参考例文(中英文摘要、目录、正文、参考文献、致谢)
毕业设计参考资料(摘要、目录、致谢等写法参考)
XX大学毕业设计中文摘要摘要移动通信从20世纪80年代大规模投入商用以来，已经经历了从模拟通信向数字通信的转变。
随着移动通信的飞速发展，传统的以话音和低速数据业务为主的第二代地面移动通信系统己逐渐不能满足人们的要求，而新兴的数据和多媒体业务，如可视电话、Email、视频传输、文件下载等将成为移动通信中不可或缺的业务组成，移动通信的发展已经进入了3G时代。
目前，国外3G系统早已投入商用，国内也在2009年1月发放了3G牌照，各大移动运营商都在积极建设第三代移动通信系统。
主流的3G标准有三种制式，即WCDMA，CDMA2000和TD-SCDMA。
其中，美国提出的CDMA2000可兼容目前的窄带CDMA网络；欧洲提出的WCDMA则是为了实现与GSM网络的兼容和从GSM 平滑过渡到3G系统而设计的；TD-SCDMA是由我国提出，并享有自主知识产权的标准，因而备受国家重视。
本文的研究工作以TD-SCDMA无线网络规划项目为背景，结合重庆移动建设TD-SCDMA系统网络的实际情况，从TD-SCDMA无线网络规划的实际应用出发，对TD-SCDMA系统的发展、构成、无线网络规划原则和无线网络规划的实际应用进行了深入的研究，并采用理论计算的方法，对TD-SCDMA无线网络进行了具体的容量估算、覆盖范围确定、站址数量计算等一系列工作。
最后结合规划软件，考察设计系统在地理信息系统上的覆盖、导频干扰及服务质量情况，对规划的结果进行了仿真，得到了重庆移动江北区TD-SCDMA无线网络建设方案。
关键词：第三代移动通信，TD-SCDMA，网络规划，容量，覆盖XX大学毕业设计目录目录摘要 ................................................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
正文、参考文献、致谢(范本)
1.隐喻研究综述20世纪80年代，莱可夫（kaff）和约翰逊（M.Johnson）在他们合著的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》（Metaphors We Live By）一书中指出，隐喻是到处可见的极为重要的语言现象，我们的生活离不开隐喻。
隐喻不仅属于语言，而且属于思想、活动、行为，即隐喻无处不在。
因而隐喻研究形成了多学科交叉的热闹局面，形成了一种前所未有的“隐喻热”。
隐喻有广义与狭义之分。
狭义的隐喻是一种修辞格，它只是比喻中的暗喻。
广义的隐喻外延则很大，隐喻不再是比喻的一种类型，而是“凡根据一种特殊的语义关系R(A.X)，由辞里F(A)与辞表F(X)构成语义转移方式都可以成为隐喻”。
①这种语义转换方式可通过多种修辞格来实现。
以上只是简单的定义隐喻在不同层面的含义，我们还可以从更为具体的角度来剖析隐喻的广狭义。
1.1狭义的隐喻狭义的隐喻是一种修辞格，是一种用于修饰话语的修辞现象。
人们也惯于把隐喻当作一种形象的遣词用字的技巧。
它为增强语言的修辞效果提供了可能，使得语言精炼，形象生动，具有说服力。
同时，修辞功能作为新的隐喻理论形成的基础和参照对象，在隐喻研究中发挥着重大作用。
隐喻客观上增强了语言的表达效果，可以使我们日常语言表达更具形象性、意象性趣味性。
构成隐喻需要四个条件：第一，本体；第二，喻体；第三，喻词；第四，相似性。
前三者我们比较好理解，而所谓的相似性，就是两个事物之间相似的地方。
以相似性为基础的隐喻利用事物之间人们以感受到的相似性，而创造相似性的隐喻则将原来并不被以为其间存在着的相似性的两个事物并置在一起，构成隐喻，从而使人们获得对其中某一事物新的观察角度或新的认识。
②（1）山的声音，水的声音；心的声音、土地的声音——所有的声音组合在一起，就是生命的旋律，就是来自宇宙的回声。
（陶丽敏《神奇的声音》）（2）市场是一把双刃剑。
对于文艺评论来讲，它既有积极作用，也有消极作用。
（郑伯农《文艺评论二题》）①彭漪涟、马钦荣《逻辑学大辞典》第544页，上海辞书出版社2004年版以上的例子都是用判断词“是”做喻词的，直接把本体说成喻体。
英文论文致谢部分格式
英文论文致谢部分格式英文论文致谢部分格式为帮助撰写英语论文致谢部分有难题的各位同学们，我们整理3篇最新英文论文致谢范文，以帮助各位了解此部分格式规范。
希望能帮助到大家。
英文论文致谢部分一：The flight of time, Time flies like a shuttle., in the past 4 years. In this beautiful season, in the paper completed, I am very sincere heart all the help my teachers, classmates and friends to express my heartfelt sincere thanks.First of all, my heartfelt thanks to my advisor, Professor XXX, for opening the door to scientific research for me. The professor is a humble gentle honest for your good teachers and helpful friends, people, meticulous attitude, profound knowledge and innovative thinking I was impressed, and worthy disciple of lifelong learning.With my most sincere respect, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor XXX, for your rigorous research, realistic and innovative research attitude, profound thinking, profound knowledge and generous scholar's mind, which will benefit me for life. From the research topic, research plan, formulate proposal and implementation, results analysis of articles and papers until the modification of condensation of the teacher's efforts and wisdom. The teacher was approachable, optimistic and confident, and had a profound influence on me.Thank you for all the brothers and sisters of the group. They are: XXX, XXX, thank you for accompanying me through the most important time in my life. Thank you for your help and concern.Finally, I want to thank my father, mother and all my family, Isincerely hope that you have is my motivation to advance in the long study on the road; you always selfless support and encourage me to finish school adhere to the source of courage. The grace of parental rearing; no thought that you are always healthy and happy is my biggest wish!英文论文致谢部分二：Four years of undergraduate study is coming to an end, this is a period of intense exploration. First of all, I'd like to thank Professor xxx. He not only provides me with advanced and superior research environment, but also directly teaches many years of research experience, makes my professional knowledge more stable, and research methods and skills to a higher level. Under the guidance of his patience, this thesis is gradually entering the frontier of discipline research. I am inspired by my supervisor's rigorous academic attitude, extensive knowledge system, positive and optimistic life creed, amiable teacher's demeanor and approachable manner of doing things. At the end of this thesis, I would like to extend my highest respect and sincere blessing to our tutor xxx.Secondly, I would like to thank the North China Electric Power University energy and Power Economics Research Advisory Center, teachers and students.They helped me to overcome the shortcomings of the theory and methods in the course of the thesis, which made me take many detours and finally complete the research. I would like to express my deep gratitude to them.Thanks to my parents and family, they are great, selfless, unrequited love forever in my heart, and will encourage me to love life, love of learning and work, I will not live up to your expectations, my heart will return!英文论文致谢部分三：My graduation thesis is closed, which means that my four years of study in my alma mater will end. Looking back at the past time, my life is the most precious in this campus, can spend in many learning, full of wit of the teachers under the influence, it is very honored. In these four years, I have benefited both in study and in thought. In addition to their own efforts, with the teachers, students and friends of concern, support and encouragement are inseparable, the writing of the paper is boring, difficult and challenging. XXX is a hot topic in the theory has been discussed, the teacher's earnest induction, students and parents to give advice and suggestions to encourage and support, is the source of power I adhere to the completion of the. Here, I'd like to thank my mentor, Mr. xxx. From the topics of the paper, the collection of literature, the design of the framework, the layout of the structure to the final thesis, from content to format, from title to punctuation, she has worked hard. Not such a teacher's hard cultivation, diligently taught, I would not have the right. Thanks to all the students in the Department of economics and XXXX, I have benefited a lot from their exchanges.Finally I want to thank my family and my friends to my understanding, support, encouragement and help, because of them, all I have to do more meaningful; it is because of them, I have the courage and confidence to pursue progress.Because of the rush of time and the lack of professional level, there are certain shortcomings and errors that have not yet been discovered in this paper.Please read the papers of the teachers and classmates, how grateful!。
优秀英文论文致谢（通用5篇）
优秀英文论文致谢（通用5篇）优秀英文论文致谢（通用5篇）写过论文的人都知道，论文最后都必须要写致谢，用于感谢在校学习过程中给予自己帮助和支持的.人，让我们今天捋捋思路，写一份论文致谢吧。
那么论文致谢有什么格式呢？以下是小编为大家整理的优秀英文论文致谢（通用5篇），欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
优秀英文论文致谢1This thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties.First, Id like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor in China ForeignAffairs University, Professor Zhang Xiaoli, who gave me a lot of useful andconstructive advice on my thesis. With his professional and academic knowledge, hetaught me how to do research, how to revise the thesis. Whenever I sent him ane-mail concerning my thesis, he replied soon. He spent a lot of time reading andcorrecting my thesis. Only under his guidance and encouragement could I finish thisthesis.I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University. As a teacher myself, I learned a lot about interpretation,translation, culture and teaching methods from them, which is helpful to my job.I wish to express my thanks to my leader, dean of the Department of AppliedLinguistics, Capital Medical University. She encouraged me constantly to finish thestudy.At last, I want to thank my husband and other family members and relatives,who showed their concern and support when I pursued my study.优秀英文论文致谢2This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and help fromseveral individuals who contributed and extended their valuable assistance in thepreparation and completion of my study.First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to my supervisor at China Foreign AffairsUniversity, Dr. Lu Xiaohong, for her guidance, understanding, patience, and most ofall, her support during my writing of the thesis paper. She has spent so much of hertime giving me direction and reading, correcting my thesis paper. Without her advices,I would have been lost in a wrong field.I would also like to thank all of my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University, especially to Professor Shi Yi, Professor Sun Jisheng,Professor Song Aiqun, Professor He Qun and Professor Cui Changqing. I have learneda lot from them during my time at this university, and I will always miss the time Ihave spent together with them in the classroom.I would like to express my thanks to all faculty members who have provided usnumerous support and help.Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank my parents. Their support,encouragement, quiet patience and unwavering love are the driving power of my work.I thank my son, Gao Zizheng, who always cheers me up and brings inspirations to me.优秀英文论文致谢3First and foremost, I would like to extend my deeply sincere gratitude to my respectablesupervisor,Professor Yan Jinglan, who has guided me to the world of InterculturalCommunication Studies and inspired me greatly in the study, and encouraged me to make abold attempt in writing this thesis. Her profound learning, inspiring inculcation and constantstrictness havestimulated my enthusiasm for working on the subject and thesis. Without herenlightened instruction and patient revision,it would be impossible for the accomplishment ofmy thesis.I am also obliged to Professor Wang Zhiqin, Professor Yang Huimin and Professor ChenLi, who asked me enlightening questions during thesis proposal defense and inspired me toretrospect my study on discourse analysis. My special thanks are due to those teachers,Professor Shao Zhihong,Professor Yu Jianguo, and Professor Wang Jianguo,whose classeslead me to learn more about translation theories,linguistic corpus knowledge, which alsoenlighten my construction on the thesis. Besides, my gratitude also goes to all other teacherswho have offered me help in the School of Foreign Languages at East China University ofScience and Technology during my two and a half years study.Finally,I am also deq?ly grateful to my family for their love,understanding andencouragement. It is the mental,spiritual and financial support from my parents to keep meinsisting on completing the thesis; especially I wish to dedicate this thesis to my dear motherwho contributed herself to my life and study through the past twenty-four years.优秀英文论文致谢4The present work is the result of all joint efforts. So many people hada part in the making of this dissertation that it is hard to acknowledgethem all.First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor BaiJiehong, supervisor of my dissertation, for having continually stimulatedme with her methodological concerns and persistent guidan够 in bothrealms of studies and life during the lengthy period of my writing thework, for having helped me withso many practical problems, andparticularly for having stirred my interest in cognitive linguistics when Ibegan my work on graduate program under her supervision. wish tothank her sincerely for her tolerance and openness which nurtured myinterest in the present work. Now I consider it a great privilege to havegot the benefit of her professional guidance.I would like to thank the College of Foreign Studies, Hunan NormalUniversity, for providing a stimulating academic environment and varioussupport which promote my growth here. Thanks to the professors at theEnglish Department for their share in shaping my view of the relationshipbetween language and cognition. I particularly appreciate my interactionwith Professor Huang Zhengding for his philosophical ideas,ProfessorLiao Guangrong for his open-mindedness and encouragement to my ideas,Professor Deng Yunhua for her inspiring comments to my questions, andProfessor Qin Yuxiang, for his nice grammar book which fanned myinterest in Cognitive Grammar and his discerning comments on my work.Special thanks to Professor Jiang Hongxin, who broadened my visionthrough his course on classics. His eloquent talks made me feel as if Iwere a literary student, and I was inspired to read so much beyondlinguistics.I am deeply grateful to the College of Foreign Studies as a whole foroffering me a warm home for my explorations. Without her support, Iwouldnt have got the opportunity to pursue my study at the ForeignLanguage Education and Research Center, Beijing Foreign StudiesUniversity; nor could I have won the scholarship from China ScholarshipCouncil, which enabled me to study at University of Oregon. My year ofapprenticeship at Beijing Foreign Studies University had a considerableinfluence onmy view of language and language studies. Special thanks toProfessor Chen Guohua, who as the supervisor of my visiting programallowed me a chance to go into the world of Case Grammar, an inspiringworld I still love to stay and explore. Warm thanks also to ProfessorWang Kefei, who spared his time to discuss my topic and gave me hisprofessional advice during my stay at Beijing.I am greatly indebted to Professor Mark Johnson, who invited me toUniversity of Oregon for further studies. It was so nice an experienceattending his lectures. And it was he who first introduced me toneuroscience, and its relation to cognitive linguistics. His coherence inmultiple disciplines makes him a role model for researchers.I want to say thank you to my best friends Zeng Yonghong, ChenMinzhe and Yang Quan for their persistent encouragement. Ours is aneverlasting world of friendship and brotherhood without which life wouldbe boring and monotonous, and also a lively forum for communicationsof questions and views, which, I believe, will always breed sm^pt answers.Special thanks go to Professor Liu Zhengguang, Professer LiangXiaobo, and also Chen Yunjiang, who always give me insightfulcomments on my work, whether on public occasions or in private talks.Great is my debt to my family. Warm thanks to my parents andparents-in-law for their consistent support and concern, and all kinds ofpractical help. Their generous help has accompanied me for so long, yet Ican only offer so little in return. To my wife I am most indebted for herlove and understanding, and her capability to manage all the matterswhen I feel helpless. She has the ability to put things in the right track.Without her support, this work would simply not have been possible. I ammuch indebted to my son Max, who keeps asking me how soon I wouldcomplete the work, so that I could come back to a normal life full oflaughter, games and outdoor activities. His concern brings me warmencouragement and sweet joys when I feel frustrated at myself for mypoor performance in organizing both my life and study. Finally, Id like tothank my brothers, whose frequent visits and calls remind me where Ibelong when I feel lonely.优秀英文论文致谢5The writing of a PhD dissertation is not an easy task, especially for someone whohas just begun her academic journey. During the evolution of this dissertation. I amdeeply indebted to a number of people who have guided and supported me in manyways.I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my research supervisor. ProfessorShen Li for her sincere and selfless support, prompt and useful advice during myresearch. She gives me a lifetime unforgettable memory of her benevolence, patience,intelligence,diligence and erudition.My gratitude also goes to Professor Chu Xiaoquan, Qu Weiguo and Shen Yuan ofthe Department of English, College of Foreign Languages and Literature, FudanUniversity. They gave me substantial suggestions for the refinement of thisdissertation during my pre-oral defense.I would also like to thank Professor Zhang Chunbai of the College of ForeignLanguages, East China Normal University. Professor Huang Guowen of the Collegeof Foreign Languages, Zhongshan University and Professor Wang Tongshun of theCollege of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University,for careful review ofmy dissertation and their valuable comments.I would like to extend my special thanks to Professor Wu Zhongwei ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. Being my supervisorduring the MA studies, he awakened my interest in SLA and TCSOL in particular. Thesame gratitude also goes to Professor Chen Liangmin of the Department of French,College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Fudan University. He introduced me theelegance of the French language which I chose as my major for bachelors study and Iwould never forget what I have learnt from him.My special thanks also go to my mentor Professor Shen Xiaoxiao ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. He provided metremendous guidance and support for my administrative work as master studentscounselor and built a perfect model of a teacher, an advisor and a leader.I am also grateful to Mme Zhang Shiyu Li Lin. Shen Anyi and He Shijin fortheir spiritual support during my project. I am always indebted to the encouragementsthey gave me.Lastly and most importantly. I would like to acknowledge the endless support,encouragement patience and understanding of my family. They gave me the incentiveto do this work and have put up unquestioningly with the difficult person that I hadbecome in the last few critical months of finalizing this dissertation. I love themforever.。
英文文献摘要范例
英⽂⽂献摘要范例 下⾯是店铺为⼤家整理的⼀些关于“英⽂⽂献摘要范例”的资料，供⼤家参阅。
英⽂⽂献摘要范例 ABSTRACT William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century. As a leader ofAmerican “Southern Renaissance”, he won the Nobel Prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”. (Faulkner,1949) Light in August is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old South. This thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-Joe Christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory. Identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements. It is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside. In the novel, Joe Christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty. Caged within the racism-rooted southern society, Joe'suncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community. On the one hand, Joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society. He is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart. It turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences. In a certain sense, Joe createsthe predicament for himself. Having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, Joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society. He is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime. On the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down Joe's clear identity in his own will, regardless ofJoe's intention. In a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct Joe as a part nigger. There are four chapters in the thesis besides Introduction and Conclusion parts. Chapter One is the literature review of Light in August both at home and abroad. Chapter Two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation. Chapters Three andFour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof Joe's identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories. In conclusion, the indeterminacy of Joe Christmas' identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings. ABSTRACT The term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by French literary critics JuliaKristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts. And it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut. Kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts. The theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory. Biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern Chinese writer Shen Congwen. The story happened in a border town namedChadong of Xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of Xiangxidistrict. At the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called Cuicui. The novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor. The thesis deals with the two representative English versions of Biancheng, one isfrom the famous British translator Gladys Yang, the other is from the Americansinologist Jeffrey C. Kinkley. The author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of Biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation. All in all, two research methods are included in this thesis. First and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part. It expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different Chineseculture-specific items (CSI) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture. The features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translator'ssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way. Thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the macroscopicconstruction of the translation studies. This thesis can be divided into six parts. In the Introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively. Chapter One is the review of the previous studies on Biancheng and its Englishtranslations both at home and abroad. Chapter Two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented. Chapter Three is about Biancheng and its two English translations. It not onlypresents a brief introduction of Shen Congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---Gladys Yang and Jeffrey C. Kinkley. Meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two English versions. Chapter Four is the main body of the thesis. The author initiates the comparativestudy of the two English versions of Biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,The last part is the Conclusion. The author holds that Biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of Chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts. At the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators' different choices of different translation strategies. Gladys Yang's version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage. Asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the English speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while Kinkley's version was out in 2009, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of Gladys Yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of China and Chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of Chinese culture. In addition, Kinkley's versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit Chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study. Abstract With the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary. Traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.“Multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem. This system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of OTDR block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.It establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.In this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of OTDR,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital OTDR block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of MCU,OTDR block,opticalswitching,Ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify IP address ofMCU,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.meanwhile its monitoring function has no impact on the networkscommunication and it could discover the potential threatto optical networks by setting ofmanagement software,promoting the reliability and stability of optical network. Abstract The paper regards THE DRESS CODE as the theoretical basis, systematicallyresearching and finishing the man's shirt custom culture connotation and process. Through thedomestic on-the-spot investigation and foreign online survey the author gets to know shirt'scustom status quo, combing and summarizing the relevant literature in different countries, andsummed up the basic theories and methods of shirt customization system. THE DRESS CODE is the basic rule of international society and luxury culture. It containsrules of clothing and clothing of practice. In THE DRESS CODE system, is divided into fourtypes: formal dress, informal dress ,outdoor clothing and coats. Shirt is indispensable to theformal dress and informal dress as well, which is the main type of outdoor clothing. Inner wearshirt goes with formal dress and informal dress, which are divided into dress shirt and businessshirt. The dress shirt includes Tailcoat dress shirt, Tuxedo dress shirt, Morning coat dress shirt,Director's suit dress shirt; Business shirt includes formal shirt, business casual shirt. Outdoorclothing includes casual shirt and sport shirt. They all have special expression language andstandardize the shape. For shirt shows tasty characteristics and rules can be seen when wearing it,which contains more than just a piece of clothing. It is restrained to demonstrate the family of anassortment of shirts, the “family rules” to determine the basic rules of custom shirt industry andpath. The system always shows men's shirt characters, intentionally or unintentionally and leadsto social ethics and correction. The paper aimed at each sort of custom shirt's gentleman culture,shape characteristics, choice of colors, fabrics, accessories and social regulation has carried onthe detailed reading, translation, analysis and sorting, and then established a gentleman shirtcustomization system based on THE DRESS CODE. Designed to provide a reliable theoreticalbasis and successful cases shirt in China custom industry and enhance the international brand ofrelated research. Abstract Patent documentations translation plays an important role for the spreading andexchanging of scientific information. As an important component of patent documentations,the translation of terms has a significant effect on the translation quality of patentdocumentations. At present, machine translation method has been fully developed, various kinds oftranslation systems emerged one after another. When translators translate the terms in thepatent documentations, they often translate them with the help of these translation systems. At the same time, in the process of translation for patent documentations, translators willproduce large translation examples stored in the term example library and can use it tooptimize the results from the translation systems, thereby provide better reference for thetranslators to assist them translate the term. This paper presents an automatic English-Chinese term translation method based onmulti-strategy. The work of this thesis mainly consists of two parts as follows: Firstly, through analyzing the characteristics of terms, this paper introduced three kindsof features that adequately describe term translation fluency, compactness and loyalty, namelyterm word formation feature, mutual information feature and term example library feature. These three features are combined with basic features, and regression algorithm in machinelearning is used to predict the translation quality so as to select the best result. Secondly, this paper optimized the term translation results with low quality scores by theterm example library. String similarity algorithm is used to find several term translationexamples that are highly similar to the source language of the term to be optimized in theterm example library. According to the target language of these examples and the translationof the term to be optimized, a translation grid is constructed. With translation model featureand language model feature, the Viterbi decoding algorithm is adopted to search a top scoringpath in the grid, thereby generate a new term translation. On the basis of the above work, an English-Chinese term translation system based onmulti-strategy is constructed. Experimental results show that the method achieves goodperformance in term translation quality estimation and term translation optimization. Thesystem can help translator to translate the term of patent documentations.。
参考文献,外文翻译,致谢
参考文献:［1] 卢谦,建设工程招标投标与合同管理[M],北京:中国水利水电出版社，2005[2] 黄景瑗，土木工程施工招投标与合同管理［M],中国水利水电出版社，2002,９［3］刘昌名，宋会莲,工程招投标管理[M],北京大学出版社，2006，1［4］刘建民,不平衡报价的识别及风险防范[Ｊ],建筑经济,20０4,2 [5] 宋雪荃，建设工程投标报价趋势探讨[J]，新疆石油教育学院学报,200４，2[6] 宋彩萍,工程施工项目投标报价实战策略与技巧[M]，北京：科学出版社,2０04[7] 李洁,建筑工程承包商的投标策略[M],北京：中国物价出版社，2000[8] 彭思志,孙勇毅,谈投标报价策略和作价技巧[J］,建筑经济，2000，5［9］薛锐，王树林.浅谈投标策略及其应用[J]，黑龙江交通科技,2０04,9[１0] 付国平,张继国,郭壮壮，投标报价策略分析[Ｊ]，建筑经济，200４,3［11] 中华人民共和国招标投标法［Ｍ]，中国法制出版社,19９9 ［１2] 潘希鸿，谈谈建筑工程投标策略与报价技巧[Ｊ]，山西建筑，2０07,２[13] 刘伊生,建筑企业管理[M],北方交通大学出版社，２００３，1 [1４］关柯，王宝仁,丛培经，建筑工程经济与企业管理［M］，中国建筑工业出版社,2003,3[15］胡明德，建筑工程定额原理与企业管理[M］，中国建筑工业出版社,２003，9［16] 王俊安,招标投标与合同管理[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2005 [17］刘志才,程洁,扬晓林,建筑安装工程概预算与投标报价[M］，黑龙江科学技术出版社,2０00，5[18] 高显义，工程合同管理[M],上海：同济大学出版社,200５，7[19] 孙曾武，刘亚丽,工程项目建设管理优化[M］，太原:山西经济出版社,20０５,8[２０] 王雪青,国际工程投标报价决策系统研究[J],天津大学博士论文,2003,12[21] 冯天鉴，建筑工程项目竞争投标报价的战略和策略研究[Ｊ]，西南交通大学硕士论文,200４. 9［22] 中华人民共和国建设部、中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局，建设工程工程量清单计价规范，中国计划出版社，２003 ［23] 汤燕群，工程量清单招投标制度下的投标报价分析[J]，中南林学院硕士论文,200５,６[24] 周学军,工程项目招标投标策略与案例［M]，中国建筑出版社，200３,9[２５] 邹伟,论施工企业投标报价策略与技巧[J],建筑经济,2００7,１1[26] 陈娟，杨泽华,谢智明,浅谈工程投标报价的策略[J]，招投标研究,2004，2［２7］梅洪,投标报价策略与作价技巧[Ｊ],北京:基建优化,２００2，2[28] 刘钟，莹徐红，建筑工程造价与投标报价[M］，南京：东南大学出版社，2０02[2９] 张春泉,浅谈工程投标的方法与策略[J]，现代管理科学，２０02［３０] 余云泉，李振荣,工程施工投标报价策略与技巧初探[J],北京：中外建筑，2０0１外文翻译（一）工程招投标价格形成机制及价格控制１、前言ﻫ企业的生产和销售产品的活动是一种经营活动，工程建设也是一种经营活动，投入的是人、财、物,产出的产品可以是铁路,桥梁，公路，民用建筑，或是一个工业生产装置等。
毕业论文中英文摘要及目录(供参考)
密级：立体停车库的PLC控制系统设计Design of PLC Control System forParking Garage学院：专业班级：学号：学生姓名：指导教师：2018年6月摘要随着我国国民经济的不断发展及城市现代化要求，汽车在我国越来越普及，而这将导致大中等城市“停车难”问题日益凸显。
在现有的土地资源条件下，多层的机械式立体停车库可以很好的提高现有土地资源的利用率，充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，使得汽车的存放数量得以优化，从而快速有效地解决大中等城市“停车难”问题。
本论文以一个三层三行三列二十一车位的升降横移式自动化立体停车库为主要研究对象，在深入分析了立体停车库运行原理的基础上，采用可编程控制器（PLC）为主要控制单元对该立体停车库控制系统进行设计。
论文研究的主要内容为：1、针对机械式立体停车库类型、国内外发展现状以及我国行业发展中存在的问题等进行研究。
2、选定以三层三行三列6+6+9结构二十一车位升降横移式立体停车库为研究模型，研究该立体停车库的总体结构设计及车库运行原理等。
3、对升降横移式立体停车库的硬件系统进行设计。
内容包括：主回路设计，手动控制系统设计，PLC外围硬件设计，绘制了车库主电路图，手动控制电路图和PLC外围电路接线图等。
4、对升降横移式立体停车库的软件系统进行设计。
内容包括：PLC总体介绍，PLC编程语言的选择，设计了程序主框架流程图，各基本功能程序流程图，按要求编写了梯形图程序等。
5、采用S7-200仿真软件对升降横移式立体停车库进行在线仿真与调试。
本论文重点对升降横移式立体停车库总体结构和控制系统的硬件、软件系统进行设计。
设计过程采用模块化设计思路，结构灵活，通过对PLC软件系统设计及优化，使得本立体停车库具备智能化控制的功能，实现了立体停车库停车位能够安全、稳定、准确、快速的移动至人车交接处进行存取车操作。
该立体停车库充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，大大提升了土地资源的空间利用率，是应对大中等城市停车难问题的有效解决方案。
摘要、目录、正文、致谢及文献等格式
摘要、目录、正文、致谢及文献等格式[在此输入论文题](小二号黑体，居中)摘要（小三号黑体，居中）21世纪社会经济的发展主要依靠知识，人作为知识的创造者与知识的载体成为最重要的战略性资源。
一个企业要在市场竞争中取得优势地位，依靠的主要是掌握了先进思想和技术，能够有效实现企业战略目标的人力资源。
营销组织是企业组织生命的中枢，营销活动是企业经营活动的先导。
随着市场竞争的日渐激烈，营销人员作为企业和市场的桥梁作用显得越来越重要，任何一个企业要获得和保持企业的竞争优势，就必须加强营销人员的人力资源开发与管理。
本文运用国内外著名经济学家关于人力资源开发的优秀成果，在考察了营销人员的基本素质，我国企业营销人员的现状之后，全面探讨营销人员的人力资源开发与管理过程中存在的问题，为企业营销人员的开发与管理提供较为全面的理论架构，并提出相应的开发与管理的政策建议。
全文主要包括六个部分。
第一部分是引言，阐明选题意义及文章安排；第二部分是人力资源开发与管理的理论综述；第三部分阐述营销人员应该具备的素质；第四部分是我国营销人员开发与管理的现状分析；第五部分着重论述对我国营销人员开发和管理的建议；第六部分是结束语。
关键词：人力资源，营销人员，开发，管理（内容为小四号宋体，行间距为24磅）[在此输入论文题目英文，单词首个字母大写，字体及大小如“the Influence”](Times New Roman小二号粗体，居中)Abstract (Times New Roman 小三号粗体，居中)In 21century, the development of the society & economy mainly depends on the knowledge, the man become the mostimportant strategic resources as the creators and carriers of knowledge. In order to obtain the advantage position in market competition, an enterprise depends mainly on human resources that hold the advanced thought and techniques, and can carry out the strategic target of the enterprise. The marketing organization is the core of the business, and the marketing activity is the forerunner of the enterprise's activities. With the market competition being hotter, the marketing personnel are more important as the bridge between the enterprise and market. Any enterpr ise must strengthen the marketing personnel’s human resource development and management in order to acquire and keep the competitive advantage.This article introduces excellent theories of many famous economists concerning human resources development. After reviewing the marketing personnel's basic characters and their present condition in our country, we discuss the existent problems in the process of the marketing personnel's human resources development and management, and provide more overall theories for the enterprise to develop marketing personnel's human resources, and give the relevant policy suggestions.Key words: Human Resources, Marketing Personnel,Development, Management（内容为Times New Roman 小四，行间距为24磅）目录（黑小三，居中）中文摘要 IABSTRACT II目录 III1 引言 12 人力资源开发与管理综述 (3)2.1 人力资源概述 (3)2.2 人力资源开发的基本理论62.3 人力资源开发的内涵及特点 (9)2.4 人力资源开发的主要内容 .113 企业营销人员的素质分析错误！未定义书签。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
摘要改革开放30年以来，浙江省的加工贸易在政策引导下实现了跨越性发展，随着经济全球化的进一步加深，加工贸易在浙江省未来的贸易经济发展中将会起到更加重要的作用。
目前浙江省加工贸易普遍存在产业规模较小、产品技术含量低、引进外资不足、监管模式效率低下等问题。
针对这些问题，我们应该优化产业结构，引进外资，加强技术研究，加强政策引导，强化部门协调，改善经营环境，加强服务意识，进一步促进浙江省加工贸易平稳的发展。
关键词：加工贸易，浙江省，产业结构升级AbstractSince 30 years of reform and opening up, Zhejiang Province's processing trade has realized the spanning development under the policy guidance, along with the further deepening of economic globalization, the processing trade will play a more vital role in the Zhejiang Provinc e’s future trade economic development. At present the Zhejiang Province’s processing trade universally exists some problems, such as industry scale to be small, the technical content of product to be low, introduction of foreign capital to be insufficient, the efficiency of supervision pattern to be low and so on. In view of these questions, we should optimize the industrial structure, introduce the foreign capital, strengthen the engineering research, strengthen the policy guidance, strengthen departmental co-ordination, improve the condition of business, strengthen the service consciousness and further promotes the Zhejiang Province’s processing trade developed steadily.Key words:Processing trade, Zhejiang province, The upgrading of the industrial structure-I-目录摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅰ)目录 (Ⅱ)一、山东省农业发展的现状 (1)（一）加工贸易总额方面 (1)（二）加工贸易商品结构方面 (2)（三）加工贸易经营主体方面（四）加工贸易进出口市场分布情况 (4)二、浙江省加工贸易存在的主要问题 (6)（一）加工贸易发展规模偏小并且比重较低 (6) (4)（二）加工贸易产品技术含量低，产业结构需要进一步升级 (7)（三）加工贸易引进外资不足，且民营企业竞争力不强 (7)（四）加工贸易政策不灵活，且监管模式效率低 (8)三、进一步促进浙江省加工贸易发展的对策分析 (9)（一）延长加工贸易产业链，形成加工贸易产业集群 (9)（二）提升产品附加值，进一步优化产业结构 (10)（三）加大引进外资力度，积极培育民营加工贸易企业 (11)（四）提高政府管理效率，建立有效的加工贸易监管方式 (11)（五）改善加工贸易投资环境 (12)参考文献 (13)致谢-II-山东省农业发展存在的问题及对策分析随着世界经济一体化进程的加快，中国成功加入WTO组织，中国与世界的联系日益密切。
农产品出口作为区域经济与世界经济联系的重要方面，山东省农产品出口得到了长足的发展。
山东省是农产品出口大省，2007年农产品出口92.53亿美元，增长14.3%，出口到179个国家和地区，历史上首次突破90亿美元，占全国农产品出口的25.26％1，连续多年居全国第一位。
据山东省测算，2007年，山东农产品出口拉动全省GDP增长2个百分点，带动了1600多万人就业，对农民增收的贡献率达到25%2，有力地促进了山东省经济的发展，也对加快山东省农业产业结构调整，推动农业生产规范化、标准化和农业现代化等起到了至关重要的作用。
但近几年来，农产品生产和出口形势发生了新的变化，一方面，绿色壁垒对农产品出口影响巨大，新贸易保护主义日益严重、人民币升值压力加大，农产品贸易环境日益严峻；另一方面，随着社会经济的发展，人民生活水平的提高，消费者对农产品质量安全也提出了更高的要求。
如何克服绿色贸易壁垒，提高农产品质量安全水平，进一步促进农产品出口额的增加，以带动山东省经济增长，是当前山东省面临的一个重要的课题。
一、山东省农业发展的现状山东省是农业大省，也是农产品出口大省，尽管2007年农产品出口额仍居全国第一位。
但与2006年同期相比，增幅下降3个百分点。
山东省农产品出口形势不容乐观，主要情况如下：（一）优势农产品出口增幅明显回落从加工贸易总额来看，浙江省加工贸易总额较低，但逐年递增且发展速度1大众日报2007年全省农产品进出口综述/xinwen/xinwenzhuanti/2008/sdggkf/bjzl/200802/t20080218_3207075.htm2区域化管理模式推动出口快速增长/shandong/nmqb/200802/t20080222_3214214.htm-1-较快。
支撑浙江省对外贸易持续增长的主要是一般贸易，浙江省的加工贸易无论是整体规模还是发展速度，与其它沿海省份相比都存在较大的差距。
从表1可以看出，2002年浙江省的加工贸易总额为76.18亿美元，占该省外贸总额的18.16%，2004年加工贸易大幅上涨，加工贸易总额达到185.39亿美元，占外贸总额的21.76%，2005年-2008年，浙江省的加工贸易总额从245.51亿美元增长到458.90亿美元，但其每年占整个外贸总额的比重均不足25%，相比起一般贸易而言，加工贸易规模明显偏小，占外贸总额的比重明显偏低。
从加工贸易的发展上看，浙江省由于在成本优势上具有开展加工贸易的有利条件，使其加工贸易迅速发展。
从表1中可以看到，浙江省加工贸易进出口总值从2002年开始逐年增加，尤其是2004年发展迅速，加工贸易进出口额达到185.39亿美元，较2003年增长率为64.62%，2005年和2006年加工贸易进出口总值都保持了30%以上的增长速度，2007年达到396.91亿美元，与2004年相比，增长了211.52亿美元，翻了一倍多。
2007年和2008年加工贸易持续稳定增长，进出口加工贸易增长率每年均保持在20%左右。
国家统计局（二）加工贸易商品结构方面1．浙江省加工贸易进口产品以机电产品和原材料为主2005年-2008年浙江省加工贸易主要进口商品是：机电产品、原油、初级形状塑料及其制品、金属钢材及其制品和高新科技产品等[1]。
由于我国原材料和机[1]摘自浙江省商务厅-2-电产品短缺，机械设备品种单一，技术水平较低，因此国内加工贸易企业很难在国内采购到较高要求的原材料和机电产品，只有从国外进口。
从表2中可以看出浙江省对机电产品的进口需求量最大，2005年为921500万美元，占进口产品的29.2%，2006年为1237456万美元，2007年达到1379370万美元，两年机电产品的进口比重均超过30%。
其次浙江省对原材料的进口需求量也很大，2006年原油的进口额为142292万美元，比2005年增长了81323万美元，翻了一倍多。
初级形状塑料的进口量较稳定，其所占比重在6%-7%左右，金属钢材的进口呈下降趋势，其中2006年金属钢材进口所占比重较2005年下降很多。
此外高新技术产品的进口额在加工贸易进口额中所占的比重也很大，2005年-2007年高新技术产品的进口所占比重均在12%以上。
２.浙江省加工贸易出口产品以劳动密集型为主浙江省近年来主要加工贸易出口商品是机电产品、纺织纱线及制品、服装及鞋类等[2]。
目前浙江省加工出口的产品仍然以劳动密集型与低技术密集型产品为主，尽管与前几年相比，加工贸易商品种类在增加，产品的科技含量在提高，但从加工贸易出口产品附加值来看，浙江省出口加工贸易还是处于低附加值阶段。
这主要是因为加工出口的商品中纺织纱线、服装及鞋类、塑料和金属制品占较大比重，而技术密集型与高附加值产品在加工出口商品中的比重仍旧较小。
表3 按产品大类划分浙江省加工贸易出口产品情况单位：万美元[2]摘自浙江省统计局-3-资料来源：浙江统计局从表3中我们可以看出，机电产品的出口从2004年开始逐年增长，每年的出口额均占加工贸易出口总额的30%以上，2007年机电产品出口额为5557980万美元，占到了当年加工贸易出口额的40.4%，相比2004年翻了一番还多。
服装及鞋类的出口额逐年增加，但其占加工贸易出口总额的比重呈下降趋势，2004年服装及鞋类出口额占加工贸易出口总额的20.2%，从2005年起，该类产品的出口额比重逐年下降。
纺织纱线及制品的增长比较稳定，每年均以12%左右的速度增长。
（三）加工贸易经营主体方面浙江省加工贸易经营主体方面，突出表现为以外商投资企业与民营企业为主。
在浙江省的加工贸易中，外商投资企业所占比重最大，是该省加工贸易的经营主体。
2006年浙江省外商投资企业加工贸易进出口额为73354万美元，占全省加工贸易进出口总额的30%。
2007年1-11月浙江省外商投资进出口额达108.6亿美元，占加工贸易进出口总额的81%，其中如三星重工业(宁波)有限公司、宁波阿尔卑斯电波展望钢塑有限公司等著名外商投资企业，其贸易方式基本上100%为加工贸易出口[3]。
除了外商投资企业，浙江省加工贸易经营主体还有民营企业，由于浙江省小商业集群众多，其民营经济比较发达，民营企业从事加工贸易也异军突起，据统计2002年民营企业加工贸易进出口总值只有0.93亿美元，但其增长速度高达106.24%，随着经济发展，2008年民营企业加工贸易进出口总额达109.34亿美元，同比增长48.69%，增幅居各类企业首位。