语法——介词

语法—介词介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一定成分。

一、方位介词1．above，over，on；below，under，beneath(1)above______________________________________，其反义词是________________。

(2)over______________________________________，其反义词是________________。

(3)on______________________________________，其反义词是________________。

A plane is flying ________________ the mountain.有一架飞机在山的上方飞。

There is a bridge ________________ the river.河上有一座桥。

There is a lamp________________ the desk.书桌上有一个台灯。

From the hill, we can see a river ________________ us.从这座小山上，我们能看见下面的一条河。

There is a cat ________________ the chair.椅子底下有一只猫。

2．across，over，through，pastacross意为“_______________________”，表示______________________________。

over意为“________________”，表示_____________________________________。

through意为“______________”，表示_____________________________________。

past意为“_______________”，表示_____________________________________。

The Great Wall winds its way________west to east, ________ desert , _____________ mountains，________________valleys till at last it reaches the sea.3．in，on，to, off在方位名词前的区别in表示____________________；to表示____________________；on表示____________________。

Off表示____________________Shandong Province is/lies _________the east of China.Japan is/lies_________ the east of China.The Pacific Ocean is _________ the east of China.He lives in a village a little way ____ the main road.at 、on、inat ____________________ at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in ____________________ in China，in the north，in Asia，on ____________________ on the desk，on the wall二、时间介词表示_________________________________________________，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。

如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning ( afternoon，evening)。

注意：①at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the night(在夜间)。

②in five days ( weeks，months，years)中in意思是“_________________”。

在_____________________________________，常用on。

on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on March 8，on the morning (afternoon，evening)of Oct.1 on a rainy night，on warm winter days early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1)表示________________________________ 用at，如小时、分钟等。

at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war (但in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。

next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years. one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。

till，until的用法: till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a．m.(不可用to)．注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。

Not until 9 am did Mr. Smith come back to school.in，later，after，byin＋一段时间：表示____________ ，与______________时连用；但表示“______________”时，用于各种时态。

一段时间+ later ：_______________________after+时间：_______________________by+一段时间：_______________________（注意：by the end of +过去时间\将来时间）I will finish the work in three days(=after three days/ three days later).He left home two days later\ after two days.(过去时间）I will have finished the work by the end of tomorrow.I had finished the work by the end of yesterday.另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下：in a week’s time＝in a week They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表语)I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)2.for，from，sincefor __________________________________________________。

from __________________________________________________。

since ___________________________________________________________________________。

Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there ______ almost fifteen years after his retirement.My younger sister began to learn dancing _____the age of five.He has been working in Tibet _____ he graduated from college.三、工具、手段、方式介词1.by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式。

by sea, by water, by land by bike, by plane, by ship\ boat by spaceship名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。

travel to New York in this plane；go to school on my bike【说明】步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。

on foot，on horseback, on a horse，on the camel2、表示方式、手段、工具的介词①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。

如：He rent a house by the year(day，hour)．(按by＋the＋单位名称，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。

②表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄，by telephone (radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work，learn sth. by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于；用……方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)。