不定式和动词-ing形式的被动语态
不定式和动词-ing形式的被动语态
请看两道试题：
1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see
B. to be seen
C. seeing
D. seen
分析：remain 后接to do sth.作表语，see 与主语从句是动宾关系，所以要用to be seen，故答案为B。
2. The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
A. the thief having caught
B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught
D. the thief to be caught
分析：lead to 中的to 是介词，后接动词-ing形式作宾语。
“小偷被抓”应用动词-ing的被动形式being caught，所以选C。
不定式和动词-ing形式的被动语态是历年高考考查的重点和难点。
下面就这两点做一简要介绍。
一、不定式的被动语态
1. 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动语态。
如：
The meeting to be held tomorrow afternoon is of great importance.
明天下午要开的会议非常重要。
再如两道选择题：
(1) Little Tom would love ______ to the theater this evening.
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taking
分析：本题考查不定式在固定结构中的谓语形式。
would love后一般只用动词不定式作宾语。
句中主语little Tom是take的逻辑宾语，用被动形式，所以选A。
(2) To go shopping on Sundays seems to my mother a rule ______.
A. to never break
B. never to be breaking
C. never to be broken
D. never to have broken
分析：动词不定式和前面的a rule有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以要用它的被动语态作定语，故选C。
2. 如果句子的主语是动词不定式所表示动作的施动者，则大都采用动词不定式的主动形式来作名词的后置修饰语。
如：
I have a letter to write. (不用to be written)
我有一封信要写。
You need something to eat. （不用to be eaten）
你需要吃些东西。
但是，在there be 结构中，虽然常用主动语态，但是用被动语态也可以。
如：
There is a meeting to attend. (可用to be attended)
要参加个会议。
3. 当征求对方是否有事需说话人做时，不定式作定语用被动语态。
如：
“Would you have a letter to be typed, manager?” asked his secretary. “经理，你有信要打吗？”秘书问道。
二、动词-ing形式的被动语态
当动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，就要用动词-ing 形式的被动语态。
1. 动词-ing形式的被动语态和它的主动语态一样，在句中可以作主语和宾语。
如：
He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.
他害怕被老师责骂。
（宾语）
再如下面的高考题：
______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
分析：本句中expose与one's skin是动宾关系，根据句意，应该是皮肤被暴露在阳光下，所以要用动词-ing形式的被动形式作主语，故答案为C。
2. 一些动词如need, want, require等作“需要”讲时，其后的动词-ing形式
的主动语态表示被动意义,也可以用不定式的被动形式来替换。
如：
The blackboard needs cleaning. = The blackboard needs to be cleaned. 黑板需要擦干净。
The broken window wants repairing. = The broken window wants to be repaired. 那个破窗
户需要修理。
另外注意be worth及be worthy 的用法：
The problem is worth discussing.
The problem is worthy of being discussed.
The problem is worthy to be discussed.
以上三个句子都意为“这个问题值得讨论”。
高考语法之V+ing形式
V-ing 的用法：
(1)作主语
Swimming is good for health.
游泳对健康有益。
Raising your hat to a lady is good manners.
对一位女士脱帽致敬是礼貌的。
(2) 作表语
Teaching is learning.
教学相长．
My hobby is making model planes.
我的嗜好是做模型飞机．
注意
1. V-ing形式和不定式都可表示比较抽象的一般
性的行为；而表示具体的某次动作，尤其是将来 的动作时，多用不定式。
To obey/Obeying the law is everyone’s duty.
2. V-ing形式和不定式都要有对称性;当主语是 不定式时，表语也用不定式；反之，当主语是 Ving 形式时，表语也用 V-ing 形式。
完成式 (not)having done (not)having been done
二: V-ing 可作主语、宾语、表语; 定语、 状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独作谓语。
V-ing 形式表示的动作与主要动词同 时发生或发生在主要动词之后，用其一 般式; V-ing 形式表示的动作在主要动词 之前发生，用其完成时，在具体应用中 也常以一般式代替完Байду номын сангаас式。
lifeguard. 小孩子被救生员救起，免于淹死。
注意：
在 avoid, admit, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, can’t help 等后只接V-ing形
动词-ing形式小结
动词-ing形式小结动词-ing形式概述v.-ing 形式包括传统语法的现在分词和动名词两部分，像动词不定式一样，它既具有动词时态和语态的特征，又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。
动词-ing形式的时态、语态主动语态被动语态一般式 writing being written完成式 having written having been written否定式 not writingv.-ing形式的一般式V.-ing形式的一般式的构成，表示动作发生在谓语动词动作的同时、之前或之后。
用来泛指动作，没有时间的区分。
Seeking after knowledge is human nature．求知是人的本性。
Travelling abroad can widen one’s outlook．出国旅游会扩大人们的视野。
Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth．吃太多的巧克力对你的牙齿有害。
My favourite sport is playing table tennis．我最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。
行为与主要动作同时发生，表示伴随。
The students came into the classroom laughing and talking．学生们又说又笑地走进了教室。
As she saw me，she came over smiling．她看到我时，笑容可掬地走过来。
Doing the washing up，Connie was planning her holiday．康妮在洗碗的时刻盘算着怎样度假。
行为在主要动作之前或之后。
Antonio remembered sending his mother an email three times last month．安东尼记得上个月给他母亲发了三次电子邮件．(在前)Mr. Lee went out shutting the door behind him．李先生出去后将门随手关上。
初中英语语法——非谓语动词
非谓语动词非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动词- ing形式和过去分词。
非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，不受主语人称和谓语动词的时态变化干扰，但是有时态和语态的变化。
非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，但仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。
To hear your voice is so nice. 动词不定式Reading books makes one wise. 动词-ing形式This is a book written by Balzac. 过去分词1、动词不定式作主语To learn a foreign language is not easy.作宾语He wants to buy some stamps.作宾语补足语The doctor told me to have a rest.作定语I want something to eat.作状语Yesterday they came to visit us.动词不定式的时态和语态一般式：to do表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之后，或同时发生。
I want to visit my teacher.I believe him to be a good studeng.完成式：to have done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语的动作之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.进行式：to be doing 表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作同时进行。
He seems to be worrying about it.被动语态:to be done 表示被动关系。
This sick man will need to be taken to a hospital.有些动词的不定式省略to.祈使动词如make, let , haveThe boss made Tom’s father work all day.感官动词如hear, see, noticeI saw him go into the classroom just now.用于被动语态时，被省略的to需要还原He was made to do the job at once.*不定式省略to的口诀有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，其口诀是：一感二听三让四观看。
被动语态及被动的运用和理解
被动语态及被动的运用和理解●被动语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间是被动关系；●被动是基于动词与逻辑主语之间关系的说法。
被动的表示有很多种情况。
一、被动语态的基本形式。
1. 八种常见的被动语态形式（be+过去分词）；（1）am/is/are worked（2）was/were worked（3）will be worked（4）would be worked（5）am/is/are being worked（6）was/were being worked（7）have/has been worked（8）had been worked注：“get +过去分词”也是被动语态，多用于口语，后面一般不接by短语。
2. 含情态动词的被动语态，如：will be done, should be done, must have been done等；3. 不定式的被动语态，如：to be+done。
二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1. 不及物动词、不及物动词短语无被动语态。
如：appear, die, end, disappear, fail, last, lie, remain, happen, occur, break out, come about, come true, take part in, take place, fall, etc.注意：①系动词、感官动词因为是不及物动词，所以无被动语态。
②比较：The price has been risen. (错)The price has risen. (对)2. 有些及物动词或动词短语不用于被动语态，如：fit, marry, own, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at/in, succeed in, belong to…，如：This house belongs to our school.3. “系动词（be）+过去分词”结构并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。
动词ing用法归类总结（好）
动词ing⽤法归类总结（好）英语动词ing⽤法归类总结动词的-ing形式也是⼀种⾮谓语动词。
-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语⽽构成-ing短语。
动词-ing ⼜分为present participle and gerund.1.-ing的形式：-ing有⼀般式和完成式。
及物动词的-ing还有主动式和被动式，⽽不及物动词的-ing则没有被动式。
现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：a. ⼀般式:V-ing1). 动词V-ing形式的⼀般式可⽤来泛指⼀个动作，没有特别的时间意义。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代⽣活很重要。
2). 动词V-ing形式的⼀般式可⽤来表⽰与谓语动词同时发⽣的动作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地⾛出教室。
3). 动词V-ing形式的⼀般式有时也可表⽰在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发⽣的动作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过⼀份电⼦邮件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我⼥⼉去动物园。
b.完成式: having done1.动词V-ing形式的完成式表⽰⼀个已完成的动作，这个动作发⽣或完成在谓语动词表⽰的动作之前。
⼀般在句中作时间或原因状语⽤。
句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表⽰的动作的执⾏者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.因为没有努⼒学习功课，他考试不及格。
不定式的被动语态
progress. 8. No books are allowed _____(take) out of the room. 9. In order to ___(elect), Jack sent each of us a present.
4. I considered it an honor ____to study here.
5. He doesn’t like ______(treat) as a child 6. The picnic is to _____(put off) till next Sunday because
10. Do you have anything ___(say) on the question? 11. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to
_____(rob) in broad daylight yesterday. 12. He shut himself in the room so as not _____(disturb). 13. I keep writing my Blog. It’s fun to read and
1. The boy is said___ (treat)badly in the children’s home. That is why he escaped from there.
2. Mr. Johnson preferred ____(give)heavier work to do.
3. They appear ____(injure)in the accident.
英语语法动词-ing
• 注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语： • a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。 • When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents. • b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。 • Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. • c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。 • We were about to leave when it began to rain.
6) 动词-ing作补语：
• ①动词-ing可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代 词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如： • I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. • Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. • ②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，动词 -ing可看成是主语补语。如： • We were kept waiting for quite a long time. • Lily was never heard singing that song again.
• 5. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing， 含义有所不同。如： • ①forget, remember, regret等如： • Do you remember seeing me before? 你记 得以前见过我吗？ • Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。
非谓语动词的主动与被动形式
非谓语动词的主动与被动形式非谓语动词是指不具备时态和人称语态的动词形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
其中，不定式的主动形式为"to + 动词原形"，被动形式为"to be + 动词过去分词"，动名词的主动形式为"动词原形 + -ing"，被动形式为"being + 动词过去分词"，分词的主动形式为"动词过去分词"，被动形式为"动词过去分词 + being"。
非谓语动词的主动形式可以表示主动的意义，强调动作的执行者和动作本身，常用于主动语态的句子中。
而被动形式则强调动作的承受者和动作的结果，常用于被动语态的句子中。
一、不定式的主动与被动形式不定式是最常见的非谓语动词形式之一，它通常由"to + 动词原形"构成，表示目的、愿望、感觉、建议、能力等含义。
其主动形式为"to+ 动词原形"，被动形式为"to be + 动词过去分词"。
例如：- 主动形式：I want to learn English.（我想学英语。
）- 被动形式：I need to be taught by a professional teacher.（我需要由专业的教师来教。
）二、动名词的主动与被动形式动名词是以"-ing"结尾的动词形式，它可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
其主动形式为"动词原形 + -ing"，被动形式为"being + 动词过去分词"。
例如：- 主动形式：Playing basketball is my favorite hobby.（打篮球是我最喜欢的爱好。
）- 被动形式：Being praised by the teacher made him happy.（被老师表扬使他很开心。
动词的-ing形式
Mary coming back, they discussed it together. Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot. The moon having risen, they took a walk in the field. The clock striking eight，they began working. The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
（4）动词的-ing形式作定语
①动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的用途，表示“供作……之用”(used for)的 意思。 No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. ②动词的-ing形式作定语说明所修饰中心词的性质，表示“……的”意思。 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.= The boy who is standing there is a cl态 ①主动语态 Walking in the street yesterday afternoon, he came across Mr. Smith. His often coming late made his boss very angry.
②被动语态 He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. Do you mind Jam’s being left alone at home? While shopping, people sometimes can't help being persuaded into buying something they don't really need. I noticed the boy being beaten by his mother. Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody.
动词 ing 形式用法归纳
动词ing 形式用法归纳：ing 形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。
-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。
1．-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。
及物动词还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。
现在以及物动词make和不及物动(1)作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可以用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。
如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.(2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.(3)作宾语：○1作及物动词的宾语。
She likes drawing very much. ;○2作某些动词短语的宾语。
Mary is thinking of going back to New York. ;○3do +限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing , 表示“做……事”之意。
如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping this afternoon?○4作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.○5作形容词（be）worth / busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading.○6–ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?(4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。