…相连 3.shipped per steamer 由船舶运送 4.shipping advice 装船通知 5.load on board 装上船 6.sail from 由…启航 7.sail for 船驶向… 8.non-negotiable B/L 不可转让提单 9.Certificate of Origin 原产地证 10.in perfect condition 完好无损；情况完好
Introduction
The ocean bill of lading is an essential document in making a shipment. It presents three aspects. First, it is a receipt of the goods. Second, it is a contract for the performance of certain services upon certain conditions. Third, it serves also as an evidence of ownership of the goods described, and when made out "to order", it becomes in practice a negotiable instrument, used as security for loans and other purposes. When drawn in this way, it is known as an order bill of lading. The straight bill of lading, on the other hand, is made out to a specific consignee. Such a document is not negotiable.
计算机组成与结构体系英文课件：Chapter 8 – The Memory System - 1
Big-endian assignment
Little-endian assignment
The Memory System Overview (8)
Memory Locations and Addresses (ctd.)
Little-endian Assignment (ctd.)
Note: In both cases, byte addresses 0, 4, 8, …, are taken as the addresses of successive words in the memory and are the addresses used when specifying memory operations for words.
Internal Memory (Primary Storage)
Internal to the system, directly accessible by the processor.
Example: Main Memory, Cache, Processor Registers
External Memory (Secondary Storage)
External to the system, accessible by the processor via an I/O module.
Chapter 8Inspection and Claims《外贸英语》PPT课件
8.2 Claims 8.2.1 Breach of the contract and remedies
Breach by the seller Breach by the buyer
01
02
Buyer's remedies
03
04
Seller's remedies
8.2 Claims 8.2.2 The buyer's claim
account of losses resulting from his or their neglect.In import and
export business，disputes between the buyer and the seller may
arise although the two parties perform the contract very carefully.
For instance，a seller may breach a contract by failing to make an
agreed delivery，delivering goods that do not conform to the
Chapter 8 电子传递和氧化磷酸化
NAD+
甘油-3-磷酸
磷酸二羟丙酮 线 粒 体 膜 间 隙
甘油-3-磷酸
FADH2
FAD
NADHFMN CoQ b c1 c aa3 O2
线粒体基质 NADH通过穿梭系统带一对电子进入线粒体，只产生2分子ATP。
（二）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统
在哺乳动物的心脏和肝脏等组织中，存在着活 跃的苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统。这一穿梭系统涉及 胞液和基质中的苹果酸脱氢酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶， 以及线粒体内膜中的载体。转运步骤如下： 1）NADH进入内膜 ①在苹果酸脱氢酶的催化下，胞液NADH将草酰乙 酸还原为苹果酸。 ②苹果酸经二羧酸转位酶进入线粒体基质。 ③在基质中，线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶催化苹果酸重 新氧化为草酰乙酸，使线粒体内的NAD＋还原为NADH ，经呼吸链氧化。
膜间隙：含许多可溶性酶、底 物及辅助因子。 基质：含三羧酸循环酶系、线 粒体基因 表达酶系等以及线粒 体 DNA, RNA，核糖体。
细胞质中脱氢、产 生CO2
细胞膜 产H2O、 产能
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
原核生物细胞
1. 呼吸链的概念 生物氧化体系中的传递体所组成 的电子传递体系称为呼吸链，或叫电 子传递链。
2. 呼吸链的组成——电子传递体
2、氧化磷酸化抑制剂 如寡霉素等直接抑制ATP的合成。ATP的合成受到 抑制后，质子浓度梯度得不到释放，电子传递过 程在难以泵出质子时也会慢慢停止。
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
质子浓 度梯度 抗霉素 A 氰化物 一氧化碳
鱼藤酮 寡霉素 2,4－二硝基苯酚 （解偶联剂） 安密妥
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
电子经由不同的呼吸链产生的P/O比值
膜间空隙
Chapter 8 Language and Society
Chapter 8 Language and Society
1. How is language related to society? [1] Language is used to establish and maintain social
relationships. Such as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “How’s your family?”, “Nice day today, isn’t it?” [2] the kind of language speakers chooses to use is in part determined by their social background. [3] the structure of lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society.
On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. On the other, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
Chapter 8.ppt
Brand equity Building strong brands
Brand name selection Brand sponsorship Manufacturer’s brand Private brand Licensing Co-branding Brand development
Industrial products
Materials
products Shopping products Specialty products Unsought products
and parts Capital items Supplies and services
Group Assignment (Presentation 2)
制作一份品牌定位策划书； 设计某一品牌的名称和标志（品牌标识）； 对某一产品进行包装设计； 为某一品牌设计新产品组合策略，实现品牌 延伸。
Describe the core, actual, and augmented levels of laptop.
Is Microsoft’s Windows XP professional operating software a product or a service? Describe the core, actual, and augmented levels of this software offering?
Organizations, Persons, Places, and Ideas
Product and Service Decisions
Individual product decisions Product line decisions Product mix decisions
英语词汇学课件chapter-8-Meaning-and-Context
1) a sheet of paper (thin flat sheets of substance for writing, printing, decorating walls, etc.)
2) a white paper (government document)
3) a term paper (essay written at the end of the term)
(1) The fish is ready to eat. (2) I like Mary better than Jean.
8.2.2 Indication of Referents
English has a large number of deictic(指示的) words such as now/then, here/there, I/you, this/that, which are often used to refer directly to the personal, temporal or locational characteristics of the situation. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing, e.g. now.
4) today’s paper (newspaper)
5) examination paper (a set of questions used as an examination)
2) Grammatical Context
In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. Let us consider the verb become for example.
Chapter 8 ecosystem 生态系统
1. Definition of System
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by interaction or interdependence to accomplish a set of specific functions. Basic properties:
3. Components of ecosystem
Climatic factors (illumination, temperature, humid, wind, et al)
Inorganic matter
Inorganic components
Organic matter
Ecosystem
heat
complex organic compounds
heterotrophs
simple inorganic compounds
(this may include several steps, with several different types of organisms)
Heterotrophs
Importance of Researches on Ecosystem
Propellent(推进) of ecology research; Most important and most vigorous research field in ecology: IBP（国际生物学计划）、MAB（人 与生物圈计划）; Seeking for the mechanisms of continuance, stability, and harmony of natural ecosystem is the key to support sustainable development; All the efforts to change nature are conducted in ecosystem.
国际商务谈判（英文）教案讲义Chapter8LawofTrust信任法则
Chapter 8 Law o f Trust 信任法则I.How to decide a person trusts and is trusted? 如何决定信任与被信任II.Determinations affecting a person’s trustful or mistrustful behavior 决定信任与非信任的因素III.Effects of trust信任的效应munication Skills交际练习In a negotiation, trust between group leader and group members as well as trust between two negotiating parties is a decisive element of shaping relationship of all sides.trust leads to poor relationship and thus low degree of cooperation, on the other hand, trust leads to good relationship and high degree of cooperation.When people trust one another, relationship and are enhanced and when they each other, relationship and cooperation suffer.To enhance mutual trust and set up good relationship, negotiators should understand the meaning and pervasive effects of .Many people say trust means belief, , reliability, a good of a person, or a feeling of affection.These explanations are quite different.American professor Dale E. Zand elaborates the meaning of trust in his publication of Trust and Decision Process and points out:Trust consists of:1.Increasing your vulnerability2.To another person whose behavior is not under your control;3.In a situation in which the penalty, loss or deprivation you would suffer if theother person abuses or fails to protect your vulnerability;4.Is substantially greater than the benefit, reward or satisfaction you wouldgain if the other person fulfills or protects your vulnerability.The following simple example explains the meaning of the definition.Parents show trust when they hire a baby-sitter to take care of their baby so they do not have to their job or they may home to pay a visit to a friend or go for an entertainment.Leaving their baby to someone they do not know very well or have no affection to their vulnerability significantly because they cannot the baby-sitter’s behavior after leaving home.If the baby-sitter their vulnerability and hijack the baby, the tragedy will surely adversely the rest of their lives.But if the baby-sitter their vulnerability and take good care of the baby, then the parents can keep their mind on their work or enjoy their meeting with their friend or a party.There are three fundamental elements: information, influence and control.A person shows trust when he reveals he need not disclose.He increases his by telling others his goals, purpose, plans, alternatives or his problems.Others may make use of the information to impede or undermine his efforts.For example,A designer struck on a brilliant idea which he told a colleague working in the same office. The colleague used the idea to advance his own interests and was promoted soon.So a person who does not others will conceal or distort relevant information.He will facts, his purpose and his feelings.A person show trust when he shows others to his decisions since he increases his by asking for others’ advice which may deliberately him.For example,As a China’s famous story of Fighting in Chibi in Tale of Three States depicts Caocao (premier of East Han Dynasty) asked for Pangtong’s (a counselor secretly working for Dongwu, Caocao’s enemy) advice for defeating Dongwu. Pangtong offered him a seemingly clever advice, which turned out to be a part of fatal plot inducing him and his troops into a trap.Therefore, a person who shows will resist others’influence, deny and reject their suggestions and advice.A person shows when he delegates and permits others to act on their own on his behalf.By this way he increases his because he has to rely on others to make a judgment and to implement his plan and others may serious errors, ____ implementation and his plan.So if a person does not trust, he will try to impose over others and ____ his dependence on others.For example,The principal of a middle school had peep holes installed in all the doors of classrooms in order for the administrative to have a tighter over students.However the device produced skeptical atmosphere among staff members as wellbecause anyone teaching or staying in the classroom feels he is being watched over and he is not .In negotiation or in people’s daily life, elements affecting a person’s trustful or mistrustful behavior come form main sources: which is inalterable and grown-up experiences, which are changeable.Childhood educationStudies on childhood education on trust began in the 1950s, with the publication of Erik Erikon’s Childhood and Society. Since then many developmental psychologists have viewed trust and; mistrust as the cornerstones of human development.A child’s understanding of trust is from his own and the environment he is up.When a child’s desires and reliability are fulfilled in most cases, he tends to conclude that people are , otherwise, he may draw the from his unfulfillment that people are trustful.A child will tend to trust others if he is brought up in a simple, warm and _____ environment, and he is told the stories of help and trust.However in other context, a child’s parents and other people intentionally inform him of examples of mistrust to drive the that “Y ou can’t trust people”.Understandably, such child inclines not to others when he grows up.Professional or special trainingA person’s professional or special training can incline him a different orientation to .For instance, accountants and financial workers are oriented to be of financial statements full of identical numbers and how much they may differ from the real data.People working in human resources department appear to more the accuracy of a person’s description of his educational and working background, and it is an important reason that the application documents should be, at the request, _____by official certificates.Past credit recordA person’s willingness to trust another person on his knowledge of the other’s past record.We will not rust someone who to perform his duty or is to complete a task or fails to keep his .The reason for the failure may differ from time to time, however, if there isrepeated record of the person’s failure, is the natural results.Surely, a person can do better to improve his record and thus win others’trust.Competence of others to perform a taskA person’s willingness to trust another person depends on his estimation of the other’s ability to complete a task .At this point, there should be a distinction between capability and affection.For instance, you will not trust a teenager to send a large sum of money to a far away place although you him very much.When is confused with capability in one’s trust decision, more often than ____his plan will be undermined.Intentions of othersOur willingness to trust another person is determined by our interpretation of the other’s intentions. i.e. We will not trust those we believe who have intention, and who will exploit our resources and take of our trust to advance his own interests.We will not trust such kind of person even though he is and he has a good _____record.People’s interpretation of others’intentions and motives can be different from time to time depending on their understanding of others.Reward systemIn win-lose reward system, when competition is rewarded, i.e., our gain is the other’s loss and our loss is the other’s gain, trust the other is clearly not in our self-interest.Companies selling the same products are rivals in business and understandably they will conceal or information, withhold facts and their ideas.Things will be different in joint reward system in which is encouraged because in such reward system things won’t be done without joint efforts, so it is all natural that the two sides will each other, information, each other’s advice and reach common conclusion.Of course, in today’s world there are neither competitors nor cooperators. Where will things be directed depends on our efforts. It is hoped that trustful relationship among people should be on account of positive effects of trust.Trust is a decisive element in people’s relationship. We need trust between peers, superiors and , between producers and , teachers and .Studies show that trust intellectual development and originality, and leadsto emotional stability and self-control.Trust acceptance and openness of expression.Trust cooperation and mutual understanding, and it is fundamental for establishing sound relationship among negotiating team as well as between negotiating .People working in a team high in trust signal of trust to each other and _____trust form each other, which will increase level of trust among the members. Negotiations based on high level of trust can increase of double win results.Conversely, mistrust rejection and defensiveness, collaboration and relationship of team members and negotiating parties.The striking contrast of trust and mistrust between negotiating parties tells us that it is worthwhile we take great pains to find out ways to mutual trust.Some tentative suggestions are made here for consideration:1.Encourage mutual trust by establishing trust-rewarded system in_____education, in training and in .2.Buildup people’s confidence in trust bit by bit through giving ,influence, self-control and concessions, and seek reciprocation from theother.3.Discuss frankly with the other party what is generating innegotiation.4.Be sincere and honest to your negotiating team members andyour .1. What comment would you make in the following situations?1)Y ou’ve just heard news of a train crash.2)One of your colleagues is always chatting to everybody.3)One of your colleagues regularly works a twelve-hour day.4)Y ou’ve just had a very good meal.5)One of your colleagues keeps himself to himself.6)Y ou’ve just seen an exhibition you expected to be good; in fact it was not.7) A person you’ve just met says he is a film director.8)One of your colleagues looks very smart today.2. Answer the following questions1)How many means are needed for the sellers to inform the buyers of the quality? What are they?2)When selling some mechanical and electrical products, what means are generally used to express their quality?3)When negotiating on the packing, what aspect should the buyers pay attention to besides the right type of packing?4)When goods are sold on a CIF basis, who is under obligation to present a marine insurance policy or an insurance certificate at the time of negotiation, the seller or the buyer?5)Which method is safer and better for the seller, D/P or D/A?6)Why is commodity inspection indispensable in international trade?7)What’s the first step in a successful sales negotiation?8)Is it necessary for the seller to make an equal concession when the buyer grants him or her a concession?9)At the beginning of the negotiation, should the sellers open high or modest?10)When you meet with negotiators who harshly bargain with you, will you cancel the negotiation or continue?11) If a negotiator s ays: “I don’t have the authority to grant you that concession”, does it really mean that he or she hasn’t such authority or is it only negotiating tactics?5. Translate the following situational dialogue into English（交货Delivery）贺先生，我很高兴我们就价格和付款方式问题达成了协议。
chapter8.1
第八章反应工程第一节催化裂化的化学催化裂化原料中主要的烃类有烷烃、环烷烃及带取代基的芳烃。
带取代基的芳烃包括烷基芳烃及有环烷取代基的芳烃。
在重油中尚有带取代基或环烷缩合的多环芳烃。
在二次加工的原料中还有烯烃，除此之外还有杂原子化合物。
一催化裂化的化学反应在催化裂化条件下，烃类可以发生催化反应和非催化反应，非催化反应与催化反应相比是较少的。
（一）裂化裂化反应主要是C-C键的断裂。
在碳原子数相同时反应能力按烯烃>烷基芳烃（烷基取代基为C3或更高时）>环烷烃>烷烃>芳烃。
芳烃是很难裂化的。
芳核尤其稳定。
1 烷烃（正构烷及异构烷）裂化生成烯烃及较小分子的烷烃。
C n H2n+2 →C m H2m +C P C2P+2（烯）（烷）式中：n=m+p2 烯烃（正构烯及异构烯）裂化生成两个较小分子的烯烃。
C n H2n →C m H2m + C p H2P（烯）（烯）式中：n=m+p3 烷基芳烃脱烷基。
ArC n H2n+1→ArH + C n H2n（芳烃）（烯烃）4 烷基芳烃的烷基侧链断裂。
ArC n H2n+1→ArC m H2m-1+ C p H2p+2（带烯烃侧链的芳烃）（烷烃）式中：n=m+p5 环烷烃裂化生成烯烃。
C n H2n→C m H2m+ C p H2p（烯）（烯）式中：n=m+p6 环烷——芳烃裂化时可以环烷环开环断裂，或环烷环与芳烃连接处断裂。
7 不带取代基的芳烃由于芳环稳定，在典型的催化裂化条件下裂化反应很缓慢。
（二）异构化1 烷烃及环烷烃在裂化催化剂上有少量异构化反应。
2 烯烃异构化有双键转移及链异构化。
（贴图）3 芳烃异构化。
（贴图）（三）烷基转移烷基转移主要指一个芳环上的烷基取代基转移到另一个芳烃分子上去。
（贴图）（四）歧化歧化反应与烷基转移密切相关，在有些情况下歧化反应为烷基转移的逆反应。
（贴图）低分子烯烃也可进行歧化反应。
2H2C=CHCH2CH3→H2C=CHCH3+H2C=CHCH2CH2CH3（五）氢转移氢转移主要发生在有烯烃参与的反应中，氢转移的结果生成富氢的饱和烃及缺氢的产物。