Effects of X-ray Irradiation on Genetic Transformation of Eruca Sativa Mill Mediated by Agrobact
张汉熙《高级英语(2)》(第3版)学习指南(Four Laws of Ecology (Part I
Lesson 12 Four Laws of Ecology （Part II）一、词汇短语1. pervasive [] adj. existing everywhere到处存在的，到处弥漫着的：The fact that so many people have posted comments on this topicshows how pervasive and complicated it is.事实上这么多人公开谈论这个话题，就已经表明这是多么普遍多么复杂的事情。
2. detrimental [] adj. causing harm or damage有害的，不利的：The policy will be detrimental to the peace process.这项政策不利于和平进程。
3. analogy []n. something that seems similar between twosituations, processes, etc.类似处，相似处4. finite [] adj. having an end or a limit 有限的，有限度的：Humanknowledge is finite, ie there are things we do not know. 人类的认识是有限的。
5. improbable [] adj. not likely to happen or to be true 不大可能发生的，未必确切的：As improbable as this sounds, it really works.听起来有点不可思议，但这是真的。
6. self-evident [] adj. clearly true and needing no moreproof不证自明的，显而易见的：It seems to me self-evident that policesearches of newspaper offices burden the freedom of the press.警察对报社的搜查给新闻自由造成压力，这在我看来是不言而喻的。
八年级科技前沿英语阅读理解25题
八年级科技前沿英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) has been making remarkable strides in the medical field in recent years. AI - powered systems are being increasingly utilized in various aspects of healthcare, bringing about significant improvements and new possibilities.One of the most prominent applications of AI in medicine is in disease diagnosis. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of medical data, such as patient symptoms, medical histories, and test results. For example, deep - learning algorithms can scan X - rays, CT scans, and MRIs to detect early signs of diseases like cancer, pneumonia, or heart diseases. These algorithms can often spot minute details that might be overlooked by human doctors, thus enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses.In the realm of drug development, AI also plays a crucial role. It can accelerate the process by predicting how different molecules will interact with the human body. AI - based models can sift through thousands of potential drug candidates in a short time, identifying those with the highest probability of success. This not only saves time but also reduces the cost associated with traditional trial - and - error methods in drug research.Medical robots are another area where AI is making an impact.Surgical robots, for instance, can be guided by AI systems to perform complex surgeries with greater precision. These robots can filter out the natural tremors of a surgeon's hand, allowing for more delicate and accurate incisions. Additionally, there are robots designed to assist in patient care, such as those that can help patients with limited mobility to move around or perform simple tasks.However, the application of AI in medicine also faces some challenges. Issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory approval are important considerations. But overall, the potential of AI to transform the medical field is vast and holds great promise for the future of healthcare.1. What is one of the main applications of AI in the medical field according to the article?A. Designing hospital buildings.B. Disease diagnosis.C. Training medical students.D. Managing hospital finances.答案：B。
依达拉奉右莰醇治疗急性进展性大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死的临床效果
- 26 -甲状腺激素水平的影响[J].淮海医药，2021，39（1）：54-56.[15]张永博.腔镜辅助颈部小切口甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺良性肿瘤的效果分析[J].河南外科学杂志，2020，26（6）：109-110.[16]林仁志，郑晨辉，钟吉俊，等.经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺全切除术治疗cN0甲状腺乳头状癌临床研究[J].中国实用外科杂志，2020，40（10）：1194-1196，1201.[17] CAMENZULI C，WISMAYER P S，AGIUS J C. Transoralendoscopic thyroidectomy: a systematic review of the practice so far[J]. JSLS，2018，22（3）：26.（收稿日期：2023-06-22） （本文编辑：马娇）①蚌埠医学院第二附属医院 安徽 蚌埠 233000依达拉奉右莰醇治疗急性进展性大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死的临床效果万雅迪①【摘要】 目的：探讨依达拉奉右莰醇治疗急性进展性大动脉粥样硬化（LAA）型脑梗死的临床效果。
方法：回顾性选取2021年11月—2023年4月蚌埠医学院第二附属医院收治的100例急性进展性LAA 型脑梗死患者的临床资料。
根据治疗方案的不同将其分为对照组（n =50）和观察组（n =50）。
对照组给予常规治疗，观察组在对照组基础上给予依达拉奉右莰醇治疗。
比较两组治疗前后氧化应激指标、炎症因子、神经功能和预后情况及不良反应。
结果：治疗后，观察组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）水平高于对照组，活性氧簇（ROS）水平显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。
治疗后，观察组肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）水平均显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。
治疗后3个月，两组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、改良Rankin 量表（mRS）评分均降低，观察组NIHSS 评分、mRS 评分均显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。
电离辐射对胚胎的作用
日本广岛、长崎原爆幸存者染色体发生率 与受照剂量的关系
（5）ABCC／RERF流行病学调查结果
归纳为以下几种： ①：强关联（危险明显与照射剂量有关)： 有放射性白内障、甲状旁腺功能亢进、 年青时受照生长发育延缓，T细胞介导效 应降低，体液免疫反应改变、淋巴细胞 染色体畸变、红细胞突变等
②：弱关联(临界的统计意义或不恒定临界 的统计意义或不恒定结果，需进行更多 研究)：如高剂量照射后(＞1.5Gy)心血管
和骨髓像(表7.3)。结果显示 “良”停止照射
后第9年的骨髓像的增生程度由正常转为增
生活跃。粒：红由0.48：1转为26：1，粒系
中原+早％已由14％剧增至83％，此时已转
入急性髓细胞白血病，后者属随机性远后效
应。外周血中Hb、WBC和Pt数也骤减。
7.2 “良“停止照射后9年内的外周血像
表7.3 “良”停止照射后9年内的骨髓像
民每6～12个月检查一次，逾40年，
是全身受照后研究得最深入和细致的 一组人群。
（1）人群总体生存情况
• 死因、血液(照后5～10年淋巴细胞及血 小板数接近正常)和内分泌改变以及肿瘤 发生情况与对照组比较，经统计学分析， 未显示差异。
• 但由于氢弹落下灰中放射性碘含量高， 甲状腺发病与受照时年龄有关，年幼者 吸收剂量高，发病提前，与日本原爆幸 存者不同。
包括确定性效应（deterministic effect）和随机效应（stochastic effect
• 确定性效应 电离辐射作用后，若某一组织中损失的 细胞数足够多，而且这些细胞又相当重要， 将会造成可观察到的损伤，主要表现为 组 织或器官功能不同程度的丧失。 剂量很小时，产生的损伤概率为零。 超高阈值以后，损伤程度随剂量的增加 而加重。
【管理资料】核医学第3章-电离辐射生物效应与放射卫生防护---2汇编
放射性核素通过各种途径进入机体，在机体内发射出射 线产生的生物效应。
内照射效应主要发生在放射性核素通过的途径和沉积部位的组 织器官，但其效应可波及全身。内照射效应一般以射程短、电离强 的 α、β 射线为主。
3. 局部照射（local irradiation）：当外照射的射线照射身体某 一部位，引起局部组织的反应者称局部照射。当照射剂量 和剂量率相同时，身体各部位的辐射敏感性依次为
核医学第3章-电离辐射生物效应 与放射卫生防护---2
辐射生物效应
（biological effect of ionizing radiation）
电离辐射作用于机体后，其能量传递给机体的分 子、细胞、组织和器官等基本生命物质和分子后， 引起一系列复杂的物理、化学和生物学变化，由 此所造成生物体组织细胞和生命各系统功能、调 节和代谢的改变，产生各种生物学效应。
如致癌效应和遗传效应。由于遗传与生理的差异，个体对辐射诱发癌症的 敏感性是不同的，但总的来说，辐射诱发癌症的概率是很低的。
确定性效应的剂量阈值
（一次照射中组织受到的总当量剂量）
器官和组织 确定性效应
总当量剂量(Sv)
睾丸
卵巢 眼睛体
骨髓
暂时不育 永久不育 永久不育 可查出的浑浊 白内障 造血机能低下 致死性再生不良
(二)电离辐射致癌效应：
1. 大量体外和体内研究均表明，电离辐射可使癌症
发生率升高。
2. 辐射既可以是致癌的始动因子，又可以是促进因
8 ．遗传效应（genetic effect）：受照射个体生殖细胞突变 ，而在子代身上表现出的效应称遗传效应。这是由于电离
辐射造成受照者生殖细胞遗传物质的损伤，引起基因突变和染色体 畸变，导致后代先天畸形、流产、死胎和某些遗传性疾病。
电离辐射的细胞效应
查看DNA有无损伤；
2、DNA复制检查点(DNA replication checkpoint) 负
责DNA复制的进度；
3、纺锤体组装检查点(spindleassembly checkpoint)
管理染色体的正确分配已否，因为染色体的分
Figure 4.1. Examples of pedigrees of EMT6 mouse cells.
Mitotic death
NORMAL
IRRADIATED
2、间期死亡（Interphase death） 或即时死亡（ Immediate cell
death ）
指受照射细胞未经分裂就死亡。
P21wAFl、Gadd45 、Bax、IGFBP3，Fas等。
﹡认为MDM2的正常功能是限制Gl期阻滞的时间，
使DNA损伤修复后的细胞重新进入细胞周期。
﹡在p53转录调控的效应分子中，Gadd45和P21是
参与辐射所致细胞G1期阻滞的重要元件分子。
三、ATM、P53与DAN损伤的识别
3、S相延迟（S phase delay）
周期性地活化蛋白激酶调控细胞周期进程
周期蛋白依赖性激酶（ Cdks）：引擎 （ engine）
在细胞周期中恒定的表达（时间、时相）； 激酶的活性在周期中是变动的；激酶活性变化
由很多酶和蛋白质控制，其中cyclins是主要分 子。
举例：G1 cyclins和CDKs
G1 cyclins是指G1期或G1／S交界处发挥作 用、启动细胞周期和促进DNA合成的周期蛋 白。
每个细胞周期必需复制一次，分裂前染色体必须
radiation
radiationRadiationIntroductionRadiation is a term used to describe the emission or transmission of energy through matter or space in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. It is a natural phenomenon that exists throughout the universe and has both natural and artificial sources. Radiation can have beneficial uses, such as in medical diagnostics and treatments, as well as detrimental effects, such as in nuclear accidents or prolonged exposure. This document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of radiation, its types, sources, uses, and potential risks.Types of RadiationThere are several types of radiation, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. This type of radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, and high-energy ultraviolet radiation. Non-ionizing radiation, on the other hand, lacks sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, and low-energy ultraviolet radiation.Sources of RadiationRadiation can originate from both natural and man-made sources. Natural sources include cosmic radiation from the sun and outer space, radioactive materials found in the Earth's crust, and radon gas. Man-made sources of radiation include medical imaging procedures such as X-rays, nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, and industrial activities involving radioactive materials. It is important to note that radiation exposure can occur from both direct and indirect sources, and understanding these sources is crucial in assessing potential health risks.Uses of RadiationRadiation has numerous applications in various fields. In medicine, diagnostic procedures like X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use ionizing radiation to create detailed images of the internal structures of the body. Radiation therapy, another medical application, utilizes high-energy radiation to targetand destroy cancer cells. In industry, radiation is used for sterilization, food irradiation, and material testing. Additionally, radiation plays a vital role in scientific research, space exploration, and telecommunications.Health Risks of Radiation ExposureWhile radiation has diverse uses, it can also pose health risks if exposure levels are not properly controlled. The most significant health risk associated with radiation exposure is an increased likelihood of developing cancer. High doses of ionizing radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to mutations and the development of cancerous cells. Acute radiation sickness can occur with high doses of radiation received over a short period. Other potential health effects include birth defects, genetic disorders, and damage to the immune system.Radiation Protection and Safety MeasuresTo mitigate the health risks associated with radiation exposure, various protection and safety measures are employed. These measures include the use of personal protective equipment, such as lead aprons and shields, to minimize exposure during medical procedures. Strictregulations and monitoring programs are in place to ensure radiation safety in nuclear power plants, and workers are trained to handle radioactive materials safely. Public awareness campaigns and education play a vital role in promoting radiation safety and ensuring that individuals understand the risks and proper precautions.ConclusionRadiation is a natural phenomenon that exists in various forms and has both beneficial and detrimental effects. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the different types of radiation, their sources, and their uses to minimize health risks. With proper protection and safety measures, radiation can be safely harnessed for medical, industrial, and scientific purposes. Ongoing research and advancements in radiation science will continue to enhance our understanding of radiation and its potential applications while ensuring the safety of individuals and the environment.。
低剂量X射线辐照小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率的研究
论著文章编号:1000-5404(2008)22-2124-04低剂量X射线辐照小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率的研究褚群1,杨录军1,庞学利2,曹佳1(第三军医大学:1军事预防医学院卫生毒理学教研室,2西南医院肿瘤科,重庆400038)摘要:目的探讨嗜多染红细胞微核率(frequenc i es of m icronuc leated polychro m a tic erythrocytes,M f N PCE)的流式细胞术检测法能否作为1种自动化方法用于检测早期生物低剂量辐照后遭受的遗传损害。
方法每天1次按0.05、0.10、0.40G y3个低剂量X射线辐照小鼠,连续4次,各剂量各时间点为一动物辐照组;每次辐照20h后采用流式细胞术检测骨髓M f NPCE,观察各时间点和剂量点的微核率动态变化,同时以传统显微镜方法作为对照进行比较。
结果流式细胞术和显微镜方法均在第1天的0.05、0.10、0.40G y辐照组检测到骨髓M f NPCE显著升高(P<0105),以后3d的各剂量辐照组M f NPCE升高更为显著(P<0101);2种方法检测结果显示均有较好的剂量、时间依赖性,并呈显著正相关性(r=01984, P<0101)。
结论骨髓M f NPCE可作为低剂量辐射条件下的辐射生物计量检测指标,并可用流式细胞术自动化检测。
关键词:X射线;嗜多染红细胞;微核;流式细胞仪中图法分类号:R329-33;R331.22;R818.03文献标识码:AAuto m atic m easure m ent of frequencies of m i cronucleated pol ychro m atic erythro-cytes i n mouse bone marro w after lo w-dose X-ray irradiationC HU Qun1,YANG Lu-j u n1,PANG Xue-li2,CAO Jia1(1D epart m ent o f H yg iene T ox ico l ogy,Co llege o f P reventive M ed i c i ne, 2D epart m ent o f O nco l ogy,Sout hw est H ospita l,T hird M ilitary M ed i ca lU n i versity,Chongq i ng400038,Chi na)Abstract:Obj e cti v e To i n vesti g ate w he t h er flo w cy to m etry used i n m easuri n g the frequenc i e s ofm icro-nuc leated po l y chro m ati c er y throcy tes(M f NPCE)can be app lied as an au to m atic m et h od for the earl y detection of l o w-dose irradiation caused genetic da m age.M ethods BALB/c m ice w ere irrad iated w it h X ray a t three si n gle lo w-dose(0.05,0.10,0.40Gy respectively)f o r consecutive4days,and the frequencies o fm icronu-cleated polychro m atic ery t h rocy tes(M f NPCE)20h after each irrad iation i n bone m arro w cells w ere detected w ith either fl o w cyto m etry or trad iti o na lm icroscopy as control m ethod.Results Both flo w cyto m etry and m-i croscopy exh i b ited si g nificantl y increased M f NPCE(P<0105)after irrad i a ti o n o f0.05,0.10,0.40Gy on the first day and i n t h e follo w i n g3days.The M f NPCE detected by fl o w cy to m etr y and m icroscopy sho w ed a si g n if-i cant ti m e-and dose-dependentm anner and a positi v e correlation(r=01984,P<0101).Conclusi o n F lo w cy to m etr y for m easuring M f NPCE can be used as an auto m atic bio-dosi m etry under lo w-dose irradiation.K ey w ords:X ray;po l y chro m atic erythr ocytes;m icronucleus;flo w cy to m etry微核实验自20世纪70年代中期创建以来,检测方法不断得到发展,其中自动化检测是该领域最具前景的发展方向[1,2]。
张汉熙高级英语(第三版)II 12 The 4Laws of Ecology
Para.2 The analogy of watch
What does the term “R & D” mean? What role does it play in developing
the best watches? restricted selection Out of adjustment: out of order Translate: (para.2)
Para. 12 What’s the embarrassing fact about the final generalizations? Why are they widely held by many people without scientific analysis or
professional authorization? enmesh- trap, entangle, entrap Interplay- interact, intermesh Incisive-acute, penetrating, sharp, intelligent, bright
Para.7 further explanation by introducing enzyme capable of breaking down the substances the grave consequence of absence of degradative enzyme in a new maห้องสมุดไป่ตู้made organic substance Translate line 91-94 (para.7)
harmful. Translate: line 71-73
这个原因应归结于这样一个事实，即在生物体中实际发现的化学物质的
肝胆外科文献常用英语单词
文献生词malignancy 恶性,恶性肿瘤hepatectomy 肝切除术bilirubin 胆红素bilirubinemia 胆红素血症Hyperbilirubinemia高胆红素血症Indocyanine green 吲哚花青绿indocyanine green retention 靛青绿滞留量试验hepatic insufficiency 肝功能不全,肝功能衰退jaundice 黄疸retrospective review 回忆性调查intraoperative 手术中的,术中parameters 参数Logistic Regression Logistic回归prognosis 预后prognostic 预后的hilar 门的,脐的cholangiocarcinoma 胆管上皮癌intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma 肝内胆管癌anatomic 解剖的,解剖学的hepatichilus肝门perioperative 围手术期的indication 适应证,指征curative 治愈的resection 切除术likelihood 可能性liver function 肝功能metastasis 转移hepatocellular carcinoma 肝细胞癌unexpected 意外的,突然的cholestasis胆汁淤积biliary drainage 胆汁引流extended hemihepatectomy 扩大半肝切除术Trisegmentectomy 三段切除Chronic viral hepatitis 慢性病毒性肝炎cirrhosis 肝硬化serum 免疫血清,血清on admission 入院时,住医院时percutaneous 经皮的transhepatic 经肝的endoscopic biliary drainage 内镜胆管引流,内镜胆管引流术, endoscopic 内窥镜的;内窥镜检查的drainage tube 引流管,排液管portal vein 门(静)脉embolization 栓塞,栓塞术,栓子形成peritoneal 腹膜的dissemination 播散,散布laparotomy 剖腹手术distant metastasis 远端转移Surgical Procedures 外科手术anastomosis 吻合术enteric 肠的in terms of 以…的观点;以…的方式hemorrhage 出血hemorrhagic 出血性的hemolysis 溶血hemolytic 溶血的hematology 血液学hematological 血液的hemodynamics 血流动力学coagulation status 高凝状态prothrombin time 凝血酶原时间activated partial thromboplastin time 激活局部促凝血酶原激酶时间antithrombin 抗凝血酶thrombolytic 溶血栓药,血栓溶解剂duration 持续时间;期间nonlinear least squares method 非线性最小平方法natural logarithm 自然对数categorize 分类galactose tolerance test 半乳糖耐量试验half life 半衰期puted tomography scan 计算机体层摄影扫描,CT扫描contrastmedium 比照剂,造影剂bolus 推注integrated software 集成软件variables 变量continuous variable 连续变量categorical variable 分类变量univariate 单变量multivariate 多变量univariate analysis 单变量分析multivariate analysis 多元分析,多元统计分析stepwise procedure 逐步过程chi square test χ2检验,卡方检验,cutoff value 截断值Odds Ratio 比值比Mann Whitney test 曼-怀二氏检验tailed 有…尾的receiver operating characteristic curve 承受者〔机〕操作特征曲线morbidity and mortality 并发症和死亡率depression 减压in regard to 关于,至于living related liver transplantation 活体亲属供肝肝移植术parenchyma 实质liver parenchyma 肝实质excretory 排泄的,分泌的parenchymal 质的,主质的shrinkage 皱缩,皱缩度biotransformation 生物转化adenosine triphosphate 三磷腺苷ammonia 氨Aspartate Aminotransferase 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶Alanine Aminotransferase 丙氨酸氨基转移酶Lactate Dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶glutamyl 谷氨酰基Inferior Vena Cava 下腔静脉abdominal aorta腹主动脉Paraaortic 主动脉旁的celiac axis 腹腔干mon hepatic artery 肝总动脉proper hepatic artery 肝固有动脉superior mesenteric Artery 肠系膜上动脉Hepatic artery thrombosis 肝动脉血栓形成pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤portacaval shunt 门(静脉与)腔静脉分流术arterialization 动脉化angiography 血管造影术occlusion 闭塞堵塞occluded 闭塞的collateral 侧的,侧支,副的confluence 合流,汇流autologous vein graft自体静脉移植物porta hepatis 肝门Portal lymph node 肝门淋巴结second order biliary radicles 二级胆管根lobar atrophy 肝叶萎缩caudate lobe 尾状叶falciform ligament 肝镰状韧带periampullary 壶腹周围的Retroduodenal 十二指肠后的jejunum (jejunal) 空肠〔的〕ileum (ileal) 回肠〔的〕colon(colonic) 结肠〔的〕rectum (rectal) 直肠〔的〕anal canal 肛管oncology 肿瘤学oncological 肿瘤学的neoplasm 肿瘤，新生物neoplastic 肿瘤的，新生物的neoplastic seeding 肿瘤播种papillary tumor 乳头瘤adenocarcinoma 腺癌cystadenoma 囊腺瘤testis 睾丸gastrinoma 胃泌素瘤squamous cell carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌carcinoid tumors 类癌sara 肉瘤focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) 局灶性结节性增生parenchymal disease 器质性疾病advanced cancer 晚期癌症well differentiated 分化良好nodule 结节nodal metastases 淋巴结转移therapeutic effect 疗效neoadjuvant chemotherapy新辅助化疗radiofrequency ablation 射频消蚀arterial chemoembolization 动脉化疗性栓塞infiltrating 浸润macroscopically 肉眼[检查]的;目视的carcinoembryonic antigen 癌胚抗原indication 适应症指征contraindication 禁忌证preoperative workup 术前全面评估postoperative morbidity rate 术后并发症发生率operative approach 手术入路radical operation 根治术,根治性手术en bloc 整个地,整块地inoperable 不能手术的,不能做手术的palliative 姑息的diagnostic laparoscopy 诊断性腹腔镜检查non-therapeutic laparotomy 非治疗性剖腹探查术invasive techniques 微创技术procedural plications 手术并发症pancreaticoduodenectomy 胰十二指肠切除术Adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术thrombectomy 血栓摘除术lymphadenectomy 淋巴结切除术Lymph Node Dissection 淋巴结清扫术lymph node harvest 淋巴结清扫end to side anastomosis 端侧吻合术hepaticojejunostomy 肝空肠吻合术cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术Caudate lobectomy 尾状叶切除术radiopharmaceutical agent 放射性药剂iodized oil 碘化油absolute ethanol 无水乙醇scintigraphy 闪烁扫描术helical 螺旋的,螺旋状,螺旋状的cross sectional imaging 横断层面成像magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 磁共振成像endoscopy retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)内镜下逆行胆胰管造影magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)磁共振胰胆管成像intraoperative ultrasonography 术中超声检查法contrast enhanced puted tomography比照增强扫描CTpositron emission tomography PET正电子发射断层扫描cholangiogram 胆管造影Recurrence 复发follow up 随访conitant 伴发的,附随的orbidities 并存病bleeding 出血,流血extravasation 外渗,溢出hemobilia 胆道出血biliary fistula 胆瘘pleural effusion 胸腔积液lung edema 肺水肿splenomegaly 脾肿大hypersplenism 脾功能亢进hepatic encephalopathy 肝性脑病ascites 腹水subphrenic abscess 膈下脓肿endotoxaemia 内毒素血症myocardial infarction 心肌梗死pyrexial 发热的hypothermic 低体温的Biliary Stricture 胆管狭窄steatohepatitis 脂肪性肝炎fatty liver 脂肪肝adipose tissue 脂肪组织primary sclerosing cholangitis 原发性硬化性胆管炎angina 心绞痛sepsis 败血症,脓毒症perfusion 灌注ex vivo 离体,在活体外in situ 原位right upper quadrant 右上象限proximal part 近心端perineural 神经周围的bifurcation 二根分叉部,分岔ipsilateral 身体的同侧的,同侧的Institutional Review Board 机构审查委员会Ethics mittees 伦理学委员会predispose to 易患，使易感染、诱发platelet 血小板hyperalimentation 高营养支持cirrhotic 硬变的morbidity 并发症，发病率medications 用药dislodge 移去,逐出,取出gonadal 性腺的,生殖腺的Histologic 组织学的frozen section 冰冻切片atrophy 萎缩hypertrophy 肥大,过度生长proliferation 增生,增殖hyperplasia 增生;数量性肥大Stem cells 干细胞bone marrow derived 骨髓衍生的epithelium 上皮,上皮细胞encased 包裹reconstruction 重建,再造,重构inflammatory 炎症性的broad spectrum antibiotics 广谱抗菌素blood culture 血培养Gram Negative bacillus革兰阴性[芽胞]杆菌cut surface 切面stent 支架catheter 导管direct cannulation 直接插管spectrophotometer 分光光度计rupture 破裂,vt.(使)破裂somatostatin 生长抑素Extracellular Matrix 细胞外基质cohort 同期组群Length of Stay 住院时间after discharge 出院后stratified 分层的,成层的clear cut 明确的In this regard 在这方面e at a cost 是有代价的progressively 进展性地,渐进地rationale 原理,根底理论homogeneous 同类的同质的heterogeneous 异类的,不同的putative 假定的omnipotent 全能的,无所不能的as controls 作为对照preconditioned 预处理preconditioning 预处理prospectively 前瞻性prospective randomized date 前瞻性随机数据Disease-Specific survival 疾病特异性生存率irreversible 不可逆的references 参考Cochrane 循证医学cholangiopancreatography 胰胆管造影术resolution 分辨率〔决心，决议解决〕herein 如此,鉴于，在此处iatrogenic 医源性palliation 缓和,减轻running suture 连续缝合orthotopic liver transplantation 原位肝移植chemoradiation 放化疗preneoplastic change 癌前变化carcinogenesis 致癌作用dysplasia 发育不良,不典型增生endoprosthesis 内镜置管术pruritus 瘙痒pruritis 瘙痒症Etiology (aetiology) 病原学etiologic 病原学的epidemiology 流行病学epidemiological 流行病学的pathophysiology 病理生理学lesion 病变Radionuclide 放射性核素nitrosamine 亚硝胺类pathogenesis 发病机制carcinoid 类癌Mucinous Adenocarcinoma 粘液腺癌Clear cell adenocarcinoma 透明细胞腺癌Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma 印戒细胞腺癌Adenosquamous Carcinoma 腺鳞状癌Squamous Cell Carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌Oat Cell Carcinoma 燕麦细胞癌Undifferentiated Carcinoma 未分化癌Papillomatosis 乳头状瘤病Papillary Carcinoma 乳头状癌hepatoblastoma 肝母细胞瘤Haemangioendothelioma 血管内皮瘤neuroendocrine tumour 神经内分泌瘤Leiomyosara 平滑肌肉瘤malignant fibrous histiocytoma 恶化纤维组织细胞瘤nodular tumors 结节性肿瘤cachexia 恶液质sterilize 灭菌,消毒surgical radicality 手术的根治性angiogenetic 血管生成angiogenic 血管源性的，生成血管的antiangiogenic 抗血管生成的chemosensitization 化疗增敏photosensitizer 感光剂,光敏剂irradiation 放射，照射conformational radiotherapy 适形放射治疗brachytherapy 短距离放射治疗stereotactic 立体定位的,立体定向的interventional radiology 介入放射学oxaliplatin 奥沙利铂doxorubicin 多柔比星gemcitabine 吉西他滨immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂Portography 门静脉造影术contrast agent 比照剂,造影剂lipiodol 碘油Iodophor 碘伏cystic duct 胆囊管choledochal duct 胆总管choledochal cysts 胆总管囊肿Choledocholithiasis 胆总管结石hepatolithiasis 肝内胆管结石病oriental cholangiohepatitis 东方人胆管肝炎Biliary malformation 胆管畸形Liver fluke 肝吸虫protocol 治疗方案therapeutic regimen 治疗方案Palliative Treatment 姑息治疗Signs and Symptoms 体征和病症plethora 多血症,多血质Differential Diagnosis 鉴别诊断Randomized Controlled Trials 随机对照试验enterocinesia 肠动,肠蠕动Ligation 结扎术luminal obstruction 官腔阻塞screening 普检,筛查,筛选predisposing factor 易感因素enhanced susceptibility 增强易感性hyperbaric oxygen treatment 高压氧治疗asymptomatic 无病症的indolent 无痛的Intractable Pain 顽固性疼痛visceral 内脏的steatosis 脂肪变性latency 潜伏期side effects 副作用depensation 失代偿anoxia 缺养症anoxic 缺氧的anoxemia. 缺氧血症;血缺氧ischemia 局部缺血,缺血Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 缺血再灌注损伤ischemic change 缺血性改变anemia 贫血pyogenic 化脓的purulent 化脓性,脓性的hepatomegaly 肝肿大umbilical fissure 裂脐cytokine 细胞因子neuropeptide 神经肽neurotransmitter 神经递质fluorescence in situ hybridization 荧光原位杂交necrosis 坏死necrocytosis 细胞坏死apoptosis 凋亡apoptotic 细胞凋亡的desmoplastic reaction 纤维成形性反响oncogene 癌基因Suppressor Genes 抑制基因genetic 遗传的epigenetic change 基因外改变hypermethylation 超甲基化sequential occurrence 顺序发生stepwise 分步的,分段的,逐步的mesenchymal 间质morphology 形态atypia 非典型,异型性Phenotype 表型dehydration 脱水paraffin 石蜡impregnation 浸渍,受精,受孕embedding 包埋,埋植serial section 连续切片anesthesia 麻醉anesthesiology 麻醉学anesthetist 麻醉师palpation 触诊orifice 管口,口,小孔one orifice 一个管口intubate 插管pancreatic secretion 胰腋centrifuge 离心,,离心机cannulation 管子reactive oxygen species 活性氧recanalization 再通，再穿通Celiac Plexus 腹腔丛arteriolar 微动脉的,小动脉的Collateral Circulation 侧支循环intima 内膜subintimal 内膜下的mitochondria 线粒体multifocal 多病灶的endemic 地方性的amenable 适合的more specifically 更具体地说mainstay 主要依据kink 扭折,纽结lethal 致命的peculiarity 特性armamentarium 医疗设备,设备demarcate 划界限,分开,区别paucity 资料贫乏migration 移位interim report 中期报告nihilistic 虚无主义的enigmatic 难理解的，神秘的occult 隐匿的，潜隐的autopsy 尸检detritus 腐屑,腐质,碎屑antegrade 顺行的retrograde逆行的endogenous 内源的,内生的exogenous 外源的,外生的intracorporeal 体内的extracorporeal 体外的autocrine 自分泌paracrine 旁分泌xenogenic 异体的,异种的cryptogenic 隐原性的,原因不明的insidiously 隐袭地congenital 先天的,天生的hereditary 遗传的,遗传性的pitfall 缺陷Biliary anomalies 胆道畸形cholecystolithiasis胆囊结石cholecystitis 胆囊炎choledocholithiasis 胆总管结石total bilirubin总胆红素unconjugated bilirubin 游离胆红素conjugated bilirubin 结合胆红素bile plug 胆栓sinusoid 血窦，窦状隙sinusoidal 血窦的窦状隙的transjugular 经颈静脉的portosystemic shunt 门体分流术hepatic a 肝昏迷hyperammonaemia 高氨血症hypoalbuminemia 低白蛋白血症neuropsychiatric 神经精神性的confusion 意识错乱,意识模糊disorientation 定向障碍astrocyte 星形胶质细胞inflammatory mediator 炎症介质neutrophil (neutrophilic granulocyte) 嗜中性粒细胞macrophage 巨噬细胞phagocyte 吞噬细胞phagocytosis 吞噬作用mitogen 促细胞分裂原,有丝分裂原reticuloendothelial system 网状内皮系统Synthase 合酶dysregulation 调节异常,失调chromosome 染色体nuclear atypia 核异型nucleotide 核苷酸mitochondria 线粒体mitochondrial 线粒体的microsome 微粒体microsomal 微粒体的detoxify 去毒, 解毒，戒烟毒detoxification 解毒(作用),脱毒,戒毒治疗carcinogen 致癌物mutagen 诱变剂,致突变原carbohydrate antigen 糖类抗原标志物,糖链抗原glycoprotein 糖蛋白extirpation 摘除malignant transformation 恶变,恶性转化forceps biopsy 钳夹活检,钳夹活检术transpapillary 经十二指肠乳头stenosis 狭窄stenotic 狭窄的patency rate 通畅率vasculature 脉管系统diffuse intravascular coagulation 弥散性血管内凝血(DIC) coagulant and fibrinolytic systems 凝血和纤溶系统circulatory disturbance 循环紊乱Vascular Permeability 血管通透性vasodilatation 血管扩X vasopressor 血管升压类药物vasopressin 加压素endothelin 内皮缩血管肽prostaglandin 前列腺素Saphenous Veins 隐静脉renin 肾素angiotensin 血管紧X素aldosterone 醛固酮oestrogen (estrin) 雌激素progestogen (progestin) 孕激素androgen (androtin) 雄激素testosterone 睾酮acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死oedema 水肿oliguria 少尿症diuretic(a) 利尿剂haemofiltration 血液滤过dialyse 透析dialysate (Dialysis Solutions) 透析液acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS) diaphragm 横隔dyspnea 呼吸困难pulmonary oedema 肺水肿ventilatory dysfunction 通气功能障碍Total Parenteral Nutrition 全胃肠外营养enteral nutrition 肠道营养malabsorption 吸收不良venoplasty 血管成形术hematoma 血肿perforation 穿孔paracentesis 穿刺,穿刺术granulomatous inflammation 肉芽肿性炎症Bacterial Translocation 细菌移位the administration of antibiotics 抗生素的应用prophylactic antibiotics 预防性抗生素synbiotic therapy 合生元治疗free radical 自由基lactate 乳酸盐malaise 不适感,全身乏力episode 发作idiopathic 特发性的,自发性的tracer 示踪剂relaparotomy 再手术mild to moderate 轻度到中度multifactorial 多因子的,多因素的iohexol 碘海醇procaine 普鲁卡因lidocaine 利多卡因analgesia 镇痛dehiscence 裂开cryopreserved 冷藏保存的discriminant analysis 判别分析cadaveric 尸体的subjects 受试者obliteration 涂去,抹消,删除milieu 环境,境界potent 有力的,有效的schematic diagram 示意图,原理图misidentification 错误认同,错认algorithm 公式,算法,推导strong echo 强回声acoustic shadow 声影hyperecho(ic) 高回声〔的〕isoecho(ic) 等回声〔的〕hypoecho(ic) 低回声〔的〕anecho(ic) 无回声〔的〕aseptic technique 无菌术asepsis 灭菌antisepsis 消毒emergency operation 急诊手术confine operation 限期手术selective operation 择期手术evidence-based medicine 循证医学polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶链反响chief plaints 主诉history collection 病史采集history of present illness 现病史past history 既往史personal history 个人史marital history 婚姻史menstrual history 月经史child bearing history 生育史family history 家族史physical examination 体格检查inspection 视诊palpation 触诊percussion 叩诊auscultation 听诊abdominal pain 腹痛abdominal distension 腹胀diarrhea 腹泻constipation 便秘nausea 恶心vomit 呕吐stool 大便aspiration 误吸asphyxia (apnea) 窒息atelectasis 肺不X arrhythmia 心律失常cardiac arrest 心脏骤停ventricular fibrillation 心室纤颤hyperthermia 高热hypothermia 低温Natrium (sodium) 钠Kalium (potassium) 钾Chlorine 氯Calcium 钙Magnesium 镁Phosphorus 磷ion 离子homoeostasis 体内平衡derangement 紊乱isotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水hypotonic dehydration 低渗性缺水hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水water intoxication 水中毒hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia 高钠血症hypochloremia 低氯血症hyperchloremia 高氯血症hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypercalcemia 高钙血症hypomagnesemia 低镁血症hypermagnesemia 高镁血症hypophosphatemia 低磷血症hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒metabolic alkalosis 代谢性碱中毒respiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒respiratory alkalosis 呼吸性碱中毒hematocrit (Hct) 血细胞比容autologous blood transfusion 自体输血salvaged autotransfusion 回收式自体输血predeposited autotransfusion 预存式自体输血hemodiluted autotransfusion 稀释式自体输血cryoprecipitate 冷沉淀furuncle 疖furunculosis 疖病carbuncle 痈acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管炎erysipelas 丹毒abscess 脓肿dermoid cancer 皮肤癌melanotic 黑痣melanoma 黑色素瘤lipoma 脂肪瘤neurinoma 神经鞘瘤neurofibroma 神经纤维瘤capillary hemangioma 毛细血管瘤angiocavernoma 海绵状血管瘤racemosum hemangioma 蔓状血管瘤sebum cyst 皮脂腺囊肿tetanus 破伤风gangrene 坏疽superinfection 二重感染septicemia 败血症debridement 清创术simple goiter 单纯性甲状腺肿hyperthyroidism 甲亢hypothyroidism 甲减mastitis 乳腺炎mastopathy 乳腺病，乳腺增生症mastectomy 乳房切除术teratoma 畸胎瘤inguinal hernia 腹股沟疝femoral hernia 股疝incisional hernia 切口疝umbilial hernia 脐疝hernia of linea alba 白线疝interloop abscess 肠间脓肿helicobacter pylory (HP) 幽门螺杆菌pyloric obstruction 幽门梗阻vagotomy 迷走神经切断术lymphoma 淋巴瘤duodenal diverticulum 十二指肠憩室intussusception 肠套叠polyps 息肉ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎rectal prolapse 直肠脱垂anorectal abscess 直肠肛管周围脓肿anal fistula 肛瘘anal fissure 肛裂haemorrhoids 痔internal haemorrhoids 内痔external haemorrhoids 外痔mixed haemorrhoids 混合痔annulus haemorrhoids 环形痔proctocolectomy 直肠与结肠切除术major operation 大手术omentum 网膜pancreaticobiliary 胰胆管的Bile canaliculus 胆小管mediastinum 纵隔quadrate lobe 方叶organic 有机的,器官的interferon 干扰素glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率Fulminant Liver Failure 爆发性肝衰竭Nephrotic Syndrome 肾病综合征enteropathy 肠病,肠病变Esophageal cancer 食管癌gastroesophageal varices 胃食管静脉曲XSupine Position 仰卧位informed consent 知情同意sequelae 后遗症,转归demarcate 划界限,分开,区别postprandial 食后的to date 迄今为止regarding 关于serologic 血清学的Serology 血清学hepaplastin test 肝促凝血活酶试验urea 尿素heme 血红素anionic 阴离子的。